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Obstacles à une reconstruction éthique et préventive.
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This article addresses the links between disaster and development through the perspective of post-disaster reconstruction. It draws upon multiple examples to contribute to the broad literature on disaster, reconstruction and development. Reconstruction is a critical period that can speed up – or, conversely, hamper – the development of an affected...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... éléments, s'ils ne sont pas pris en compte, sont autant de facteurs de blocages (cf. figure 1) au développement d'une stratégie de reconstruction efficace qui doit mettre en oeuvre la réduction des risques (dans une logique préventive) en combinant les actions sur l'aléa (mesures structurelles) et celles pour la réduction des vulnérabilités par l'améliorant de l'accès aux ressources (dans une logique éthique). ...
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Citations
... Post-disaster recovery efforts are a critical phase in helping affected areas recover and rebuild their lives (Moatty et al., 2017). Post-disaster management policies in Palu City aim to mitigate the impact of disasters and facilitate social, economic, and infrastructure recovery (Kautsary, 2022). ...
This research aims to examine the implementation of post-natural disaster management policies in Palu City by applying Grindle's theoretical approach to policy content. Palu City, as a disaster-prone area, has a history that underlies the urgency of this research. A qualitative approach with non-probability sampling techniques is used to understand in more depth the dynamics and complexity of post-disaster management policies. Primary data was obtained through in-depth interviews with informants selected purposefully, including affected residents, government institutions, and related non-government organizations. The research results highlight various aspects of the implementation of post-disaster management policies in Palu City. Constraints in land acquisition and budget limitations are the main challenges. Data analysis through Grindle's theoretical approach reveals the importance of considering policy content, such as the types of benefits produced and desired changes, as well as the policy context, including the roles and interests of the actors involved. This research also includes an evaluation of community perceptions of the policy and their level of participation in its implementation. By considering theoretical and practical aspects, this research provides a solid foundation for recommending more effective policy improvements focused on meeting the needs of affected communities and improving disaster preparedness and management in the future. Finally, this research has important implications for making policies that are more adaptive and responsive to the local disaster context and community aspirations.
... But the heavy use of the concept of resilience in the context of disasters has triggered concerns for how to define and operationalise it. One of the biggest discrepancies is that while only local people know their own needs and only they can define their own priorities, disaster resilience frameworks and programmes often lack local voices for practical implementation (Atienza et al., 2016;Murphy et al., 2018;Moatty et al., 2017). And when local input from disaster-affected households is included, their understanding of resilience is often filtered through expert and professional opinions. ...
In the context of disasters, the term ‘resilience’ is viewed by some humanitarians as overused, underdefined and difficult to operationalise. Moreover, much of this process has been expert- and humanitarian-led, leaving out the understanding of resilience at the local level, among disaster-affected people and in local languages. And when local input from disaster-affected households is included, their understanding of resilience is often filtered through expert and professional opinions. Looking at the case study of resilience-oriented interventions in Tacloban City, Philippines, after Typhoon Haiyan, this study examines local conceptions of resilience by disaster-affected households. Designed and led by local researchers who were also Haiyan survivors, we conducted in-depth interviews with 31 Haiyan survivors in a typhoon-affected community. Results reveal that disaster-affected people have drastically different conceptions of resilience than those promoted by institutions, such as family’s well-being, intactness of the family members after the disaster, durability and having faith in God. Food, financial capacity and psychosocial status significantly influence people’s contextualised meanings of resilience. Access to social and material resources from a household’s social capital networks was also found to be an important factor to understanding resilience.
... Yet, "build back better" is constructed largely through the perspectives of donors and implementing agencies, whereas recent initiatives in the humanitarian and development sector such as the Overseas Development Institute's Time To Let Go campaign [5], the Charter for Change (2016) [74] and The Grand Bargain (2016) [79], have advocated for a shift towards locally-led responses and action [3]. Implementing the advocated changes can help halt the trend that has largely seen local people's perceptions of recovery being overlooked in past humanitarian projects and government actions [10,27,100]. Ultimately, disaster-affected people should be at the centre of the recovery process, given that they are those affected by disasters and the subsequent reconstruction, recovery and risk reduction efforts [2,28,82]. ...
... Scholars, policy makers and practitioners often emphasise the opportunity that arises post-disaster for reducing risk and fostering sustainable development [27,[34][35][36]. This opportunity is linked to economic, institutional, technical and social factors. ...
Local people’s perceptions of recovery are commonly overlooked, even though they should be at the centre of the recovery process. This paper aims to understand the ways in which locals view recovery and, more specifically, how the local definitions of recovery compare with the concept of ‘building back better’ extensively used by policy makers, scholars and humanitarian agencies. The study draws on 460 questionnaire-based surveys with people affected by Typhoon Haiyan in three barangays, the smallest administrative unit in the Philippines, in Tacloban City as well as twenty key informant interviews with community leaders, and staff from non-government organizations and the government. The paper shows that a large majority of affected people see recovery has coming back to normal and only a few associate the recovery with reducing disaster risk. It further identifies a divide between outside organisations and local people on how they perceive “build back better”, where a lack of common understanding of what ‘better’ means and limited support, can lead to unsuccessful recovery.
... Government agencies are increasingly employing all types of media in their response to disasters, from identification, warning systems, response initiatives, community-based preparedness, disaster relief and recovery, preventative measures, and reconstruction, to postdisaster policy updates and development (Smith and Chan 2017;Moatty, Gaillard, and Vinet 2017). It follows that news stories on reconstruction, policy updates, and implementation would draw attention to social and economic inequities that predate the disasters (Van Belle 2015). ...
A common assumption regarding media freedom is that free media will hold government accountable and improve citizens’ lives. The assumption is that media will report any repression, thereby discouraging further abuse. Yet repression takes many forms, some of which are less likely to garner news coverage. We posit that social and economic inequities are unlikely to gain media attention unless some news event draws attention to them. Specifically, we theorize that the effect of media freedom on social and economic rights will depend on the occurrence of disasters. We test this hypothesis across countries and over time (2005-2015) and find that media freedom only makes a difference in social and economic rights following major natural disasters.
... Consequently, the physical damages, human loss and causalities are much higher than other disaster. However, on other side, it provides opportunity for development particularly of physical infrastructure (Collins, 2009(Collins, , 2018Moatty et al., 2017). The process of recovery would be a base for long-term earthquake mitigation and ultimately sustainable development. ...
The Balakot town and its surroundings were almost totally destroyed by Earthquake – 2005. The government has abandoned this town for residential purposes and declared as Red Zones Region. However, the government fully supported post disaster relief and restoration phases. The rehabilitation and reconstruction phases were carried out through community self-help-based system and partially supported by line agencies. This recovery is neither claimed by government nor desired by the community. It is the product of governments policy, interventions, local economic opportunities, and community self-help-based system. The present study will analyse each step of the recovery through study of the role of different stakeholders and its impacts on recovery process. All data sets are normalized and generalized with regression analysis. This study will generalize the complex process of recovery to reduce the risk of disasters.
... This implies the need to involve disaster-affected people and those at risk in the decision-making process and integrate their views and priorities on recovery and DRR (Shaw, 2014; Daly & Brassard, 2011). However, in post-disaster situations, the decision-making process is generally more centralized than in non-disaster time (Blaikie et al., 1994;Moatty, Gaillard & Vinet, 2017). Moreover, recovery necessitates rapid solutions, while DRR is a lengthy process that requires dialogue between outsiders and insiders so that consensus can be reached on the measures and actions to undertake (Christoplos, 2006). ...
... This also enables recovery workers to anticipate both challenges and opportunities to provide solutions that are adapted to the disaster-affected area (Bolin & Stanford, 1998). This approach helps reduce the time needed to identify and deal with economic constraints, political conflicts and challenges as well as the sociocultural elements that shape a disaster-affected community (Moatty, Gaillard & Vinet, 2017). ...
... While insiders' participation in the needs assessment provides many advantages (e.g., timeframe and relevance of information, cost-effective, empowering process), it also requires that local communities feel confident with the PDNA and thus are trained before disaster. If this is not the case, the information might not be adequate and may delay the recovery process (Moatty, Gaillard & Vinet, 2017). In addition, international agencies need to be aware that there are mechanisms in place for local people to carry out PDNA. ...
... This first requires recognizing that local people are generally not passive and weak, but instead often develop livelihood mechanisms to overcome disasters (Furedi 2007). It also necessitates an integrative approach that includes actions from both the top-down and the bottom-up (Gaillard and Mercer 2013), which entails appraising local people's views and priorities on how best to support their livelihoods within the programs developed in the aftermath of such events (Daly and Brassard 2011;Moatty et al. 2017). This differs from the top-down and command and control approach usually adopted during and after disasters, which emphasizes international organizations and national government actions at the detriment of local coping strategies (Hewitt 1983;Oliver-Smith 1990 ...
... It requires that local communities feel confident with the assessment tools and are properly trained before disasters. It also implies that international aid agencies are aware and utilize these tools initiated predisaster (Moatty et al. 2017). ...
Category 5 tropical cyclone Pam hit Vanuatu in March 2015, affecting thousands of people. Three months after the event, this study compared the responses from both external aid agencies and the disaster-affected communities to identify convergences, duplications and gaps. The research relies on 13 interviews with aid agencies and eight focus group discussions with participatory activities at local community level. While aid agencies actively responded during and after Pam, local people too responded to the event with strategies based on livelihoods diversification, food security techniques, traditional knowledge and cooperation intra- and inter-communities. The study emphasizes the need for an integrative approach where disaster responses from the top-down integrate that from the bottom-up. Aid agencies should build on the livelihood mechanisms developed at local level so responses and recovery can be more effective, socioculturally acceptable and may lead to sustainable outcomes of disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation.
Tornados are among natural hazards that many towns in the Midwest region of the United States (US) experience frequently, sometimes with relatively overwhelming impacts and little attention and resources from media or government entities. Low-attention disasters that affect vulnerable populations create unique recovery challenges that are rarely addressed in the disaster literature. This paper presents a qualitative case study of impacts and recovery of housing in Marshalltown, Iowa, US after an EF3 Tornado in 2018 which affected a large portion of the town, in particular neighborhoods with high concentration of immigrant, low-income households in old and poorly maintained housing. Our analyses highlight the long-term challenges created by delayed and unsuccessful recovery of housing as a result of the intersection of pre-disaster social and physical vulnerability and inadequate housing recovery policy.
