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Obtained model from multilevel SEM on the effects of perceived realism dimensions on personal probability estimation, mediated by identification and message minimization Note: Model fit indices: chi-square = 199.17, df = 23, GFI = 1.00, CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.07, RMR = 0.04. Note: Numbers are standardized path coefficients. Note: All paths significant at p < .05. Note: Associations between the realism dimensions not presented here for the sake of clarity.
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Perceived lack of realism in alcohol advertising messages promising positive outcomes and antialcohol and antidrug messages portraying negative outcomes of alcohol consumption has been a cause for public health concern. This study examined the effects of perceived realism dimensions on personal probability estimation through identification and mess...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... differ- ence between a typical two-group SEM model and a mul- tilevel SEM model is that the two groups in the former case are independent of each other; while the two groups in the latter are not: group 1 estimates the model that is within-subjects and group 2 estimates the model that is between-subjects (with message topic designated as the grouping variable). Figure 1 presents the obtained model, together with the model fit indices. To compare the size of path coefficients, each pair (e.g., typicality vs. factuality) was (a) first con- strained to be equal; and (b) that constraint was then set free. ...
Context 2
... shown in Figure 1, the impact of realism dimensions on probability estimation was completely mediated by identification and message minimization. Results showed H. CHO ET AL. that (a) the direct path from typicality to identification was significantly larger than the path from any other realism dimensions to identification (p < .001) ...
Context 3
... predicted that the impact of typicality on prob- ability estimation would be mediated by identification. Figure 1 shows that the impact of typicality is mediated by both identification and message minimization. This means that H5 was partially supported. ...
Context 4
... the predicted moderation to occur, they will have to have an indirect path through identifica- tion to probability estimation (i.e., mediated moderation). Figure 1 shows that it was the case for factuality and per- ceptual quality but not for plausibility or narrative consis- tency. Therefore, H6b and H6d received support but not H6a or H6c. ...
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... Research found that plausibility and typicality predicted differential routes to risk assessment and risk prevention. For risk assessment, typicality was the most important predictor (Cho et al., 2013). Typicality was more strongly associated with personal probability estimation than any other dimensions. ...
... While typicality was the strongest predictor of personal probability estimation (Cho et al., 2013), other realism dimensions may also be relevant to narrative effects in other areas related to risk. For example, plausibility as well as typicality contributed toward risk prevention attitudes, although through different paths (Cho et al., 2012). ...
This chapter reviews the capacities of and challenges to narrative communication of risk. Importantly, it distinguishes narrative communication for promoting accuracy in risk judgments from narrative communication for promoting acceptance of or adherence to prescribed risk prevention behavior. It explores the mechanisms underlying these effects, and the characteristics of narratives that may activate these processes and effects. It offers suggestions for addressing challenges to narrative risk communication and for appropriately utilizing narratives for risk communication.
... Perceived realism refers to whether an event is possible to occur, common (typical) and whether it has actually occurred in real life, taking into account the consistency and quality of its narrative (Hall, 2003, in Cho, Shen, & Wilson, 2013. Cho, Shen and Wilson (2013) study showed that perceived realism increased identification and high identification, in turn, increased estimation of personal probability. ...
... Perceived realism refers to whether an event is possible to occur, common (typical) and whether it has actually occurred in real life, taking into account the consistency and quality of its narrative (Hall, 2003, in Cho, Shen, & Wilson, 2013. Cho, Shen and Wilson (2013) study showed that perceived realism increased identification and high identification, in turn, increased estimation of personal probability. ...
Los medios masivos proporcionan un vehículo importante para combatir la obesidad; sin embargo, la evidencia científica de la eficacia de los anuncios contra la obesidad es escasa y el concepto de identificación poco desarrollado en ese contexto. La identificación y percepción de realismo, facilita el involucramiento y fomenta la eficacia del mensaje. A quince madres se les presentaron cuatro representaciones de personas con sobre peso: (1) una persona sedentaria con obesidad, comiendo en exceso; (2) una persona con sobre peso, realizando con dificultad actividades diarias; (3) varias personas con sobre peso, en un barrio de nivel socio-económico bajo; (4) una persona con sobre peso, haciendo ejercicio y limitándose en sus porciones de alimentos. Este estudio exploratorio sugiere que asociar a una persona con obesidad a las actividades percibidas negativamente, limita la identificación, independientemente de que las actividades sean percibidas como realistas.
... Perceived realism refers to whether an event is possible to occur, common (typical) and whether it has actually occurred in real life, taking into account the consistency and quality of its narrative (Hall, 2003, in Cho, Shen, & Wilson, 2013. Cho, Shen and Wilson (2013) study showed that perceived realism increased identification and high identification, in turn, increased estimation of personal probability. ...
... Perceived realism refers to whether an event is possible to occur, common (typical) and whether it has actually occurred in real life, taking into account the consistency and quality of its narrative (Hall, 2003, in Cho, Shen, & Wilson, 2013. Cho, Shen and Wilson (2013) study showed that perceived realism increased identification and high identification, in turn, increased estimation of personal probability. ...
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have investigated resilience, which is considered a
phylogenetic process developed to increase survival (Stein, 2009; Aparecida dos Santos & Nunes Moreira, 2014). Resilience is a construct that has been the topic of many studies. The objective of this investigation is to identify the relationship between the five dimensions of resilience in professionals who tend to elderly people, labor engagement and the emotional competencies. Several linear regression models were used to investigate the levels of prediction between the independent and dependent variables. The main results show relationships among resilience and its different dimensions, engagement (β = .207; p = .005) and emotional competencies (β =.710; p =.001) including four of its five dimensions on the analysis (R2= .724, F = 108.63, gl = 2, p= .001).
... Identifying narrative features and the understanding of their processes are essential for the development of narrative theories and the design of narrative-based health campaigns. Perceived realism (Cho, Shen, & Wilson, 2013), character similarity (Chen et al., 2016), and first-person story perspective (Nan et al., 2015) are examples of story characteristics that foster narrative persuasiveness. An important additional feature is counterfactual thinking (Tal-Or, Boninger, Poran, & Gleicher, 2004). ...
The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to explicate the underlying process of how narratives, accompanied with counterfactual thinking, exert cognitive and affective influence on audiences and (2) to examine how counterfactual thinking and regulatory focus, as story characteristics, enhance the persuasiveness of the narrative. Participants in the experiment were exposed to animated narratives in which the protagonist described her nonadherence to the peritoneal dialysis treatment regimen that resulted in her hospitalization. One hundred thirty-six patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis participated in a 2 (Goal failure framing: promotion-framed failure versus prevention-framed failure) by 2 (Counterfactual thinking: additive counterfactuals versus subtractive counterfactuals) between-subject factorial experiment. The analyses showed that narratives with additive counterfactuals, as opposed to those with subtractive counterfactuals, elicited greater anticipated regret and mental simulation, and, in turn, influenced the audience’s attitude toward and intention of adherence. More important, promotion-/prevention-framed failure and additive/subtractive counterfactuals jointly influenced the audience’s anticipated regret and mental simulation. Specifically, in the prevention-framed goal failure condition, narratives with additive counterfactuals elicited greater anticipated regret and mental simulation; however, in the promotion-framed goal failure condition, there was no significant difference on anticipated regret and mental simulation between narratives with subtractive counterfactuals and those with additive counterfactuals. The theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Discourse comprehension research demonstrates that understanding new information as it arises in a text, requires that readers retrieve information from earlier in the text and from preexisting knowledge brought to the reading experience, known as bridging and elaboration, respectively. Epistemic monitoring may detect inconsistencies that arise during bridging and elaboration, and these inconsistencies may interfere with comprehension and the construction of mental models. The present study links these processes with readers’ perceptions of narrative and external realism. It investigates the influence of inconsistencies – references to modern technologies in written short stories set before those technologies existed – on two types of realism judgments and on five dimensions of narrative engagement. Experimentally introduced inconsistencies designed to interfere with elaboration and, subsequently with the construction of a story world model, reduced perceived external realism and narrative realism. The effect on narrative realism was mediated by external realism. Results further indicate that narrative realism causally preceded imagery production, and that imagery production fully mediated the relation between narrative realism and emotional engagement, and partially mediated the relation between narrative realism and a sense of presence in the story.
Communication scholars have conducted a significant amount of research to explore the conditions under which exposure to narrative messages affects individuals’ attitudes and behaviors. Perceived character typicality, defined as the degree to which characteristics of a character are perceived to be present among the portrayal’s real-world counterparts, as well as cued typicality, defined as statements about a population that indicate whether the character or the narrative is typical or not, have not been examined in understanding the effectiveness of health messages. The present research explored the effects of perceived character typicality and contextually-embedded typicality cues on persuasive outcomes. It also investigated the underlying mechanisms mediating the impact of narratives with character or cued typicality. A 2 (character typicality: typical vs. nontypical character) × 3 (typicality cues: typical cues vs. nontypical cues vs. no cues) between-subjects experiment was conducted, focusing on the risks of sun exposure without applying sunscreen. The findings showed that a narrative with a character perceived as typical led to higher perceived realism, more positive attitude toward sunscreen use, and less message novelty than a narrative with a character perceived as nontypical. Typical cues had more positive impact on issue attitude than nontypical cues.
Designing campaigns to discourage youth smoking remains a difficult task. Paradoxically, data suggests that The Real Cost campaign has been a success, despite research predicting that its fantastic imagery would be dismissed by adolescent audiences. In this essay I argue that The Real Cost messages activate values-based evaluative standards that are salient for adolescent audiences in an attempt to encourage them not to smoke. In addition to explaining the persuasiveness of this campaign, my findings suggest future directions for anti-tobacco messaging while enhancing understanding of public controversies where fantastic narratives are treated as “real” while strongly-supported arguments are not. Where a disconnect between public opinion and scientific consensus exists, rhetors should tap into their audience’s transcendent values, activate emotional associations, and produce new frameworks for evaluation, rather than relying upon fact-based appeals.
This study reports a quasi-experiment (N= 374) that examined an underlying
mechanism through which narratives can facilitate personalization of risk. The
participants were exposed to one of four entertainment clips depicting an at-risk
character who was either tested positive or negative for sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs). As predicted, reduction of perceived social distance to an at-risk character
resulted in a convergence of perceived self- and character-risk. More importantly, the
convergence of risk was driven by an increased perception of self-risk, as opposed
to a reduction of character-risk. The observed pattern of risk convergence was
much more pronounced in the negative rather than the positive STD test narratives.
Furthermore, narrative engagement through identification, parasocial interaction, and
perceived realism led to greater degree of risk convergence, which was mediated by
reduction in perceived social distance. The order in which the subjects estimated
self- and character-risk did not influence the perceptual gap.
