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Observed Doppler shifted frequency versus time for source radiating at f 0 = unshifted frequency, moving with v 0 = relative velocity, passing at r 0 = distance of closest approach at time t 0 . Dotted lines show asymptotic rate of change of frequency df 0 /dt well before and after closest approach.
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Quark nuggets are theoretical objects composed of approximately equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. They are also called strangelets, nuclearites, AQNs, slets, Macros, and MQNs. Quark nuggets are a candidate for dark matter, which has been a mystery for decades despite constituting ~ 85% of the universe’s mass. Most previous models of qu...
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... Figure 9 shows what can be extracted from measurements of frequency versus time from the moving source. The velocity v 0 is determined from the asymptotic limit lines. ...
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We study the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry of sterile right-handed neutrino sector and the gauge symmetries of the Standard Model (SM). Due to four-fermion interactions, spontaneous breaking of these symmetries at the electroweak scale generates top-quark Dirac mass and sterile neutrino Majorana mass. The top quark channels yields massive Higgs, $W^\p...
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... Other methods for detecting MQNs include measuring non-meteorite impacts on Earth 24,25 and measuring their radio-frequency emissions after passing through Earth's magnetosphere 26 . Each method has strengths and weaknesses. ...
A search for magnetised quark nuggets (MQN) is reported using acoustic signals from hydrophones placed in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) in the USA. No events satisfying the expected signature were seen. This observation allows limits to be set on the flux of MQNs penetrating the Earth’s atmosphere and depositing energy in the GSL. The expected signature of the events was derived from pressure pulses caused by high-explosive cords between the lake surface and bottom at various locations in the GSL. The limits obtained from this search are compared with those obtained from previous searches and are compared to models for the formation of MQNs.
... Other methods for detecting MQNs include measuring non-meteorite impacts on Earth [24,25] and measuring their radio-frequency emissions after passing through Earth's magnetosphere [26]. Each method has strengths and weaknesses. ...
A search for magnetised quark nuggets (MQN) is reported using acoustic signals from hydrophones placed in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) in the USA. No events satisfying the expected signature were seen. This observation allows limits to be set on the flux of MQNs penetrating the atmosphere and depositing energy in the GSL. The expected signature of the events was derived from pressure pulses caused by high-explosive cords between the lake surface and bottom at various locations in the GSL. The limits obtained from this search are compared with those obtained from previous searches and are compared to models for the formation of MQNs.
... Previous work [4] addressed the formation and aggregation of magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) in the early Universe into a broad and magnetically stabilized mass distribution with baryon number A between ~10 3 and 10 37 before they could decay by the weak interaction; addressed the compatibility of MQNs with the requirements of dark matter; and addressed their interaction with normal matter through their magnetopause [28], while losing translational velocity, gaining rotational velocity, and radiating electromagnetic energy [36]. ...
... Electromagnetic energy accumulated in the Universe from MQNs is unfortunately not detectable because the plasma in most of the Universe is too low density to establish the magnetopause effect and the electromagnetic radiation from the rest of interstellar space is too low frequency to propagate through the solar-wind plasma and reach Earth. However, MQNs transiting through the plasma and gas around Earth spin up to MHz frequencies and should be detectable as they exit the magnetosphere [36]. Predicted event rates are strongly dependent on the MQN magnetic field Bo. ...
... For random velocity, approximately equal to streaming velocity, reference [36] shows that 5.56 sr is the effective solid angle that generalizes the streaming result to include MQNs from all directions. ...
A quark nugget is a hypothetical dark-matter candidate composed of approximately equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. Most models of quark nuggets do not include effects of their intrinsic magnetic field. However, Tatsumi used a mathematically tractable approximation of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and found that the cores of magnetar pulsars may be quark nuggets in a ferromagnetic liquid state with surface magnetic field Bo between $10^{ 11}$ T and $10^{ 13}$ T. We have applied that result to quark-nugget dark matter. Previous work addressed the formation and aggregation of magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) into a broad and magnetically stabilized mass distribution before they could decay and addressed their interaction with normal matter through their magnetopause, losing translational velocity while gaining rotational velocity and radiating electromagnetic energy. The two orders of magnitude uncertainty in Tatsumi estimate for Bo precludes the practical design of systematic experiments to detect MQNs through their predicted interaction with matter. In this paper, we examine episodic events consistent with a unique signature of MQNs. If they are indeed caused by MQNs, they constrain the most likely values of Bo to $1.65 x 10^{ 12}$ T $+/-$ $21\%$ and support the design of definitive tests of the MQN dark-matter hypothesis.
... (2) electromagnetic emissions (kHz to GHz) from the rotating magnetic dipole after transit through matter [34], and (3) magnetic levitation of rotating MQN magnetic dipole after transit through matter [17] by induced currents in adjacent conducting material or magnetic levitation of static magnetic dipole above a superconductor. ...
... Reference [34] describes how MQNs passing through matter spin up to MHz frequencies and emit radiofrequency energy (the basis of the second signature), and proposes using Earth's magnetosphere as a sufficiently large detector to obtain enough events. The large uncertainty in B o from Tatsumi's theory is a major impediment to designing and fielding such an experiment. ...
... Whether or not such a technology can be developed, the event that is reported in this paper motivates developing and deploying a constellation of three satellites at 51,000 km altitude to look for RF signatures of MQNs after they transit the magnetosphere [34]. Such a space-based system would provide a real-time search for MQNs based on their predicted Doppler-shifted-radiofrequency signature and it is the best approach for the necessary and systematic study of the MQN hypothesis for dark matter. ...
Magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) are a recently proposed dark-matter candidate consistent with the Standard Model and with Tatsumi’s theory of quark-nugget cores in magnetars. Previous publications have covered their formation in the early universe, aggregation into a broad mass distribution before they can decay by the weak force, interaction with normal matter through their magnetopause, and a first observation consistent MQNs: a nearly tangential impact limiting their surface-magnetic-field parameter Bo from Tatsumi’s ~1012+/−1 T to 1.65 × 1012 T +/− 21%. The MQN mass distribution and interaction cross section strongly depend on Bo. Their magnetopause is much larger than their geometric dimensions and can cause sufficient energy deposition to form non-meteorite craters, which are reported approximately annually. We report computer simulations of the MQN energy deposition in water-saturated peat, soft sediments, and granite, and report the results from excavating such a crater. Five points of agreement between observations and hydrodynamic simulations of an MQN impact support this second observation being consistent with MQN dark matter and suggest a method for qualifying additional MQN events. The results also redundantly constrain Bo to ≥ 4 × 1011 T.
... For random velocity, approximately equal to streaming velocity, reference [36] shows that 5.56 sr is the effective solid angle that generalizes the streaming result to include MQNs from all directions. 7. ...
... Time-dependent asymmetry of the magnetopause produces a velocity-dependent and angle-dependent torque on the MQN and causes the MQN to oscillate initially about an equilibrium [36], as shown in Figure 4. Since the quark nugget slows down as it passes through ionized matter, the decreasing forward velocity reduces the torque with time, so the time-averaged torque in one half-cycle is greater than the opposing time-averaged torque in the next half-cycle. The amplitude of the oscillation necessarily grows. ...
... As shown in Figure 4, MHz frequencies are quickly achieved, even with a 10 6 kg quark nugget moving through granite (2300 kg/m 3 density matter) by the time v has slowed to 220 km/s. As developed in reference [36] and summarized in Equations (15) through (19) for convenience, hypervelocity MQNs transiting through matter experience a torque that causes them to rotate with a frequency that depends on Bo, MQN mass m, MQN velocity v, and density ρp of the surrounding material. Rotating magnetic dipoles radiate at power As developed in reference [36] and summarized in Equations (15) through (19) for convenience, hypervelocity MQNs transiting through matter experience a torque that causes them to rotate with a frequency that depends on B o , MQN mass m, MQN velocity v, and density ρ p of the surrounding material. ...
A quark nugget is a hypothetical dark-matter candidate composed of approximately equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. Most models of quark nuggets do not include effects of their intrinsic magnetic field. However, Tatsumi used a mathematically tractable approximation of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and found that the cores of magnetar pulsars may be quark nuggets in a ferromagnetic liquid state with surface magnetic field Bo = 1012±1 T. We have applied that result to quark-nugget dark matter. Previous work addressed the formation and aggregation of magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) into a broad and magnetically stabilized mass distribution before they could decay and addressed their interaction with normal matter through their magnetopause, losing translational velocity while gaining rotational velocity and radiating electromagnetic energy. The two orders of magnitude uncertainty in Tatsumi’s estimate for Bo precludes the practical design of systematic experiments to detect MQNs through their predicted interaction with matter. In this paper, we examine episodic events consistent with a unique signature of MQNs. If they are indeed caused by MQNs, they constrain the most likely values of Bo to 1.65 × 1012 T +/− 21% and support the design of definitive tests of the MQN dark-matter hypothesis.
... For random velocity, approximately equal to streaming velocity, reference [36] shows that 5.56 sr is the effective solid angle that generalizes the streaming result to include MQNs from all directions. 7. ...
... Time-dependent asymmetry of the magnetopause produces a velocity-dependent and angle-dependent torque on the MQN and causes the MQN to oscillate initially about an equilibrium [36], as shown in Figure 4. Since the quark nugget slows down as it passes through ionized matter, the decreasing forward velocity reduces the torque with time, so the time-averaged torque in one half-cycle is greater than the opposing time-averaged torque in the next half-cycle. The amplitude of the oscillation necessarily grows. ...
... As shown in Figure 4, MHz frequencies are quickly achieved, even with a 10 6 kg quark nugget moving through granite (2300 kg/m 3 density matter) by the time v has slowed to 220 km/s. As developed in reference [36] and summarized in Equations (15) through (19) for convenience, hypervelocity MQNs transiting through matter experience a torque that causes them to rotate with a frequency that depends on Bo, MQN mass m, MQN velocity v, and density ρp of the surrounding material. Rotating magnetic dipoles radiate at power As developed in reference [36] and summarized in Equations (15) through (19) for convenience, hypervelocity MQNs transiting through matter experience a torque that causes them to rotate with a frequency that depends on B o , MQN mass m, MQN velocity v, and density ρ p of the surrounding material. ...
A quark nugget is a hypothetical dark-matter candidate composed of approximately equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. Most models of quark nuggets do not include effects of their intrinsic magnetic field. However, Tatsumi used a mathematically tractable approximation of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and found that the cores of magnetar pulsars may be quark-nuggets in a ferromagnetic-liquid state with surface magnetic field Bo = $10^(12±1) T. We have applied that result to quark-nugget dark matter. Previous work addressed the formation and aggregation of magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) into a broad and magnetically stabilized mass distribution before they could decay and addressed their interaction with normal matter through their magnetopause, losing translational velocity while gaining rotational velocity and radiating electromagnetic energy. The two orders of magnitude uncertainty in Tatsumi’s estimate for Bo precludes the practical design of systematic experiments to detect MQNs through their predicted interaction with matter. In this paper, we examine episodic events consistent with a unique signature of MQNs. If they are indeed caused by MQNs, they constrain the most likely values of Bo = 1.65 × 10^12 T +/- 21% and support the design of definitive tests of the MQN dark-matter hypothesis.
... The largest accessible area for real-time MQN searches is Earth's magnetosphere. An experiment to systematically explore the MQN dark-matter hypothesis with a three-satellite constellation at 51,000 km altitude is described in Ref. 38 MQNs experience a net torque as they decelerate during passage through Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and troposphere. The angular acceleration gives them MHz frequencies before they emerge into the magnetosphere where they can be detected by characteristic Doppler-shifted, radiofrequency emissions from their rotating magnetic dipole 38 . ...
... An experiment to systematically explore the MQN dark-matter hypothesis with a three-satellite constellation at 51,000 km altitude is described in Ref. 38 MQNs experience a net torque as they decelerate during passage through Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and troposphere. The angular acceleration gives them MHz frequencies before they emerge into the magnetosphere where they can be detected by characteristic Doppler-shifted, radiofrequency emissions from their rotating magnetic dipole 38 . The MQN mass distributions presented in this paper are essential for planning such a systematic study. ...
Quark nuggets are a candidate for dark matter consistent with the Standard Model. Previous models of quark nuggets have investigated properties arising from their being composed of strange, up, and down quarks and have not included any effects caused by their self-magnetic field. However, Tatsumi found that the core of a magnetar star may be a quark nugget in a ferromagnetic state with core magnetic field Bsurface = 1012±1 T. We apply Tatsumi’s result to quark-nugget dark-matter and report results on aggregation of magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) after formation from the quark-gluon plasma until expansion of the universe freezes out the mass distribution to ~ 10−24 kg to ~ 1014 kg. Aggregation overcomes weak-interaction decay. Computed mass distributions show MQNs are consistent with requirements for dark matter and indicate that geologic detectors (craters in peat bogs) and space-based detectors (satellites measuring radio-frequency emissions after passage through normal matter) should be able to detect MQN dark matter. Null and positive observations narrow the range of a key parameter Bo ~ Bsurface to 1 × 1011 T < Bo ≤ 3 × 1012 T.
