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OSS Map no. 878, Tokyo: Density of Population, 1940. Source: U.S. National Archives, Cartographic and Architectural Section, Record Group 226: 330/20/8.
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In this paper we examine the history, production, and use – practical and rhetorical – of maps created by the United States government during World War II as related to the development and execution of aerial bombing policies against Japan. Drawing from a range of maps and primary documents culled from libraries and archives in the United States, w...
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Context 1
... 15 million people lived e Japan's industrial output would decrease by 15%. 61 While investigating how to destroy housing in Japan's main cities, the authors of the report surely had laid out before them a series of maps, which likely included those from the 1943 report along with other OSS maps. One may have been Tokyo, Density of Population 1940 (Fig. 8), produced by the OSS's Geography Division in October 1942. In addition to deducing where in each city the most 'congested residential areas' were located, the authors of the report estimated the specific demographic breakdown of urban Japan by turning to a number of Japanese-language publications, including 1930 census data, Nippon ...Similar publications
The role of repeated exposure to collective trauma in explaining response to subsequent community-wide trauma is poorly understood. We examined the relationship between acute stress response to the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings and prior direct and indirect media-based exposure to three collective traumatic events: the September 11, 2001 (9/11) ter...
Resumo -Este artigo apresenta uma análise do comportamento da energia elétrica em um motor de indução trifásico acionando uma bomba centrífuga com um controle na vazão via abertura e fechamento da válvula ou através de um controle da vazão pela variação da velocidade do motor acionado via inversor de freqüência. Os resultados apresentaram-se bastan...
Citations
... These damages, on the other hand, present a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for quantitative analysis. Because General LeMay used an indiscriminate bombing strategy, almost all Japanese populated areas were bombed (Fedman & Karacas, 2012). Most ordinary citizens also found it difficult to avoid air raids. ...
What kind of legacy does war violence leave for future societies? Among many factors that humans can control, war often affects the highest number of people; several studies have looked at the long-term effects of war violence on present socioeconomic outcomes. The conclusions, however, are generally divided into two competing claims, namely those that emphasize the proactive consequences of war violence and those that emphasize negative legacies. This is one of the first studies to provide empirical evidence of a negative association between war violence and human well-being. I used historical data from WWII strategic bombing of Japan to calculate the extent of war destruction and suicide rates as an inverse index of human well-being. The panel data analysis, which used the originally-constructed historical aggregated data set of Japanese prefectures, reveals that the suicide rates of several decades later are greater in areas where people have experienced higher levels of house loss. According to the survey data analysis, the air raids may have undermined the communal relationships of the bombed districts. Although the effect is small and declining with time, this study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the long-term persistence of war legacies.
... Urban Studies and Public Administration Vol. 3, No. 3, 2020 activate them (Ramadan, 2009, p. 156;Graham, 2004, p. 4). Some scholars have also retrospectively applied urbicide to the bombardment and destruction of European and Japanese cities in the Second World War (Coward, 2009, p. 63;Hewitt, 2009;Fedman & Karacas, 2012). ...
In wartime cities become prime objects for attack and sustain different levels of destruction. The increase since the 1990s in the number and scale of violent conflicts has resulted in growing awareness of the devastating aspect of war in urban areas, which now enjoys the coinage “urbicide”. It is by far and large the outcome of the shift from research focused on the history and spatiality of armed conflicts, to a moralist-oriented approach based on the political economies and socio-cultural geographies of militarism. Yet, as portrayed in the case of Tel Aviv-Jaffa, it limits the analysis of the variety of effects of war which vary widely due to location, intensity of fighting and prevailing social, cultural and economic realities.
... The need for updated information on geography of a territory especially in adversary nations and its visual presentation becomes highly relevant during conflicts. The visualization of topography and other demographic information of an area including 3D models were effectively utilized during World War II by the Americans in air raids across Japanese cities (Fedman & Karacas, 2012). With the advancement of information technology (IT), availability of 3D visualization techniques to simulate diverse data, today planners are utilizing it in multi-variate analysis of a wide variety of tasks from the mundane to highly specialist ones like space exploration. ...
Remote areas by their geographical inaccessibility or location in hostile/foreign territory present numerous challenges in their mapping despite advances in the field of remote sensing. The primary challenge still remains in achieving reasonable accuracy standards in locational and feature extraction domains.
The plethora of open domain RS and GIS resources present us with a credible feasibility of obtaining information to generate mapping products. This research is an attempt to identify, utilize and assess quantitatively and qualitatively the open domain resources in mapping of remote inaccessible areas.
The research identifies various open domain resources for obtaining Ground Control Points (GCPs), images and GIS data both physical and cultural for mapping requirements.
On the quantitative assessment aspect, the location intelligence obtained in the form of GCPs has been verified using field verification.
The research has been instrumental in arriving at robust methodology of online DGPS processing without uploading own sensitive raw GNSS observation data in the open domain.
In this study Google Earth derived GCPs have been used to assess their suitability in satellite triangulation of Cartosat-I stereo images of the local study area and Pléiades TriStereo images of Melbourne, Australia.
The accuracy assessment of derived products e.g. DEM, orthoimages, contours have also been done in this study.
The study also attempts to find the height format used by Google Earth, is it orthometric or ellipsoidal. The comparison in the local study area has been implemented by DGPS field work whereas for the rest of the world more than 3000 CORS station ECEF co-ordinates have been analyzed for the height comparison.
The open domain resources have been duly analyzed with a view to obtain mapping grade physical, cultural and thematic information for remote area terrain assessment and 3D visualization for strategic applications. The research also identifies the feasible scale of mapping achievable with open source data and comparison between classical mapping layers/themes requirement as published in digital vector data standards of Survey of India (SOI) and those obtainable in open domain.
The Model Builder environment in ArcGIS has also been employed in this research to develop robust model for automating strategic terrain analysis from GIS and DEM data.
... Such preparations, however, were of relatively little use in front of the colossal bombing capacity deployed by Allied planes (Taylor 2004; US Department of Defense 1950). In the case of Japanese cities, the careful mapping preparation of the bombing took into account the infrastructures of water and energy supply (Fedman and Karacas 2012). The water storage capacity of Japanese cities was low and its water supply systems were considered weak and highly dependent on electrical pumping systems. ...
This paper investigates the critical role of workers to enhance the resilience of water supply services in cities at war through analyzing the case of Madrid and the Madrid water company Canales del Lozoya during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). We argue that securing the protection of vital urban flows mediated through infrastructures is a key objective of cities under attack. In doing so we contend that examining how those affected by the interruption of these flows cope with the situation represents a valuable but largely neglected form of water management. We illustrate how quotidian knowledge about the urban geography of water flows may have important repercussions for the war effort itself. In a nutshell, the case of Madrid offers an early account of the critical role of water workers in sustaining “urban ecologies under fire” securing the complex urban metabolism while also contributing to the struggle against invading forces.
... We can also consider mapping, to which a more critical gaze has been applied. The military applications of cartographic knowledge and techniques have been instrumental in facilitating war; see, for example, Fedman and Karacas' (2012) exploration of the utility of cartography and cartographers in the aerial bombing of Japan by US forces during the Second World War. The military origins of Geographical Information Systems are well known (Cloud, 2002 ). ...
This paper reviews existing approaches to military landscapes, establishing the field's breadth and variety. It suggests areas for future military landscape research around virtual military landscapes, and considers the landscape effects of military privatization and outsourcing, landscape issues pertaining to non-state military actors, the endurance and effects of post-military landscapes, and the role of landscapes of peace and reconciliation. The paper discusses practices of military landscape exploration, and the contributions that they bring to emergent critical approaches in military studies. The paper argues for the continued validity and specificity of terminologies associated with the category of 'military' in the study of such landscapes.
Extensive study has been conducted on the geographical and environmental aspects of warfare. They pertain to historical and ongoing confrontations, as well as many types of local conflicts. Due of the ambiguity of vocabulary, it can be challenging to accurately differentiate what constitutes a war. For instance, the current violence in Ukraine is not officially classified as a war by either Ukraine or Russia. Various terminology is employed, although the war has not yet received formal acknowledgment.
Geographers closely monitor occurrences throughout the duration of the war. Every battle carries significant repercussions that must be acknowledged and discussed. The development of novel scientific viewpoints about military occurrences serves as a motivation for geographical research.
Within the field of geographical studies on the phenomena of war and its many consequences, there are several distinct directions or theme categories that may be identified. I will simply enumerate a few of the publications. The quantity of publications can be increased. If you create a biography in many languages, the quantity of languages will multiply by hundreds. It is crucial to comprehend the focus of geographers' investigations into military topics.
Öz Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, geçmiş tarihte yaşanan ve dünya tarihinde önemli bir olay olarak görülen Pearl Harbor Baskını’nın yönetim muhasebesi kapsamında maliyet fayda analizi çerçevesinde incelenmesini ve değerlendirilmesini sağlamaktır. Tasarım/Yöntem: Çalışmada Pearl Harbor Baskını’nın Japonya ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri açısından maliyet analizi tasarlanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda; Pearl Harbor baskını’nın yönetim muhasebesi açısından maliyet-fayda analizi kapsamında değerlendirilmesi sağlanmış olup çeşitli çıkarımlar sağlanmıştır. Japonların Pasifik Okyanusu üzerinde hegemonyasını koruma ve prestijini kurtarma çabalarının kısa ve uzun vadede ne gibi etkiler ortaya çıkarabileceği, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin bu saldırıya ne şekilde karşılık verdiği, savaşın sonuçlarının yönetim muhasebesi açısından maliyet fayda analizinin yapılması ve gelecekte bu tür olaylar karşısında karar alma mekanizmalarına çalışmanın yön vereceği düşünülmektedir. Sınırlılıklar: Çalışmada Pearl Harbor baskını’nın konu edinilmesi ve benzer olayların çalışma kapsamı içerisine dahil edilmemesi çalışmanın sınırlılıkları içerisindedir. Özgünlük/Değer: Çalışmanın başka alanlarda yoğun bir şekilde çalışılmasına karşın muhasebe alanında maliyet fayda analizi açısından irdelenmesi literatüre önemli bir kazanım sağlayabileceği açısından çalışmanın özgün değerini oluşturmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pearl Harbor, Maliyet-Fayda Analizi, Yönetim Muhasebesi
While historical geographers contributed to colonial projects as surveyors, explorers and map‐makers, since the 1990s they have contributed to the critical analysis of the imaginary and material geographies of empire. However, as the only example of Asian‐led colonialism, the study of Japanese colonialism has not received anywhere near the same degree of scholarly attention as western colonialism, especially in the English‐speaking literature. This study summarizes the historical geographies on both Japanese colonialism and colonial cities in Japanese Empire, arguing the vulnerable status of Japanese colonial cities in postcolonial urbanism, and concludes with a discussion of the particularities of Japanese colonialism. It argues that there is plenty of space for geographical research in the Japanese colonial context. Japan's colonial cities have special characteristics and should receive more attention in post‐colonial urbanism as it in line with the urban scholar's call for ordinary cities in global south. It is hoped that this review can be a complete summary of relevant research and will provide useful references for future geographers to comparatively research Japanese colonialism.
