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This research was designed to evaluate the CNS depressant, anxiolytic, and analgesic action of aqueous and ethanol extract of Ganoderma applanatum, a valuable medicinal fungus used in multiple disorders belongs to Ganodermataceae family. Two extracts of G. applanatum were prepared using distilled water and ethanol as solvents and named AEGA and EEG...
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... The species used in all of the animal models were limited to rats and mice: we did not find instances of other rodent species that have been utilized as antidepressant screens (Kramer et al., 1998;Alo et al., 2019). Fourteen of the studies used rats (Matsuzaki et al., 2013;Minami et al., 2013;Tan et al., 2016;Liu C. et al., 2017;Song et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2017;Huang et al., 2020;Nascimento et al., 2020;Lin et al., 2021a;Zhang L. et al., 2021;Lin et al., 2021b;Anuar et al., 2022;Cheng, 2023;Rakoczy et al., 2023), while the remaining 36 studies used mice to test for antidepressant-like effects (Zhou et al., 2005;Nishizawa et al., 2007;Koo et al., 2008;Singh et al., 2014;Tianzhu et al., 2014;Socala et al., 2015;Yao et al., 2015;Gupta et al., 2016;Huang et al., 2016;Nakamichi et al., 2016;Song et al., 2016;Xu, 2016;Bao et al., 2017;Liu Y. et al., 2017;Lin et al., 2017;Chiu et al., 2018;Mahmoudi et al., 2018;Ryu et al., 2018;Jin et al., 2019;Li et al., 2019;Song et al., 2020;Li H. et al., 2021;Li TJ. et al., 2021;Zhang T. et al., 2021;Chong et al., 2021;Hossen et al., 2021;Park et al., 2021;Singh et al., 2021;Zhao et al., 2021;Chou et al., 2022;Mi et al., 2022;Xin et al., 2022;Yu et al., 2022;Ezurike et al., 2023;Zhao et al., 2023;Hernandez-Leon et al., 2024). In terms of strains, 10 of the rat studies used Sprague-Dawley, three included Wistar and one used Long-Evans rats. ...
... The overwhelming majority of rat studies used male rats (12 studies) compared to female rats (two studies (Minami et al., 2013;Anuar et al., 2022)). All mice studies utilized males, most of which included males only, while five studies used both male and female mice (Singh et al., 2014;Song et al., 2016;Liu Y. et al., 2017;Hossen et al., 2021;Ezurike et al., 2023), and one study did not specify sex (Park et al., 2021). Thus, only 14% of studies used female animals in their investigation. ...
... The duration of drug treatment varied significantly across the studies, from acute doses with behavioural testing 30 min later (Socala et al., 2015;Mahmoudi et al., 2018;Jin et al., 2019;Zhang T. et al., 2021;Hossen et al., 2021;Park et al., 2021;Hernandez-Leon et al., 2024), up to 92 days of continuous administration (Anuar et al., 2022). Of the 50 studies, 13 were acute (treatment over a span of <24 h) (Matsuzaki et al., 2013;Socala et al., 2015;Yao et al., 2015;Gupta et al., 2016;Lin et al., 2017;Mahmoudi et al., 2018;Jin et al., 2019;Zhang T. et al., 2021;Hossen et al., 2021;Park et al., 2021;Singh et al., 2021;Rakoczy et al., 2023;Hernandez-Leon et al., 2024), six were sub-acute (1-7 days) (Nishizawa et al., 2007;Song et al., 2016;Bao et al., 2017;Nascimento et al., 2020;Song et al., 2020;Yu et al., 2022), and the remaining 31 studies involved chronic treatment (>7 days). ...
One of the most important developments in psychopharmacology in the past decade has been the emergence of novel treatments for mood disorders, such as psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Psilocybin is most commonly found in different species of mushroom; however, the literature on mushroom and fungus extracts with potential antidepressant activity extends well beyond just psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and includes both psychedelic and non-psychedelic species. In the current review, we systematically review the preclinical literature on mushroom and fungus extracts, and their effects of animal models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity. The PICO structure, PRISMA checklist and the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of intervention were used to guide the search strategy. A scoping search was conducted in electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and Web of Science. The literature search identified 50 relevant and suitable published studies. These included 19 different species of mushrooms, as well as seven different species of other fungi. Nearly all studies reported antidepressant-like effects of treatment with extracts. Treatments were most commonly delivered orally, in both acute and chronically administered studies to predominantly male rodents. Multiple animal models of depression were used, the most common being unpredictable chronic mild stress, while the tail suspension test and forced swim test were most frequently used as standalone antidepressant screens. Details on each experiment with mushroom and fungus species are discussed in detail, while an evaluation is provided of the strengths and weaknesses of these studies.
... The major screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, triterpenes, carbohydrate, flavonoids, and steroids in the aqueous extract of G. applanatum. (Hossen et al., 2021) Alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, proteins, reducing sugars, starches, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids are detected, according to Table 1 of the phytochemical screening results. The principal classes of components including alkaloids, carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, Terpinoids, Saponins, glycosides, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds were examined in preliminary phytochemical analyses of several extracts of A. cathartica Linn. ...
One of the significant members of the perennial, terrestrial plant family Apocynaceae is Allamanda blanchetii. Its gorgeous blossom has led to its cultivation as an ornamental plant. Many ailments can be cured using medicinal herbs. We have presented the preliminary analysis of A. blanchetii in this work. In this work, we have provided a phytochemical analysis of A. blanchetii, which may suggest that it has therapeutic potential. The chloroform, acetone, and methanol leaf extract has been demonstrated to contain flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. We also research A. blanchetii biological makeup. Three different chlorophyll concentrations are shown: total chlorophyll (4.90 mg/g tissue), chlorophyll a (2.78 mg/g tissue), and chlorophyll b (2.71 mg/g tissue). carbs (35.30%), protein (23.5%), and fat (3.5%). While using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to detect different chemical compositions, the results revealed that the Rf value was 0.56 and that the colour band was yellowish. by adopting the AOAC standard technique, it is possible to study the pharmacological potential using variables such as moisture content, ash value, and extractive value in alcohol and water. The results show that there is 78.96% moisture content, 21.03% ash value, 30.40% extractive value in water, and 40.30% alcohol. The study's findings indicate that A. blanchetii has therapeutic qualities and is useful for human society.
... The major screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, triterpenes, carbohydrate, flavonoids, and steroids in the aqueous extract of G. applanatum. (Hossen et al., 2021) Alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, proteins, reducing sugars, starches, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids are detected, according to Table 1 of the phytochemical screening results. The principal classes of components including alkaloids, carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, Terpinoids, Saponins, glycosides, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds were examined in preliminary phytochemical analyses of several extracts of A. cathartica Linn. ...
One of the significant members of the perennial, terrestrial plant family Apocynaceae is Allamanda blanchetii. Its gorgeous blossom has led to its cultivation as an ornamental plant. Many ailments can be cured using medicinal herbs. We have presented the preliminary analysis of A. blanchetii in this work. In this work, we have provided a phytochemical analysis of A. blanchetii, which may suggest that it has therapeutic potential. The chloroform, acetone, and methanol leaf extract has been demonstrated to contain flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. We also research A. blanchetii biological makeup. Three different chlorophyll concentrations are shown: total chlorophyll (4.90 mg/g tissue), chlorophyll a (2.78 mg/g tissue), and chlorophyll b (2.71 mg/g tissue). carbs (35.30%), protein (23.5%), and fat (3.5%). While using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to detect different chemical compositions, the results revealed that the Rf value was 0.56 and that the colour band was yellowish. by adopting the AOAC standard technique, it is possible to study the pharmacological potential using variables such as moisture content, ash value, and extractive value in alcohol and water. The results show that there is 78.96% moisture content, 21.03% ash value, 30.40% extractive value in water, and 40.30% alcohol. The study’s findings indicate that A. blanchetii has therapeutic qualities and is useful for human society.
... It also confirms Anopyxis klaineana as a good source for novel active compounds which can be further developed as analgesics to address the increasing burden of pain management. The observation of central analgesic potential of EAK is not entirely surprising because some bioactive compounds that have antidepressant and anxiolytic properties also have analgesic properties (Hossen et al., 2021;Polat et al., 2019). This observation also provides a strong justification to further evaluate EAK and its phytoconstituents as sources for novel analgesics for treatment of different kinds of pain. ...
Background: Medicinal plants have recently attracted attention on a global scale for therapeutic interventions in the field of neuroscience. Anopyxis klaineana, a medicinal plant widely used in West Africa, has been studied extensively for its anti-inflammatory effects. However, studies on its neuropharmacological effects are quite limited. This study therefore assessed the neuropharmacological potential of the methanolic stem bark extract of Anopyxis klaineana (EAK) in murine models. Materials and methods: Mice were treated orally with a methanolic stem back extract of Anopyxis klaineana (EAK) at 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg followed by testing in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests for anxiolytic-like effects. EAK's antidepressant-like potential was also evaluated in the tail suspension test (TST), while anticonvulsant and central analgesic effects were evaluated with the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsion threshold and tail withdrawal tests respectively at 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg. The extract was additionally subjected to chromatographic analyses using high resolution HPLC-MS. Results: Total ion current chromatogram of EAK revealed several peaks suggestive of secondary metabolites of the plant extract. EAK significantly (p
... G. applanatum extracts exhibit significant antioxidative and cytoprotective effects [18]. Anxiolytic and analgesic action make this mushroom a prominent source of antidepressant, anxiety, and pain management [19]. ...
... The most extensively studied is the antiradical activity of hydroxylated derivatives of fullerene C 60 (fullerenols) and carboxylated derivatives of fullerene C 60 (carboxyfullelenes). Thus, it is shown that fullerenols C 60 (OH) [18][19][20] inhibit 59 and 70% of radical anions generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system at their concentrations of 50 and 100 µM, respectively [32]. The inhibitory effect of hydroxy and other derivatives of fullerene C 60 exerted in relation to hydroxyl radical (•OH) [33], nitroxyl radical (NO•) [34], solvated electron (e aq -), and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) is also described [35]. ...
The influence of nanoparticles of hydrated C60 fullerene and its N-monoamino acid derivatives on the oxidative metabolism and growth of the mycelial biomass of basidiomycetes during their submerged cultivation was studied. It was found that the supplementation of culture media with nanoparticles of the studied compounds at their final concentration range of 10−7 to 10−11 M significantly increased the resulting biomass, while the severity of the effect in this concentration range changed slightly. That prompted the use of nanomolar concentrations of compounds as reasonable. The most pronounced stimulating effect (an increase in biomass of about 240% with respect to control) was observed when culturing Laetiporus sulphureus, the intrinsically high level of oxidative metabolism of which was significantly lowered by the presence of the studied additives. It was shown that the growth-enhancing action of nanoparticles of fullerene C60 and its derivatives could not be attributed to photochemical reactions, particularly fullerene photoexcitation. Fullerene and its derivatives manifest a growth regulatory effect on bio-objects from different kingdoms of the living world (plants and fungi), which is indicative of these compounds’ mechanism of action based on a direct impact on fundamental, universal for all living beings, biophysical processes, primarily chain free-radical oxidation.
... Before the thirty minutes of administering the crude extracts (MTL, BTL, NTL, and DTL at a concentration of 100-400 mg/kg b.w.) and other test samples, each animal was released in the center of the plus-maze. The number of entrances as well as the time spent by each mouse in the open and covered arms were monitored and noted (Emon et al., 2020;Hossen et al., 2021). An ethanol solution was used to clean the maze as an antiseptic after it was subjected to the test for each animal. ...
... This is because CYP2C9 is involved in the way that many substances, like some medicines and toxins, are broken down in the body. Therefore, considering these facts, potassium channel KCSA-FAB (PDB: 4UUJ) (Lenaeus et al., 2014), human corticotrophin-releasing factor (PDB: 4K5Y) (Hollenstein et al., 2013), human serotonin transporter (PDB: 5I6X) (Coleman et al., 2016), human serotonin transporter (PBD: 6VRH) (Coleman et al., 2020), and human cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 (PDB: 1OG5) (Moazzem Hossen et al., 2021) were obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB). These elements have been discovered in humans like; Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, and Escherichia virus T4. ...
As the incidence of neurodegeneration and cancer fatalities remains high, researchers are focusing their efforts on discovering and developing effective medications, especially plant-based drugs, against these diseases. Hence, this research aimed to investigate the neuropharmacological potentials of aerial parts of Tetrastigma leucostaphyllum, employing some behavioral models, while the antiproliferative effect was explored against a panel of cancer cell lines (MGC-803, A549, U-251, HeLa and MCF-7) using a colorimetric assay. In addition, active extracts were analyzed by GC-MS technique to identify the active compounds, where some selective compounds were docked with the particular pure proteins to check their binding affinity. Results from neuropharmacological research indicated that the total extract and its fractions may be effective (p = 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively) at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of animal body weight. The greatest antidepressant and anxiolytic effects were found in the n-hexane fraction. The n-haxane fraction also exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against the U-251 cell line (IC5014.3 μg/mL), followed by the A549, MG-803, HeLa, and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. From the n-hexane fraction, ten chemicals were detected using the GC-MS method. Additionally, the in-silico research revealed interactions between the n-hexane fractions' identified compounds and the antidepressant, anxiolytic, and cytotoxic receptors. The molecules showed binding affinities that ranged from 4.6 kcal/mol to 6.8 kcal/mol, which indicates the likelihood that they would make good drug candidates. This study highlighted the plant's neuropharmacological and cytotoxic properties, however, more research is needed to determine the etymological origin of these effects.
... NSAIDs cause ulceration, bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, and other side effects, whereas opiates frequently cause addiction and tolerance (Kumar Paliwal et al., 2017). As a result, researchers have expressed a desire to discover analgesic drugs derived from natural sources with fewer side effects (Hossen et al., 2021). P. macrocarpa leaves demonstrated a potent analgesic property using the stretching method. ...
Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. is geographically distributed around Papua Island, Indonesia. Traditionally, P. macrocarpa is exercised to reduce pain, stomachache, diarrhea, tumor problems, blood glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure. A growing interest in the medicinal values of P. macrocarpa especially in Asia reflects the usage of diverse extraction techniques, particularly modern approaches. In this review article, the extraction methods and solvents relevant to P. macrocarpa were discussed, with the extent of its pharmacological activities. Recent bibliographic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier between 2010 and 2022 were assessed. Based on the findings, the pharmacological studies of P. macrocarpa are still pertinent to its traditional uses but primarily emphasise anti-proliferative activity especially colon and breast cancer cells with low toxicity and fruit as the most studied plant part. The utilization of modern separation techniques has predominantly been aimed at extracting mangiferin and phenolic-rich compounds and evaluating their antioxidant capacity. However, the isolation of bioactive compounds remains a challenge, leading to the extensive utilization of the extracts in in vivo studies. This review endeavors to highlight modern extraction methods that could potentially be used as a point of reference in the future for exploring novel bioactive compounds and drug discovery on a multi-scale extraction level.
... From the available data, it is now believable that nature can provide a remedy for nearly all ailments through herbal medication. In light of that, a lot of importance has been given to the documentation, assessment, and classification of various medicinal herbs and their chemical components in relation to a number of ailments like anxiety, analgesia, and depression [6]. ...
Objective: The goal of the present study was to assess the antidepressant-like action of Withania qaraitica in two behavioral animal models, the forced-swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. Methods: Withania qaraitica methanolic extract was prepared by the maceration. The antidepressant activity was measured by the forced-swimming test (FST) using C57BL/6 mice and the tail suspension test (TST) using BALB/c mice. Mice were divided into three groups: control (DMSO), standard (citalopram and desipramine), and Withania qaraitica methanolic extract (n = 6 per group). Drugs were injected (1 ml/100 g) intraperitoneally (i. p.). Data were evaluated using analysis of variance, followed by LSD post-hoc tests, where *p<0.001 was considered significantly different from the vehicle control. The data are expressed as mean±SEM. Results: In both the FST and the TST, antidepressant-positive controls citalopram and desipramine significantly reduced the time of immobility compared to vehicle control (p<0.001). The methanolic extract of Withania qaraitica at the dose of 40 mg/kg significantly reduced the immobility times with respect to vehicle control as well as lower doses of the same extract (10 and 20 mg/kg) in FST (p<0.001). In a similar fashion, the methanolic extract of Withania qaraitica at the dose of 40 mg/kg significantly decreased the duration of immobility in TST (p<0.005). Conclusion: The current results show the antidepressant-like activity of Withania qaraitica in mice. This observation warrants additional studies to identify the underlining mechanism by which Withania qaraitica produces antidepressant-like effects.
... . Hole board test (HBT). MEGL's anxiolytic activity was determined using the hole-board instrument with minor modification [17,18]. The hole board equipment consists of a wooden chamber (40 × 40 × 25 cm 3 ) with 16 holes evenly spaced on the floor (each measuring 3 cm in diameter). ...
... Each group was treated according to Section 2.4. Each animal was put in the center of the apparatus, facing the closed arms, 30 min after treatment, and the period of movement in both the open and closed arms was monitored for 5 min [18,19] [20]. The hole-cross device is built of wood with dimensions of 30 × 20 × 14 cm 3 and a height of 7.5 cm. ...
... This activity of extract of mushrooms was evaluated by means of the protocol with minor modification [18]. The four-sided box has a volume of 60 × 60 × 60 cm 3 and 25 equal squares (5 × 5 cm 2 ) (highlighted in black and white). ...
Ganoderma lucidum is known as lingzhi mushroom, which is said to have medicinal properties by the local residents. This research was focused to assess the antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative activities of the mentioned mushroom extracts by means of in vivo and in silico approaches. The antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative properties of the methanol extracts of G. lucidum (MEGL) were assessed using the forced swim test hole board, open field test, elevated plus maze, hole cross test, and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time. The extracts revealed significant antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative activities in a dose-dependent manner. Rutin and quercetin were found to be the most effective enzyme inhibitors in the molecular docking study. According to the findings of in vivo and molecular docking study, it could be forecast that, the extract could have substantial antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative characteristics and deep molecular strategies on this extracts might create a target for the development of novel therapeutics. Further investigations are needed to appraise the molecular mechanisms implicated and isolate the bioactive components.
... Nowadays, these groups are receiving important attention in neurodegenerative and neurological studies. In a mixed psychiatric model of CNS depressant, anxiolytic and analgesic animal model, the aqueous and ethanol extract of Ganoderma applanatum showed potential CNS depressant, anxiolytic, and analgesic actions in the rodent studies [136]. Table 1 represents the bioactive terpenoids, their sources and mechanism of action in psychosis. ...
Terpenoids are widely distributed in nature, especially in the plant kingdom, and exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. In recent years, screening has revealed a wide variety of new terpenoids that are active against different psychiatric disorders. This review synthesized the current published preclinical studies of terpenoid use in psychiatric disorders. This review was extensively investigated to provide empirical evidence regarding the neuropharmacological effects of the vast group of terpenoids in translational models of psychiatric disorders, their relevant mechanisms of action, and treatment regimens with evidence of the safety and psychotropic efficacy. Therefore, we utilized nine (9) electronic databases and performed manual searches of each. The relevant data were retrieved from the articles published until present. We used the search terms “terpenoids” or “terpenes” and “psychiatric disorders” (“psychiatric disorders” OR “psychiatric diseases” OR “neuropsychiatric disorders” OR “psychosis” OR “psychiatric symptoms”). The efficacy of terpenoids or biosynthetic compounds in the terpenoid group was demonstrated in preclinical animal studies. Ginsenosides, bacosides, oleanolic acid, asiatic acid, boswellic acid, mono- and diterpenes, and different forms of saponins and triterpenoids were found to be important bioactive compounds in several preclinical studies of psychosis. Taken together, the findings of the present review indicate that natural terpenoids and their derivatives could achieve remarkable success as an alternative therapeutic option for alleviating the core or associated behavioral features of psychiatric disorders.
