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Poverty has halved in Ghana over the period from 1991 to 2005. Our objective in this paper is to assess how far this fall was linked to the creation of better paying jobs and the increase in education. We find that earnings rose rapidly in the period from 1998 to 2005, by 64% for men and by 55% for women. While education, particularly at the post s...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... results of these calculations for occupations are shown in Tables 1, 3 and 4. In Table 2 we present data from the Ghana Industrial Census which provides us with a check on one of our major findings which is the changed pattern of wage employment creation over the period for which we have constructed comparative data. ...
Context 2
... the evidence from the Industrial Census is wholly consistent with that from the household surveys in that where wage employment has expanded it has been in the small firm sector. Table 3 provides a breakdown by gender. The patterns observed in Table 1 hold for both men and women. ...
Context 3
... patterns observed in Table 1 hold for both men and women. However the breakdown in Table 3 does show that urban self-employment is dominated by women. For women urban self-employment has decreased from 32.7 to 26.1 per cent of the population aged 15 to 64, for men the percentages fell from 12.1 to 10.2. ...
Context 4
... purpose here is not to interpret how far these earnings differentials are due to market segmentation or the role of unobserved skills, it is to assess if part of the pattern of rising incomes has been associated with a shift into higher paying occupations. By comparing Tables 3 and 6 we see this is not part of the explanation. Table 3 shows for both men and women a shift into wage work in small firms and rural farm work. ...
Context 5
... comparing Tables 3 and 6 we see this is not part of the explanation. Table 3 shows for both men and women a shift into wage work in small firms and rural farm work. As Table 6 has shown working in small firms is the low paying occupation in urban areas and those working in rural employment are by far the lowest earners. ...
Context 6
... results from Tables 3, 6 and 7 do not show how education acts to move workers across occupation. That is the subject of Tables 8 (a) and (b) which report the results of a multinomial logit across seven occupational outcomes. ...
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... The focus on educational policies was a key instrument to capture the loyalty of poor voters; 'after taking power Rawlings and his … [government] organized, and served, the poor' (Kosack, 2012: 200). Despite this political orientation, the decline in headcount poverty in Ghana over the course of the 1980s and 1990s largely benefited workers (including farm workers) and the self-employed, and was more pronounced in urban than rural areas (Nsowah-Nuamah et al, 2010). The benefits were least in subsistence farming areas of the north (Porter, 2003;World Bank, 2011;Olinto and Uematsu, 2013). ...
Growth improved substantially in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since 1990, but poverty in SSA as a whole has fallen by about a third, compared to by half or more in other developing regions. While some countries have had little or no success in reducing poverty, many have had significant achievements. The paper argues that inter-country differences, traceable to colonial experience, are crucial to understanding this varied SSA performance. This is based on a distinction between relatively labour-intensive 'smallholder' colonial economies and capital-intensive 'extractive economies' exporting minerals and plantation crops. Because of the more equitable income distribution and African political inclusion generated in smallholder economies, at independence they were in a better position than extractive economies to translate growth into poverty reduction. Since the 1990s (when poverty data are available) the distinction in terms of poverty reduction can be observed. The empirical analysis estimates the growth elasticity of poverty using various specifications, some including inequality. There are two key robust findings: i) smallholder economies significantly outperform extractive economies in poverty reduction; and ii) growth rates do not differ on average between the two groups, but the growth elasticity of poverty is higher in smallholder economies.
JEL: I32, N37, O10, O55,
... The macro-level relationship between higher education and poverty reduction is not very well understood, as existing studies present contradictory evidence (Nsowah-Nuamah, Teal and Awoonor-Williams 2012;Tilak 2010). Indeed, the phenomenon of highly restricted access alluded to above might appear to militate against any significant impact on poverty reduction. ...
... Since the early 1990s, the most interesting development in Ghana's labor force has been the rapid growth in rural self-employment. Formal wage employment has also increased at a faster rate than the growth of the overall labor force, but it is the lowest paying jobs that have seen the most significant increase (Nsowah-Nuamah, Teal, and Awoonor-Williams 2010). ...
... The significance of education has shifted from being an entry point into public employment to being an entry point into the lower paying small enterprise sector (Nsowah-Nuamah, Teal, and Awoonor-Williams 2010). ...
... As noted earlier, more than 440,000 Ghanaian youth 15-24 years of age (53 percent female) were participating in informal apprenticeship (GLSS 2005/06 data in Nsowah-Nuamah et al. 2010). 64 Informal apprenticeship training remains the largest provider of vocational skills in Ghana; it is responsible for 80 percent of all basic skills training, compared with 7 percent from public training institutions and 13 percent from for-profit and nonprofit providers. ...
... There is also evidence on job sorting (Benhassine et al. 2006), as well as the role of unions in wage-setting and rent-sharing (Teal 1996Indeed though there appears to be ample literature on returns to education, still not much is known about how labour markets reward education in developing countries. Furthermore as shown by Teal (2011) little is known about the emergence of the service-based self-employed sector for the higher educated as well as the rise in employment in small-scale enterprises for highly educated workers (Nsowah-Nuamah et al. 2010). It is clear that a lot remains unresolved in the research on the directions and trends in returns to education, particularly in Africa. ...
This paper provides evidence on the nature of returns to education in Ghana and confirms the emerging empirical literature on the convexity of returns to education in Ghana. Using a basic Mincerian, model we find that returns to education more than triples from primary to secondary level or higher––an indication of a rather strong convex relationship. The results point to the importance of higher education in productivity. Nonetheless educational policies should not only be directed at increasing enrolment and quality of education at the secondary and higher educational levels but also at improving the quality of basic education.
... Ghana is one of the most stable countries in West Africa and has shown strong economic growth rates over the last decade 2 . Nsowah-Nuamah et al. (2012) find that the poverty rate halved between 1991 and 2005. They also find that this occured whilst employment in the public sector fell and employment in small firms increased. ...
... We take human capital as given. We then assume that log earnings R for worker i in wage-(w) and 3 See table (1) in Nsowah-Nuamah et al. (2012). 4 Under the assumption that the latter can easily be sold and re-invested. ...
The self-employed constitute a large proportion of the workforce in developing countries and the sector is growing. Different accounts exist as to the causes of this development, with pull factors such as high returns to capital contrasted with push factors such as barriers to more desirable salaried jobs. Using data from Ghana, we investigate the changing structure of earnings in self-employment relative to salaried work. We decompose earnings in a two-sector labour market allowing for flexible patterns of sorting on unobservables by means of a correlated random coefficient model estimated by IV-GMM. A unique panel dataset provides us with suitable instruments to tackle the endogeneity of sector choice and capital accumulation. We show that returns to productive characteristics in SE have increased significantly over the period 2004-11 and the sector has attracted workers with higher skills. We conclude that pull factors have significantly strengthened, pointing against the grim view of self-employment as an occupation of last resort.
... While much research exists on what happens inside the classroom in affecting the schooling experience of children and youth, much less exists on what happens outside the classroom in influencing initial entry to, progression through or completion of different educational cycles. In Ghana, as internationally, household survey analysis on factors outside the classroom tends to largely focus on the linkage between two variables: how household income levels relate to educational opportunities and vice versa, with little attention to a wide-range of external factors (a few examples are: Nsowah-Nuamah et al. 2010;Teal 2001;Jolliffe 2002;Rolleston and Oketch 2007;Buchmann et al. 2001, p. 94). A review of the prevailing literature-as shown throughout the analysis-confirms that no comprehensive and differential diagnosis on Ghana's education development has been conducted incorporating the role of both micro-and macro-economic variables with the broad spectrum of non-economic factors such as political, geographic, health and demographic variables. ...
... According to 2006 data, median formal sector wages in Ghana range from 21 USD per month in agriculture to 121 USD per month for civil servants. The median income for formal sector jobs is 41 USD per month [Nsowah-Nuamah et al., 2010]. All instructions were given in English, ...
Girişimcilik, istihdam yaratmanın merkezinde olması sebebiyle ekonomik büyüme sürecinin hayati bir unsurudur. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin girişimcilik düzeylerinin ve bu düzeyleri etkileyen faktörlerin tespit edilmesidir. Araştırma, kesitsel tarama modelinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın evrenini Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Acil Yardım ve Afet Yönetimi (AYAY), Sağlık Yönetimi (SY) ve Hemşirelik (Hem) bölümlerinde öğrenim gören tüm öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında anket yöntemi kullanılmış, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi seçilmiştir. Araştırmaya 294 (%70,3)’ü kadın, 194 (%29,6)’ü erkek olmak üzere toplam 418 kişi katılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde non-parametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Kamu istihdamı düşük olan bölümlerdeki öğrencilerin girişimcilik düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu, cinsiyetler arasında fark olmadığı, il ve ilçe merkezinde yetişen bireylerin girişimcilik düzeylerinin kırsalda yetişenlere göre daha yüksek olduğu, çalışma deneyimi olan bireylerin girişimcilik düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu, okuduğu bölümü seven katılımcıların girişimcilik düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu bulgular doğrultusunda girişimcilik düzeyi düşük olan öğrencilerin bu düzeylerini arttırmaya yönelik eğitimsel ve teşvik edici faaliyetler yapılması önerilmektedir.
This chapter brings together earlier discussions of educational goals and policies, educational inputs and educational processes by asking to what extent the outcomes of schooling in sub-Saharan Africa reflect earlier evidence about quality. The first section begins by discussing specifically educational outcomes in terms of rates of literacy and numeracy and the proportion of the curriculum learned by pupils. The chapter then examines and discusses a wide range of evidence on positive educational outcomes in Africa–poverty reduction, economic growth, better health, democracy and sustainable development. The final section discusses evidence on negative outcomes such as disinterest, boredom, passivity and low self-esteem as well as the outcomes of fear, anxiety, physical harm and school absenteeism and drop out that result from violence in schools, including corporal punishment.
