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![Figure 3. Obesity in global statistics [5].](profile/Kai-saks-3/publication/283487375/figure/fig1/AS:292060046999552@1446643949331/Obesity-in-global-statistics-5_Q320.jpg)
SHARE data about older (aged 50 and more) Europeans are used to assess the adequacy of the traditional scale for deciding if a person is underweight, normal, overweight or obese. The results of measurements and calculations in 17 countries (15 from the EU, including Estonia, plus Switzerland and Israel) demonstrate that for older European people th...
Citations
... CAKUT included obstructive uropathy as posterior urethral valve (PUV) and pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO), developmental anomalies of the kidneys as aplasia, hypoplasia or dysplasia, vesicoureteric reflux (VUR), polycystic and multicystic dysplastic kidneys (MCDK), hydronephrosis, duplex kidney, duplicated collecting system and megaureter [29], While non CAKUT included cases with nephrotic syndrome (FSGS), lupus nephritis membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and chronic interstitial nephritis. Data regarding need of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) and its duration, need for native nephrectomy (s), weight, height and body mass index (BMI) calculation [30] were collected. Immunological risk and CMV status prior to transplantation [31], induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapy and TAC induced side effects were documented for all cases. ...
Background
Tacrolimus is the backbone drug in kidney transplantation. Single nucleotide polymorphism of Multidrug resistant 1 gene can affect tacrolimus metabolism consequently it can affect tacrolimus trough level and incidence of acute rejection. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of Multidrug resistant 1 gene, C3435T and G2677T Single nucleotide polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and on the risk of acute rejection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.
Methods
Typing of Multidrug resistant 1 gene, C3435T and G2677T gene polymorphism was done using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for 83 pediatric kidney transplant recipients and 80 matched healthy controls.
Results
In Multidrug resistant 1 gene (C3435T), CC, CT genotypes and C allele were significantly associated with risk of acute rejection when compared to none acute rejection group (P = 0.008, 0.001 and 0.01 respectively). The required tacrolimus doses to achieve trough level were significantly higher among CC than CT than TT genotypes through the 1st 6 months after kidney transplantation. While, in Multidrug resistant 1 gene (G2677T), GT, TT genotypes and T allele were associated with acute rejection when compared to none acute rejection (P = 0.023, 0.033 and 0.028 respectively). The required tacrolimus doses to achieve trough level were significantly higher among TT than GT than GG genotypes through the 1st 6 months after kidney transplantation.
Conclusion
The C allele, CC and CT genotypes of Multidrug resistant 1 gene (C3435T) and the T allele, GT and TT genotypes of Multidrug resistant 1 gene (G2677T) gene polymorphism may be risk factors for acute rejection and this can be attributed to their effect on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. Tacrolimus therapy may be tailored according to the recipient genotype for better outcome.
... Oluline panus inimesega seotud teaduste arengusse Tartus oli rahvusvahelise ajakirja Papers on Anthropology asutamine Helje Kaarma poolt. Kuulun selle toimetuskolleegiumisse ja olen selles avaldanud rea statistilisele analüüsile tuginevaid artikleid (sh Tiit, Saks, 2015). ...
... It was found that, most often, meat was consumed three to six times a week, and 40% of people consumed meat every day. Additionally, the consumption of vegetables and fruits every day in the cited study was declared by 80% of respondents [60]. Representative data concerning the consumption of meat, vegetables, and fruit in older Polish adults are still not available. ...
Background:
Our study analyzes the frequency and risk factors of hyperuricemia and the use of allopurinol in a representative cohort of the older Polish adult population.
Methods:
The analysis was a part of a cross-sectional PolSenior study on aging in Poland. The complete medication data were available in 4873 out of 4979 community dwelling respondents aged 65 and over. Serum uric acid concentrations were evaluated in 4028 participants (80.9% of the cohort).
Results:
Hyperuricemia was observed in 28.2% of women and 24.7% of men. Ten risk factors of hyperuricemia were selected based on multivariable LASSO logistic regression analysis. Nine factors showed significant odds ratios: eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (OR = 4.10), hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 1.88), obesity (OR = 1.75), heart failure (1.70), CRP > 3.0 mg/dL (OR = 1.64), coronary artery disease (OR = 1.30), use of loop-diuretics (OR = 4.20), hydrochlorothiazide (OR = 2.96), and thiazide-like diuretics (OR = 2.81). Allopurinol was used by 2.8% of men and 1.8% of women. The therapy was considered effective in 46.7% of men and 53.3% of women.
Conclusions:
Hyperuricemia was present in 23.1% (95% CI: 21.8-24.4) of the older Polish population. The frequency of hyperuricemia increases with age, reaching 30.5% in men and 33.7% in women aged 90 years or more. Chronic kidney disease, obesity, heart failure, hypertriglyceridemia, and the use of diuretics were the strongest risk factors for hyperuricemia in older adults. The treatment with allopurinol was ineffective in more than half of participants.
... Due to a decrease of the basal metabolism and physical activity in older adults, it is assumed that energy intake should be equal to 1.5 times value of basal metabolism, and body mass index should be in the range of 20 to 29 kg/m 2 (Tiit & Saks, 2015). Carbohydrates should provide 55% to 60% of energy, fats 25% to 30% (saturated acids up to 10%, 4% to 8% from indispensable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 acids should be 4 to 6:1), and protein 12% to 15% (EFSA NDA Panel, 2010a, 2010bNowson & O'Connell, 2015). ...
The number and proportion of older adults are increasing globally, and it is predicted that in 2020, there will be 723 million people worldwide aged 66 and older. In recent decades, numerous studies showed that healthy eating is positively associated with better nutritional status and quality of life, and the decreased incidence of noncommunicable diseases. As older adults become health conscious, the demand for foods and beverages rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds has increased. The increased demand for healthy food stimulated a recent rapid increase in designing, producing, and marketing functional foods to prevent or correct nutrient deficiencies and to improve the nutritional status of older adults. These functional products contain and/or are enriched with dietary fiber; omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; phytoestrogens; polyphenols; carotenoids such as alpha‐ and beta‐carotene; lutein and zeaxanthin; pre‐, pro‐, and synbiotics; and plant sterols and stanols. A limited number of publications have thoroughly addressed the effect of functional foods on the nutritional status of older adults. The goal of this review was to review existing recent research on the role of functional foods in healthy and active aging.
... Germans or other European countries. 34 An Estonian study on OA in population aged 34 to 54 years, OA I stage has been found in 50% of cases. 35 However, for conclusion, the bigger control group might be needed. ...
Objectives
Deteriorating functionality and loss of mobility, resulting from Parkinson’s disease, may be worsened by osteoarthritis, which is the most common form of joint disease causing pain and functional impairment. We assessed the association between symptomatic hip or knee osteoarthritis, falls, and the ability to walk among patients with Parkinson’s disease compared to a control group.
Methods
A total of 136 patients with Parkinson’s disease in Southern Estonia and 142 controls with an average age of 76.8 and 76.3 years, respectively, were enrolled in a retrospective case-control study. Information on falls and related fractures during the previous year was collected from the patients with Parkinson’s disease and controls. Covariates included gender, age, mobility, duration of Parkinson’s disease, and fractures.
Results
Patients with Parkinson’s disease were at an increased risk of falls compared to the control group, and for the higher risk of fractures. Symptomatic knee or hip osteoarthritis was a significant independent predictor of falls in both patients with Parkinson’s disease and controls. The higher risk for fractures during the previous year was demonstrated in symptomatic osteoarthritis. Risk factors for falls included also female gender, use of sleep pills, and the inability to walk 500 m.
Conclusions
Symptomatic hip and knee osteoarthritis are risk factors for falls and related fractures among the elderly population with and without Parkinson’s disease. The inability to walk 500 m could be used as a simple predictive factor for the increased risk of falls among elderly populations.
The proportion of older adults in the population is significantly growing. Based on Eurostat data in the European Union, almost one-fifth of the population was over 65 years in 2018. Their relative proportion in the population is expected to reach 28.5% until 2050. According to WHO data, CNDs (primarily cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes) are the leading cause of death (71% in 2016) worldwide. Therefore, the relationship between healthy ageing and nutrition has become an emerging scientific and social issue. Functional food products with a nutritional composition that may reduce the risk of diet-related diseases or enhance physiological functions could play an important role in disease prevention and mitigation. Consumers often use the ‘healthy food’ terms in relation to functional food products, although this term is not correct from neither academic, nor a legal point of view. The functional food market is one of the fastest growing area of the food industry. However, new products had a high failure rate, because most of them were not preceded by a deeper exploration of consumer needs. Although, increasing the well-being of older consumers has been a key consideration since the emergence of the concept of functional food, only few consumer research studies are available which focus on senior consumers.
The present study is based on two quantitative consumer samples: a nationwide-representative sample (N = 1002; representative for the total adult Hungarian population in terms of sex, age and NUTS-2 geographical distribution according to the latest official census data) and a specific older adult large sample (N = 907; 60 years or over) were collected. The research followed an explorative approach focusing on the central areas of functional food development with supply chain approach. Hence, it covers nutrition claims, carrier types, health concerns, the acceptance of functional food for disease prevention and mitigation, other factors influencing the purchase decision, consumer knowledge, attitudes and socio-demographic factors. The research included a large number of variables from which factors were composed with PCA for better interpretation. Among older adults heterogeneity was identified in the preference of nutrition claims listed in the Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006, therefore, cluster analysis was conducted to form consumer segments. The present study contributes to literature with practical findings to support product development and preventive public health programmes.
The findings of the representative survey highlight statistically significant differences in the preferences of older adults compared to other age segments. Based on the results, older adults tend to define the ‘healthy food’ term from a food safety point of view, while younger respondents described this category from nutritional aspects. Senior consumers generally accept functional foods. In case of most of the knowledge-related questions, younger respondents had a higher level of knowledge. Senior consumers preferred most of the listed nutrition claims more, especially to the following ones: increased vitamin, mineral, protein and fibre content. Older adults also preferred products with lower salt and sugar content, which were less relevant for other age groups. Products of fruit and vegetable origin and fish were distinguished as carriers of functional traits. Compared to other age groups, older adults accept products of animal origin (especially dairy products and honey) on a higher level. Most of the listed product benefits (e.g. domestic origin, small-scale product) were preferred by the older adults to a higher extent. It indicates that the combination of these product parameters with health and nutrition claims on the product label could bear a recognised value for senior consumers. The results of the present study indicate that the Hungarian population is mainly concerned about the following health problems: vision deficiencies and disorders; dental problems; and heart and cardiovascular diseases. According to the responses, functional foods were the most suitable for disease prevention and mitigation in case of digestive problems, high cholesterol level, lactose sensitivity and gluten sensitivity. In the vast majority of the cases where significant differences were detected, older adults were more concerned about the certain health problem. After filtering the sample only for the concerned consumers, less significant differences between age groups were detected. Where significant differences were found, younger and middle-aged adults are more likely to accept food as a solution to disease prevention and mitigation. According to these findings, health concerns are more influential in the acceptance of functional foods for disease prevention and mitigation than the consumers’ age. The results of the analysis of nationwide representative survey highlighted the importance of considering the well-being of older adults (especially consumers concerned about health problems) during product development. This investigation might be used for product differentiation between age groups, while explored differences between preferred shop types, communication channels and other factors influencing the purchase decision could also support the positioning of messages related to product promotion or intervention. The analysis contains a detailed data set about possible carrier types and nutritional claim combinations that might be used for subsequent academic studies and for field experts as well.
According to the results of the analysis of the specific older adult sample, senior consumers primarily preferred claims indicating added nutritional value, while reduced nutritional content was preferred less. Three segments were identified and characterised based on their preference of nutrition claims: ‘nutrition-oriented’ (33%), ‘added nutritional value oriented’ (46.5%) and ‘nutrition sceptic’ (20.5%). Previous studies identified scepticism among older adults about functional food products. However, the results of the present study suggested that scepticism was not general among older adults. Eighty percent of the senior consumers could be an appropriate target group for functional food market actors, since 33% was generally nutrition-oriented, while 46.5% rather searches added value. Only one-fifth of senior consumers found to be resilient against functional food value offers. As an unexpected finding, age, income level, education and location of residence did not differentiate the groups significantly. However, the sex of the respondents was found to be significant factor: men were present in the highest proportion in the ‘nutrition sceptic’ segment. Older adults in the ‘nutrition-oriented’ segment were concerned about presented health problems at the highest rate in each case except in the case of digestive problems, where the ‘added nutritional value oriented’ segment demonstrated higher level of concerns. Consumers in the ‘nutritional sceptic’ group were the least concerned about the listed health problems. The proportion of overweight respondents was the highest in the ‘nutrition-oriented’ group, while the proportion of obese respondents was the highest in the ‘added nutritional value oriented’ segment. Significant differences in the acceptance of functional foods as a solution to disease prevention and mitigation were observed only in few cases. For heart and cardiovascular diseases, dental problems and digestive problems, the results suggested that the ‘nutrition-oriented’ segment had the highest rate of acceptance, followed by the ‘added nutritional value oriented’ segment, while the ‘nutrition sceptic’ consumer group was characterised by the lowest level of acceptance. The results suggest that older adults primarily pay attention to their nutrition due to existing health problems instead of prevention. To overcome this barrier, several practical findings were presented in terms of carrier types, attitudes, socio-demographic characteristics and other factors influencing purchase decisions. Considering that the prevention of CNDs and the well-being of older adults are serious social challenges, there are tasks for both the food business operators in development of accessible functional food products for older adults and policy makers in forming more effective preventive public health programmes to promote healthy ageing. Further studies focusing on older adults are needed to investigate possible product attribute combinations that meet the expectations of specified segments of senior consumers.
