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ORCAD/PSPICE (Version 9.2) schematics for AC-Envelope simulation of experimental PT excited by an FM signal. 842
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Signal isolation is needed in power electronics systems that include separate primary and secondary 'grounds'. The feasibility of using a piezoelectric transformer (PT) as a galvanic barrier was investigated in this study theoretically and experimentally. The research included the issues of drive, demodulation, bandwidth, and common mode rejection....
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Citations
... Piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) are widely utilized across various fields such as science, industry, and medicine due to their versatility and numerous advantages. These applications include actuators [3], piezoelectric motors [4], ultrasonic motors [5,6], inertia drives [7], cantilever beams [8], inchworm actuators [9], fiber optics [10], industrial robotics [11], sensors [12], micro-positioning systems [13], micro-cantilever probes [14], inkjet printers [15], nanopositioners [16], medical devices [17], fuel injectors [18], aeronautics [19], space apllictions [20], ultrasound equipment [21], vibration control systems [22,23], optical communications [24], pneumatic actuator control [25], and transformers [26,27]. ...
Piezoelectric elements (PEMs) are used in a variety of applications. In this paper, we developed a new simple sensorless method for a Piezoelectric Actuator (PEA), which includes piezostack elements and a three-stage amplification mechanism.
This research focuses on a piezoelectric actuator that incorporates a three-stage amplification system, where the outcome of one stage serves as the input for the subsequent one. The actuator receives two types of inputs: the voltage applied to the piezoelectric elements and the mechanical load it carries. Its output is defined by the rotation angle observed at the end of the third amplification stage. To indirectly measure the actuator's displacement, a basic external circuit is utilized.
The precise movement of these actuators is essential. To circumvent the high costs and limitations associated with highly accurate displacement sensors, there has been a growing interest in sensorless control methods. Certain electrical signals, when measured, can provide an estimation of displacement. However, induced voltage measurements are not effective for piezoelectric stacks. Two more promising measures are the voltage and current of the piezoelectric material.
Given that the electrical charge on these actuators closely reflects their displacement with minimal hysteresis across a broad frequency spectrum, it's proposed that displacement can be effectively gauged through current measurements that assess charge.
The core contribution of this paper is the introduction and validation, both theoretically and experimentally, of a hybrid algorithm that leverages these two electrical signals to enhance the accuracy of displacement estimates. This was confirmed using a laboratory setup.
The primary benefit of this research is the presentation of a straightforward sensorless control algorithm, poised for further exploration within the realm of piezoelectric actuators. The simplicity of both the theoretical model and the sensorless technique facilitates their application across a diverse range of piezoelectric actuators and amplification systems, thereby streamlining the design, modeling, and control strategy development for various actuators.
The innovation of this study stems from the application of an uncomplicated sensorless estimation algorithm, coupled with a system-level perspective on piezoelectric actuators. This approach utilizes a simple, adaptable model suitable for a wide array of applications and operational techniques.
... PEAs are very common in a wide variety of applications, especially in science, industry, and medicine. PEAs can be used as actuators [2], such as in piezoelectric motors [3], piezoelectric ultrasonic motors [4], inertia drives [5], cantilever beams [6], inchworm actuator [7], industrial robotics [8], sensors [9], micro-positioning [10], micro-cantilever probes [11], nano-positioners [12], medical engineering [13], fuel injectors [14], aeronautic applications such as helicopters [15] and space applications [16], ultrasound equipment [17], vibration systems [18,19], optical communications [20], the control of pneumatic actuators [21], transformers [22,23], and more. ...
... Micromachines 2023, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18 piezoelectric ultrasonic motors [4], inertia drives [5], cantilever beams [6], inchworm actuator [7], industrial robotics [8], sensors [9], micro-positioning [10], micro-cantilever probes [11], nano-positioners [12], medical engineering [13], fuel injectors [14], aeronautic applications such as helicopters [15] and space applications [16], ultrasound equipment [17], vibration systems [18,19], optical communications [20], the control of pneumatic actuators [21], transformers [22,23], and more. The widespread use of PEAs is due to their many benefits which are reflected in the following parameters: high efficiency, a short response time, high resolution, the ability to produce large forces, insensitivity to ambient temperature, no production of a magnetic field, and the absence of bearings, cogwheels, or other moving parts that can be eroded. ...
Piezoelectric elements (PEMs) are used in a variety of applications. In this paper, we developed a full analytical model and a simple system identification (SI) method of a piezoelectric actuator, which includes piezostack elements and a three-stage amplification mechanism. The model was derived separately for each unit of the system. Next, the units were combined, while taking into account their coupling. The hysteresis phenomenon, which is significant in piezoelectric materials, is described extensively. The theoretical model was verified in a laboratory setup. This setup includes a piezoelectric actuator, measuring devices and an acquisition system. The measured results were compared to the theoretical results. Some of the most well-known forms of system identification are shown briefly, while a new and simple algorithm is described systematically and verified by the model. The main advantage of this work is to provide a solid background and domain knowledge of modelling and system identification methods for further investigations in the field of piezoelectric actuators. Due to their simplicity, both the model and the system identification method can be easily modified in order to be applied to other PEMs or other amplification mechanism methods. The main novelty of this work lies in applying a simple system identification algorithm while using the system-level approach for piezoelectric actuators. Lastly, this review work is concluded and some recommendations for researchers working in this area are presented.
... Currently, there are no reliable and valid methods of constructing of mathematical models of piezoelectric transducers for environmental monitoring, which could be used as a theoretical basis for calculating characteristics and parameters of this class of functional elements of modern piezoelectronics. In most papers the described methods of transducers simulation are mostly based on the use of equivalent electrical circuits (Lineykin, Ben-Yaakov 2004, Ozeri, Shmilovitz. 2006, Buchacz et al. 2014) and it does not allow analysing stress-strain state of solids with piezoelectric effects. ...
World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as being “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Physical factors (noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields, ionized radiation, etc.) may have a negative influence on both the environment and the health of population. Piezoelectric sensors have been employed in different fields such as medical analysis, environmental monitoring, etc. The object of the research is piezoelectric sensors for environmental monitoring and their simulation. Currently, there are no reliable and valid methods of constructing of mathematical models of piezoelectric transducers, which could be used as a theoretical basis for calculating characteristics and parameters of this class of functional elements of modern piezoelectronics. In most papers the described methods of transformers simulation are mostly based on the use of equivalent electrical circuits and it does not allow analysing stress-strain state of solids with piezoelectric effects. The final goal of mathematical modelling of vibrating piezoelectric elements is a qualitative and quantitative description of characteristics and parameters of existing electrical and elastic fields. Physical processes in piezoelectric transducers which occur using axially symmetric radial oscillations of piezoceramic disk are considered.
... Vasic et al. used PTs to drive transistor gates, in order to limit parasitic coupling and increase reliability [15,66]. Reliability of electrical systems in general can be increased through the use of PTs to provide galvanic isolation between components [66,67]. DCDC [60] and ACDC [68] conversion and voltage rectification [68] can be accomplished through the use of PTs; in the case of DC operation, both inverting and/or rectification circuits are needed to convert between DC and AC signals, which would slightly lower overall system efficiency. ...
... The high working frequency and electromechanical coupling factor of PTs make them attractive with high power density [1][2][3][4] and efficiency [3,5]. Extensive research in the last several decades has focused on PTs because of these distinct advantages, which also include the capability to withstand high voltage [6], zero electromagnetic interference, and good potential for miniaturization and integration [5,7,8]. ...
The presence of an inductor during actuation of a piezoelectric transformer (PT) is a problem that has been investigated for many years. An inductorless driving topology to solve the inductor problem is proposed in this paper. This topology consists of a driver circuit and a pure piezoelectric matching network between the circuit and PT. The driver circuit is constructed to provide a specially designed waveform. The Fourier spectrum of the waveform presents dominant fundamental and third harmonics, with higher harmonics controlled to negligible levels. The third harmonic component is eliminated by a piezoelectric filter (PF), which is a component of the piezoelectric matching network. Another component is a piezoelectric inductor used to compensate for the capacitances of the PT and PF. An experimental setup is constructed to verify the performance of the driving topology. A total efficiency of 76.3% with an input power of 14.5 W is achieved when the whole driving system is considered. Although its performance is not exactly ideal, this topology is a highlight of investigations of the inductorless actuation of PTs. The proposed circuit and pure piezoelectric matching network indicate potential improvements in the performance and miniaturization of PT-based converters.
... The past several decades have witnessed the rapid development of piezoelectric transformers (PTs) because of their distinct advantages, such as high power density [1][2][3], high efficiency, miniaturisation and integration [4], low electromagnetic interference and good electrical isolation [5]. In some specific situations, PTs have become a competitive alternative to conventional electromagnetic transformers, particularly when size, cost and weight are among the critical factors to be considered [6][7][8]. ...
It is found that a piezoelectric plate can serve as an excellent inductive component between its resonant and anti-resonant frequencies. To compensate for the capacitance of a piezoelectric transformer (PT) at resonance, three piezoelectric plates with different inductances are chosen to match the PT in different exciting power. Experiments demonstrate that a piezoelectric ceramic can mimic an inductor effectively. Compared with the wirewound inductor, the mimic inductor made of piezoelectric ceramic can achieve a better compensation in a large power range to guarantee inductive impedance phase for the PT. With the excellent advantages in terms of compensation, cost and fabrication, ceramic inductor has potential use in PT-based converter of high integration and efficiency without the need for conventional wirewound inductors.
... PTs are advantageous in some power electronic applications because of their relative small size, high insulation properties and potentially low cost. PT applications include battery chargers [10,11], drivers for high-side insulated gate bipolar transistor and metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors [12], feedback isolation [13], fluorescent lamps [14,15] and light-emitting diode drivers [16]. Although to integrate a PT into a class-E converter may seem to be simple and cost-effective solution, it is extremely challenging to match the target output to the stress requirements of the converter and the PT. ...
In many applications of class-E converters, custom-made design of the isolation resonant network is impractical; instead, off-shelf products are used. In this case, matching the target output parameters to the converter component stresses requires an additional passive matching network. The design of this network has a tedious optimisation routine and may pose a considerable engineering challenge. This study introduces an optimisation method based on a behavioural modelling for class-E resonant converters, which significantly simplifies the component selection procedure. The method reduces the number of unknowns during simulation assisted parameter optimisation search. Successful implementation of the optimisation process is demonstrated on an off-line, digitally controlled class-E, piezoelectric transformer-based AC/DC converter, where the main inductor and the matching capacitance are the parameters to be optimised.
... P IEZOELECTRIC transformers (PTs) have attracted widespread concern and research in the past several decades because of their distinct advantages, including high power density [1]–[3], miniaturization and integration [4], [5], high efficiency [3], [5], zero electromagnetic interference, and effective voltage separation [6] . They are considered a competitive alternative to conventional winding/core transformers in miniaturized consumer electronics, such as lighting drivers [7]–[9] and ac/dc converters [10]–[12]. ...
Switching driving, such as pulse width modulation, has been used in many power circuits because of its high efficiency. However, given the capacitance of a piezoelectric transformer (PT) for high harmonics in a square waveform, using switching technology directly in a driver circuit is difficult without an inductance linked with the PT. This paper proposes a design of a piezoelectric filter module for eliminating harmonic frequencies in the driving of a PT. Compared with a traditional inductor filter, the performance, cost, and space advantages make the module a wiser choice. The particular design of several PFs fabricated on one piece of piezoelectric plate has future integration potential with the transformer. The third harmonic filtering experiment shows that the module exhibits excellent performance on the elimination of harmonics and improvement of the whole converter's efficiency, making the large inductor for wide-range damping of harmonics unnecessary. Efficiency analyses for a simplified push–pull power amplifier model prove the existence of an optimum output waveform for a tradeoff consideration on the circuit efficiency and driving complexity of a PT. This study offers detailed guidance for the future development of novel converter circuits.
... Power level varies the stress-strain relationship as well as temperature of the device, hence, the PT's equivalent circuit parameters values show a discrepancy with those obtained during the test. Some other studies rely on the transfer function test [10], [11]. However, the offered procedures of parameter extraction are quite complicated and time consuming. ...
A methodology for obtaining the parameter's values of a linearized piezoelectric transformers model is proposed. The suggested technique treats the piezoelectric transformer as an all electrical two port and relies on measurement of the electrical transfer function magnitude and phase of a loaded piezoelectric transformer. Only a single test setup is required to establish all six piezoelectric transformer's parameter's values. Neither manufacturer's data nor acoustical measurements are required. The proposed approach employs the least-squares method for tuning the model parameter's values. This paper presents the theoretical foundation of the proposed method validated by experimental results. Excellent agreement is found in between the measured and the modeled transfer functions.
... Hence, high variation in CTR imposes constraints on the control loop design. Acoustic transfer of feedback signals in a switched-mode converter was reported in [5], where a piezoelectric transformer was employed for electrical isolation. However, the report noted some limitations, such as a low common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and a relatively narrow bandwidth [5]. ...
... Acoustic transfer of feedback signals in a switched-mode converter was reported in [5], where a piezoelectric transformer was employed for electrical isolation. However, the report noted some limitations, such as a low common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and a relatively narrow bandwidth [5]. The potential use of a circuit's PCB as the medium allowing propagation of the acoustic wave was introduced in [6]. ...
This paper describes an ultrasonic signal transmit link through an electronic circuitpsilas PCB which offers isolation and high immunity from EMI. The approach proposed employs ceramic materials with enhanced piezoelectric characteristics, which have become widely available in recent years. This type of coupling may be adopted in applications such as isolated switched-mode power supplies (SMPS), high-voltage current probes and data transfer. A further application might be the acoustic coupling of electrically-isolated circuits. Recent research has investigated using acoustic transfer for electrical isolation by incorporating devices designed specifically for the media through which the acoustic wave propagates. This, in effect, creates a piezoelectric transformer, however notable limitations exist, such as a low common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and a relatively narrow bandwidth. In the present study, several system configurations with high CMRR, low voltage input and wide bandwidth were analyzed and their relative efficiencies evaluated. A signal was transmitted using piezoelectric devices through conventional PCBs (FR4 material) of different thicknesses. FM modulation proved quite effective for this purpose, revealing a data transfer bandwidth of up to 100 kHz for the overall link. The efficient utilization of an ultrasonic link over PCB is demonstrated by applying it in a SMPS feedback signal path. A DSP-implemented digitally-compensated controller was adopted to further enhance the acoustic link and the converterpsilas dynamics.
