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Investigations were carried out to determine the composition of fungal flora in the studied sites. Samples of the raw effluent were collected along the flow channel and the retention pond. Water samples were also collected at the discharge point and up and down stream of the river from the discharge point. The samples were spinned at a speed of 250...
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... that, only Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger form part of the fungal flora of the five sites studied. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus carbonarius were completely absent in the samples from the waste oil retention pond, while only Aspergillus fumigatus was not detected in water samples collected from upstream of the discharge point (Table 2). A=Waste water channel, B=Waste oil retention pond, C=Discharge point into Romi River, D=Upstream of Romi River (from discharge point), E=Downstream of Romi River (from discharge point), %=Percentage. ...Similar publications
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... Furthermore, the ability of the fungi to secrete a wide range of extracellular enzymes into their growth environments have been advanced as an explanation for their capacity to grow on a wide range of carbon sources. These results were similar to those of Machido et al. (2014) who isolated ten fungal genera consisting of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Curvularia, Trichoderma, Nigrospora, Microsporum, Rhizoctonia, Trichophyton and Geotrichum. Ezeonuegbu et al. (2022) also isolated four genera consisting of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Tricoderma from refinery effluent while Uzo et al. (2009) also reported similar results while working with petroleumcontaminated soils. ...
Fungi were isolated from effluent released by petrochemical refinery and screened for their tolerance to 50 mg/L concentration of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene under agitation condition of 150 rpm and ambient temperature over a period of 21 days. Samples were analysed for residual PAH concentrations using HPLC and tolerance ability were calculated in percentages. Fungal growth in mineral salt medium supplemented with PAH was measured in dry weight of mycelial biomass was used as index for assessing their tolerance ability. Out of the 22 fungi isolated, only four were identified as Aspergillus, Talaromyces, Fusarium and Trichoderma species to exhibit tolerance to naphthalene (94.6, 96.9, 99.7 and 99.8%), phenanthrene (91.1, 92.2, 99.5 and 99.8%) and pyrene (89.4, 90.5, 92,6 and 94.2%) respectively. Low molecular weight PAHs (naphthalene and phenanthrene) were better tolerated compared to high molecular weight pyrene. Based on findings made in this study, the four isolates with higher tolerance to PAHs could be recommended for bioremediation of PAH contaminated environments.
... The sample was air-dried and chopped into smaller pieces using a pair of scissors, and there after ground using a milling machine to finer particles. Fungal isolates Fungal isolates used in this study were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, which were originally isolated from refinery effluent in previous studies by Machido et al. (2014). The fungal isolates were then confirmed and reauthenticated by following standard procedures (Prescott et al., 2002). ...
The cost of culture media is continuously rising at a very fast rate, thus, there is need to devise means by which low-cost media of comparative performance could be produced. This study was aimed at assessing the potential of sugarcane bagasse (one of the major waste biomasses in Northern Nigeria) to directly support fungal growth, as it contains a considerable amount of nutrients for growth. Isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton species obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria were used for this study. The sugarcane bagasse was dried, cut into smaller pieces then ground into finer particles (1-2mm diameter) using a milling machine and sterilized in Petridishes by autoclaving. The fungal isolates Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton species were resuscitated and authenticated using standard procedures, and then inoculated aseptically onto duplicate plates of the sugarcane bagasse and other minerals, and incubated at a temperature of 25oC for 7days. It was observed that the sugarcane bagasse supported a luxuriant and rapid growth of both fungi without any visible form of contamination. It was also observed that A. flavus grew more luxuriantly, consuming about 52.5% of the original amount of the bagasse than Trichophyton species, which consumed 32.5%. Sugarcane bagasse as a growth medium does not essentially meet the needs for growth of every microbe, most especially bacteria, and therefore, it can be used effectively to minimize contamination by microorganisms other than fungi. It can therefore be used as a good alternative and cheaper medium for the detection of fungi in the laboratory. This could also be an easier and cost-effective means by which wastes such as sugarcane bagasse could be removed from the environment, as opposed to using hazardous methods like burning, which could cause air pollution.
... The presence of specific metal ions mostly induces the plasmid encoded genes (Rosen, 2002). Based on these, bioaccumulation is a mechanism through which fungi resist heavy metal ions (Machido et al., 2014). ...
Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microalgae and fungi, in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments. The study was design to know and evaluate the efficiency of fungi to remediate two types of heavy metals (Pb and Cd), by using different concentrations (5, 15, 35, and 50ppm). Results revealed that the lowest applied dose (5ppm) of both tested heavy metals had the highest reduction percent by using two fungal stains Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were remove lead by 85.6 and 84.2%, while for cadmium were 80 and 78.4% respectively. Statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed between control and the treatments for both tested heavy metals. Highest heavy metals removal was found at the end of experiment (20 days).
... Globally, two major fungal groups were detected in the few river systems that were studied: Mucoromycota and Ascomycota (Arvanitidou et al., 2005;Pietryczuk et al., 2018;Machido et al., 2015). Mucoralean fungi were found to be the only representatives of the phylum Mucoromycota that occurred within rivers in Greece. ...
... Onygenalean fungi, which represent members that cause tineas, were also detected in natural surface waters (Arvanitidou et al., 2005;Machido et al., 2015;Novak Babič et al. 2018). Two genera, Emmonsia and Chrysosporium, were frequently encountered in Greek rivers (Arvanitidou et al., 2005) and represent fungi typically associated with disseminated-or superficial infections, respectively (Kenyon et al., 2013;Mijiti et al., 2017). ...
... Two genera, Emmonsia and Chrysosporium, were frequently encountered in Greek rivers (Arvanitidou et al., 2005) and represent fungi typically associated with disseminated-or superficial infections, respectively (Kenyon et al., 2013;Mijiti et al., 2017). Other members of the Onygenales which were isolated from river systems in Europe and Africa were representatives of Microsporum and Trichophyton (Arvanitidou et al., 2005;Machido et al., 2015), genera that include keratolytic fungi and are frequently associated with tineas (Schwinn et al., 1995;Brito-Santos et al., 2017). For example, Microsporum canis, which has been isolated from surface waters, as well as Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton violaceum that have been isolated from rivers (Machido et al., 2015;Pietryczuk et al., 2018;Novak Babič et al., 2018), are all known to cause tinea capitis (Sombatmaithai et al., 2015;Pasquetti et al., 2017;Morales et al., 2019). ...
South Africa’s rivers are frequently used by communities lacking proper sanitation infrastructure for domestic purposes; however, these surface waters may pose a health risk to immunocompromised individuals due to the presence of opportunistic pathogenic fungi in the polluted water. Although only a few studies have focused on the presence of clinically relevant fungal species in South African rivers, many known opportunistic pathogenic species were found to be predominant in these waters. Furthermore, strong evidence exists that increased numbers of clinically relevant species may be observed in future due to fungi acquiring thermotolerance in response to the global increase in temperature. Thermotolerance is a major factor contributing to pathogenesis in fungi, due to the generally low tolerance of most fungi toward mammalian body temperatures. It is therefore contended that combinatorial effects of water pollution and rising environmental temperatures could lead to an increase in the incidence of mycoses in South Africa. This is especially concerning since a relatively large population of immunocompromised individuals, represented mostly by HIV-infected people, resides in the country.
... This was carried out following the method of Machido et al. (2014). The fungal isolates were grown on SDA slants for 5 days to obtain heavily sporulated cultures. ...
Global consumption of petroleum and petroleum products draws the public's attention to the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment, as they can permeate the soil environment in an uncontrollable manner. This study examined the physicochemical properties of soil heavily polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons using standards methods as described by the International Soil Reference and Information Center (ISRIC). Isolation and identification of fungi was carried out using enrichment technique, cultural morphology and microscopic examination. The isolates obtained were tested for ability to utilize BTEX using mineral salts medium (MSM) supplemented with 1% v/v BTEX as the sole carbon source for 7 days. The hydrocarbon-utilizing fungal (HUF) spore counts were determined by direct counting using Neubauer Haemocytometer. The petroleum contaminated soil has a characteristic gasoline odour and black in color. The texture of the soil was observed to be sandy, with slightly alkaline pH (7.8) and a temperature of 22 o C. Moisture content (2.16%) and water holding capacity (2.07%) were found to be very low. The soil had a high content of oil and grease (1870 Mg/l), and a very high organic carbon (6.54%) and organic matter (11.28%) contents. Nitrogen (0.93%), Phosphorus (3.84 mg/kg), Potassium (2.05 mEq/100g) and Sodium (53.94 mEq/100g) were all found to be in high quantities, while Calcium (8.0 mEq/100g) and Magnesium (2.40 mEq/100g) were observed to be moderate. On the other hand, the mean heterotrophic fungal count (HFC) was found to be 3.9 ×10 4 CFU/g and eight fungi were isolated from the soil. All fungal isolates were observed to be molds and identified as follows; Gliocladium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus DMW-3, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus terreus DMW-5, Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus terreus DMW-7 and Aspergillus niger. The highest percentage increase in hydrocarbon-utilizing fungal (HUF) spore counts was observed with Aspergillus terreus DMW-5 (98.4%) and Gliocladium sp. (98.1%) while the lowest percentage increase in hydrocarbon utilizing fungi was observed with Aspergillus flavus (94%). From the findings in this study, it appears that petroleum pollution did not inhibit the growth and variation of fungi in petroleum-contaminated soil. It seems that the fungi used petroleum hydrocarbons as nutrient.
... The value of BOD is considerably high, indicating that bacteria in the effluent are rapidly depleting the oxygen as the organic waste is being degraded. This is consistent with other studies on the isolation of hydrocarbon degrading microbes from refinery effluent (Machido et al., 2014;Stanley et al., 2017). Among the analyzed heavy metals, Pb and Cd exceeded the recommended levels set by the ...
The contamination of soil and groundwater by hazardous chemicals has become a major
concern due to the associated risks to human health and the environment. The ability of
Pseudomonas putida isolated from a petroleum refinery effluent to degrade diesel was
assessed in this study. The effluent sample was collected from the treatment plant in the
Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (K.R.P.C), Nigeria. The physicochemical
properties and heavy metal content of the effluent was determined, and three strains of
Pseudomonas putida were identified among the bacteria isolated using conventional
biochemical and phenotypic tests. The strain showing the highest degradation potential
after screening was selected for the final biodegradation studies. The ability of the
selected strain of Pseudomonas putida (C15a) to utilize the hydrocarbons in diesel was
assessed over a period of eighteen days, and monitored on a three-day interval by
evaluating the pH, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial count and oil and grease content. It
was observed that the organism was able to utilize diesel for its metabolic needs as
shown by the increase in hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (HUB) count and corresponding
decrease in oil and grease content as well as pH. The highest hydrocarbon utilizing
bacterial count was observed at day 15 (1.85 x 107
CFU/mL) with highest hydrocarbon
degradation occurring at day 18 (98.3%). The strain of Pseudomonas putida (C15a)
isolated in this study can be used as a candidate for further bioremediation studies on
petroleum.
Keywords: Petroleum, biodegradation, Pseudomonas putida, diesel, effluent
... They can cause chromoblastomycosis and cutaneous infections, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical regions [8]. Surface water can be a possible vector for the transmission of dermatophytes Microsporum (Arthrodermataceae) [27][28][29]. Microsporum species are causative agents of different tineas (Table 2) and they are highly transmittable between animal hosts and people [8]. The highest degree of infections has been reported for children under the age of nine [8]. ...
Clean drinking water and sanitation are fundamental human rights recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly and the Human Rights Council in 2010 (Resolution 64/292). In modern societies, water is not related only to drinking, it is also widely used for personal and home hygiene, and leisure. Ongoing human population and subsequent environmental stressors challenge the current standards on safe drinking and recreational water, requiring regular updating. Also, a changing Earth and its increasingly frequent extreme weather events and climatic changes underpin the necessity to adjust regulation to a risk-based approach. Although fungi were never introduced to water quality regulations, the incidence of fungal infections worldwide is growing, and changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns are taking place. The presence of fungi in different types of water has been thoroughly investigated during the past 30 years only in Europe, and more than 400 different species were reported from ground-, surface-, and tap-water. The most frequently reported fungi, however, were not waterborne, but are frequently related to soil, air, and food. This review focuses on waterborne filamentous fungi, unreported from food, that offer a pathogenic potential.
... This was done according to method of Ezeonuegbu et al. (2014). Nine (9) millilitres of each sample was transferred into duplicate sterile centrifuge tubes and spun at 250 rpm for 10 min to concentrate the fungal propagules present in the samples. ...
... The fungal isolates were screened for their ability to resist and grow in the presence of 5, 10 and 15 ug/ml of the test heavy metals in vitro. The yield of biomass in liquid static cultures was used as index of resistance and growth in the presence of test concentration of the heavy metals (Bennet, et al., 2002;Ezeonuegbu, et al., 2014). Each test isolate was inoculated in duplicate conical flasks containing 50 ml of freshly prepared potato dextrose broth supplemented with different concentrations of the test heavy metals. ...
... The filter paper bearing the mycelia mats was dried in an oven at 70 0 C for 48 hours and re-weighed. The yield of dry mycelia biomass was obtained by subtracting the weight of the filter paper alone from the weight of the filter paper and the mycelia biomass (Bennet, et al., 2002;Ezeonuegbu, et al., 2014). ...
Wastewater from three functional tanneries within Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria, was investigated to determine the physicochemical properties as well as the distribution of fungal species in the untreated wastewater samples. Samples collected were designated (a-c) representing three sampling points. The isolated fungal species were; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus
terreus, Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus oryzae. Of the fungal species, Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent (17%) of the total count on the isolation plate, followed by Aspergillus niger (12%) and
the least was Aspergillus oryzae. High levels of pH (9.6±1.7-9.9±1.2); electrical conductivity (4656 μs/cm ±886-5933μs/cm± 228); total dissolved solids (2024 mg/l±514-2934 mg/l±113) and nitrate (88.7
mg/l±2.2-94.7 mg/l±4.5) was observed in all the sampling points. The fungal species were screened for their ability to resist and grow in the presence of different concentrations of Pb (lead), Cr (chromium) and Cd (cadmium) in the laboratory. The result revealed that the majority of the isolates were resistant to Pb and Cr, whereas to Cd, only a few were able to resist and grow. A. niger, A. flavus and A. terreus had the highest level of resistance and tolerance to all the heavy metals, with a strong growth often exceeding the control (PDB without test heavy metals). Therefore, it was concluded that these species of Aspergillus could be performing an essential role in the mycoremediation of these metals present in the tannery wastewater during their period of acclimatization through bioaccumulation.
Keywords: Aspergillus sp., Bioaccumulation, Mycoremediation, NESREA.
... was higher than that of the commercial cellulase from Aspergillus niger Of the secondary metabolites analyzed by UHPLC-MS, five were selected for further discussion (Figure 2(1)) based on dispersion and distance from other compounds following principal component analysis. Cyclo(leucylprolyl) and rac-etomidate were produced by all the 20 fungal isolates while 10-undecyn-1-ol was produced by the isolate Trichoderma, Rhizoctonia, Nigrospora, and Chaetophoma have previously been isolated from raw refinery effluents (Machido, Yakubu, & Ezeonuegbu, 2014). However, to our knowledge, this is the first study to not only report on the existence of fungi in carwash effluents but to also characterize such fungi and profile their secondary metabolites. ...
Urban life has created man-made extreme environments like carwashes. These environments have, however, not been sufficiently explored for mycobiota that can be sources of biotechnologically useful products, as has been the case with natural extreme environments. Using a combination of culture and molecular techniques, fungi from carwash effluents was characterized for production of lipase and cellulase enzymes , nonpolar and polar biotechnologically relevant secondary metabolites and hydrocarbon utilization. The isolated fungal strains belonged to the genera Alternaria,
Freshwater is the source of many recreational activities essential for the human lifestyle; however, many freshwater borne fungal species associated with opportunistic fungal infections are constantly reported and found in freshwater sources like groundwater, surface water and tap water. Predominately, the freshwater microbiome includes bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea, algae, viruses and protozoa. However, fungal microorganisms causing infection in freshwater are rare and present in relatively low concentrations compared to other organisms. Incorporating fungal parameters in water quality assessment is one of the crucial things to adopt for regulating freshwater management. These fungal diseases present a serious problem to the microbiome of the freshwater and cause the death of many aquatic animals, which are commercially important. Apart from this, these freshwater derived fungal infections also adversely affect plants and animals when exposed to fresh water. The absence of effective antifungal agents and inadequate diagnostic methods have further greatly influenced freshwater-derived fungal infections.
This chapter describes the opportunistic fungal pathogens derived from freshwater sources like groundwater, surface water and tap water, the life cycle of these fungal pathogens, the potential causes of the fungal diseases, types of fungal diseases and detection techniques and preventive measures adopted against such fungal infections.
