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Numbers of forest-dwelling vertebrates breeding in the 12 forested biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia (from data presented in Bunnell et al. 1999b). Zones from Meidinger and Pojar (1991): CWH = coastal western hemlock, IDF = interior Douglas-fir, ICH = interior cedar hemlock, PP = Ponderosa pine, SBS = sub-boreal spruce, BWBS = black and white boreal spruce, MS = montane spruce, CDF = coastal Douglas-fir, ESSF = Engelmann spruce sub-alpine fir, SBPS = sub-boreal pine spruce, MH = mountain hemlock, SWB = spruce, willow, birch.
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Riverside Forest Products (Kelowna, British Columbia) has embraced a sustainable forest management approach for the management of one its forest tenures - Tree Farm License 49. This document discusses the rationale behind many of the concepts within this approach in the context of current ecological theory. We focus specifically on the following co...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... by providing a variety of zoning options that could be designed to meet different objectives. For example, the Mon- tane Spruce (MS) zone of the British Columbia interior is gen- erally regarded as a smaller contributor to biodiversity than other BEC zones such as Interior Douglas-fir (IDF) since it supports a smaller number of vertebrate species (Fig. 2). Recent work in TFL 49 demonstrated lower bird species richness with increasing amounts of lodgepole pine-the dominant tree species in the MS zone (Herbers et al. 2003). As well, no rare or endangered vertebrate species are unique to the MS zone with- in TFL 49, versus two listed species unique to the IDF zone, three within the ...
Context 2
... rec- ommendations are available to forest managers (D'Eon 2002, Boutin andHebert 2002). The most obvious reason for this is simply the lack of consistent empirical evidence either supporting or rejecting ideas concerning organism response to spatial Total area in Total proportion in group c TFL 49 (ha) FCLB PCLB LCLB UNLB constrained land base Fig. 2 in Serrouya et al. (2002). b Ecological stratification by site series groupings from Herbers and Serrouya (2001). c FCLB = fully constrained, PCLB = partially constrained, LCLB = lightly constrained, UNLB = unconstrained. d Total contribution by site series grouping derived from midpoint land base definitions in Serrouya et al. (2002) ...
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In the early 1980s, coastal British Columbia was the focus of a global debate around forest management practices. The use of variable retention became a jurisdictional response to the criticism of past forest management, causing a shift away from the traditional clearcutting systems. With the outbreak of the mountain pine beetle in the Interior, th...
Citations
... It is therefore relatively easy to set aside large parts of this forest for extensive management, intensive management, and some conservation over the long term. Research indicating the possible benefits of such triad management has been carried out in several Canadian provinces (D'Eon et al. 2004;Nitschke and Innes 2008;Messier et al. 2009) and U.S. states (Seymour and Hunter 1992;Redelsheimer 1996), and it has even been suggested that such a system might be beneficial in Sweden (Ranius and Roberge 2011). On the other hand, triad management might not be as easily applied to more diverse forests or to privately owned forests managed at smaller spatial and temporal scales. ...
Functional zoning has been suggested as a way to balance the needs of a viable forest industry with those of healthy ecosystems. Under this system, part of the forest is set aside for protected areas, counterbalanced by intensive and extensive management of the rest of the forest. Studies indicate this may provide adequate timber while minimizing road construction and favoring the development of large mature and old stands. However, it is unclear how the spatial arrangement of intensive management areas may affect the success of this zoning. Should these areas be agglomerated or dispersed throughout the forest landscape? Should managers prioritize (a) proximity to existing roads, (b) distance from protected areas, or (c) site-specific productivity? We use a spatially explicit landscape simulation model to examine the effects of different spatial scenarios on landscape structure, connectivity for native forest wildlife, stand diversity, harvest volume, and road construction: (1) random placement of intensive management areas, and (2-8) all possible combinations of rules (a)-(c). Results favor the agglomeration of intensive management areas. For most wildlife species, connectivity was the highest when intensive management was far from the protected areas. This scenario also resulted in relatively high harvest volumes. Maximizing distance of intensive management areas from protected areas may therefore be the best way to maximize the benefits of intensive management areas while minimizing their potentially negative effects on forest structure and biodiversity.
... Role played by fire in eastern Canadian boreal zone and its impacts on abundance and distribution of old-growth forest or bird species assemblages Bergeron et al. 2001;Drapeau et al. 2000 Characterize, map, and model how different disturbance regimes affect age-class composition and structure across landscape Delineation of different management zones according to historical fire frequency in an Oregon, USA Cissel et al. 1998;Cissel et al. 1999 Diversify forest practices -do not implement the same silvicultural system everywhere "Triad" zoning approach for intensive, extensive, and emphasis-onbiodiversity management Seymour and Hunter 1999;D'Eon et al. 2004 Maintain landscape heterogeneity by allocating permanent and temporary reserve networks; these networks should (i) provide support areas and allow connectivity for mobile-link species important for desired states, and (ii) act as reference areas to facilitate understanding of slow ecosystem changes and characterize range of variability of key processes such as disturbance Riparian reserves to maintain mobile-link role of salmon-bear interactions for the transfer of marine nutrients into temperate rain forests Hilderbrand et al. 1999;Nappi et al. 2004 Understand and minimize impacts of salvage harvesting on biodiversity mendations to managers who want to implement NDBM while seeking to maintain the resilience of desired ecosystem states ( Table 2). The recommendations assume that (i) resilience to changing environmental conditions depends on maintaining both adequate membership in all functional groups as well as diversity and redundancy within and across scales for all functional groups (Peterson et al. 1998;Walker et al. 1999;Elmqvist et al. 2003), (ii) patterns of retention at stand and landscape scales should maintain elements of ecological "memory" of desired system states such as support areas, and (iii) retained biological legacies at stand and landscape scales should maintain specific ecological functions or habitats of mobile-link taxa. ...
... Application of this to forests seems simple-bio-indicators can be selected from well-studied groups (usually birds and mammals) or from species that require particular resources likely to be sensitive to timber harvesting, such as the density of nest hollows in standing trees and the density of understorey. However, the assumption that the few species monitored provide a reliable guide to all other species not studied is questionable (D'Eon et al. 2004). Andelman and Fagan (2000) demonstrated that surrogates performed no better than a comparable set of species randomly selected from a database. ...
This paper, the final in a series often papers that report the impact of silvicultural treatments (harvesting and associated burning) in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest, reviews these papers and explores similarities and disparities. More than 2500 species were processed, dominated by macro-invertebrates, vascular flora and macrofungi. Few significant impacts were evident, and most species groups were resilient to the disturbances imposed. Regeneration stocking did not meet specified standards on two gap release and seven shelterwood grids subjected to silvicultural treatment in the period 1988-2002. Six treated grids had a retained basal area of more than 18 m 2 ha- 1, which obviated the need for further regeneration. More than 50 y may be needed for biological processes to reverse the increase in bulk density of soil caused during harvesting. Cryptogams (especially lichens) were the species group most sensitive to disturbance, although recovery of species richness was nearly complete 10 y after disturbance. For cryptogams and vascular flora, species recorded in only one grid (singletons) were more likely to occur on reference grids than on silviculturally treated grids. For all species groups studied, the imprint of harvesting 40 or more years earlier on species composition had become indistinguishable from that on grids never harvested. Soil nutrient status correlated with species richness for fungi on wood (negatively), light-trapped invertebrates (positively), birds (positively) and terrestrial vertebrates (frogs, reptiles and mammals, negatively). Silvicultural disturbance (timber harvesting and associated burning) correlated with species richness for fungi on wood (positively), terrestrial vertebrates (positively) and cryptogams (negatively). Time since the last (prescribed) fire did not correlate with any species group. Plant disease decreased species richness of light-trapped invertebrates by about 35%. Very few taxa were sufficiently widespread or sufficiently responsive to silvicultural disturbance to be of value as bio-indicators, demonstrating the superiority of biodiversity monitoring over bio-indicator monitoring. It is recommended that FORESTCHECK be expanded into a biological survey of the lower south-west of Western Australia.
... In addition, roaded areas separate from a natural condition (Noss, 2002). Therefore, it was suggested that road density may be used as a landscape-level index for deviation from more natural conditions or disturbance on the landscape and associated effects of forest management activity (Williams and Marcot, 1991;D'Eon et al., 2004). Similarly, non-roaded areas or those with low road density might serve as environmental baselines against which the impact of human activities can be measured (Miller et al., 1996). ...
Forest roads have many kinds of direct and indirect effects such as physical, ecological, and socio-economic effects in landscape scale. In this study the relationship between forest road network and the structure of a multifunctionally planned forest landscape, in the south of Turkey was examined. The aim of the study was to determine whether or not the correlation between road network and landscape structure across a gradient of road density categorical road/no road approach and landscape pattern data from the managed forest landscapes existed. It was concerned with three type polygons that were forest functioning patches, compartments, and stand patches and were associated with higher road density or existing of road network. To quantify the case, it was analyzed whether the spatial structure of forest patches adjacent to roads differs from the spatial structure of forest patches away from roads. GIS was used to integrate quantitative indices of landscape structure. There was little negatively significant relationship between road density and patch area/size, patch perimeter and shape index of patton index (PI) and no correlation with patch number and Fractal Dimension (FD). The forest road network modified spatial pattern of patch shape through PI values. The road network increased the number of patch and decreased mean patch size. The existence of road network was more effective than topography index appearing of PI and FD in the roaded areas. It was indicated to potential reverse impacts of road network on spatial structure of forest compartments in terms of shape index (FD). Highest proportions of harvestable forest areas fall into roaded areas. The results define that road networks are effective on the spatial structure of forest landscape. The forest road network of study area has all probable ecological impacts of forest roads mentioned in context.
... climate. planning processes to introduce TRIAD zonation into their tenures (e.g., Boyland et al. 2004, D'Eon et al. 2004. Internationally, it is widely assumed that much of the future global demand for wood can and should be met from tree plantations managed with varying degrees of intensity (Matthews andHammond 1999, Bazett 2000). ...
... The advantages of silvicultural intensification and creative land use zonation have been discussed in Canada for a number of years (SSBF 1999, Messier and Bigué 2002, Arseneau and Chiu 2003. Pilot projects on intensification have been initiated (D'Eon et al. 2004), but the future character and competitiveness of CIS/SIS-managed forests remains unclear. In our view, CIS/SIS managed Canadian forests will have the following characteristics: 1. ...
There is growing international agreement that intensive silviculture will play a major role in meeting future demand for wood and wood fibre worldwide. In Canada, however, extensive forest management continues to be the dominant paradigm. Driven by low growth rates in primary forests and the consequent long rotations, current policies support only basic management, with little or no silvicultural intervention between stand initiation and final harvests. By contrast, native conifers and hybrid poplars (Populus spp.) grown in plantations have been shown to achieve increments of 6 to 29 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in Canada. In this paper, we argue that increased production, economic, and environmental benefits can be realized in Canada by intensifying silvicultural practices over designated parts of the landbase. Indeed, the shift to intensive management may be essential to sustain Canada’s competitiveness in the international forest products sector. In reviewing past work, we demonstrate that intensive silviculture may yield outputs that are competitive with many other regions, even those in the tropics. Achieving wide support for intensive silviculture will require integration of a broader range of silvicultural, environmental, and social objectives into management planning than has traditionally been the case. Such a broad-based strategy, especially where it has gained the support of communities, may be the most balanced and effective means of resolving many of the key forest management issues that face Canada in the 21st Century. Key words: conventional intensive silviculture, super-intensive silviculture, plantations, foreign competition, multiple-use forests, native conifers, roads, CO2 emissions, incentive
... Moreover, forest zoning is often suggested in order to meet the multiples objectives inherent to sustainable development (Seymour and Hunter 1999;Andison 2003;D'eon et al. 2004). This involves spatialization of the various types of forest management where spatial patterns in large scale natural disturbance must be taken into consideration (Angelstam 1997;Baker 1992;Le Goff et al. 2005). ...
Despite the recognized importance of fire in North American boreal forests, the relative importance of stochastic and determinist
portions of intra-regional spatial variability in fire frequency is still poorly understood. The first objective of this study
is to identify sources of spatial variability in fire frequency in a landscape of eastern Quebec’s coniferous boreal forest.
Broad-scale environmental factors considered included latitude, longitude, human activities and belonging to a given bioclimatic
domain, whereas fine-scale factors included slope, position on the slope, aspect, elevation, surficial deposit and drainage.
The average distance to waterbodies was also considered as a potential intermediate-scale source of variability in fire frequency.
In order to assess these environmental factors’ potential influence, they were incorporated into a proportional hazard model,
a semi-parametric form of survival analysis. We also used a digital elevation model in order to evaluate the dominant aspect
within neighborhoods of varying sizes and successively incorporated these covariates into the proportional hazard model. We
found that longitude significantly affects fire frequency, suggesting a maritime influence on fire frequency in this coastal
landscape. We also found that position on the slope was related to fire frequency since hilltops and upperslopes were subject
to a lower fire frequency. Dominant aspect was also related to fire frequency, but only when characterized within a neighborhood
delimited by 4,000 to 10,000-m radii (5,027–31,416ha). A 2–6-fold variation in fire frequency can be induced by geographic
and topographic contexts, suggesting a substantial intra-regional heterogeneity in disturbance regime with potential consequences
on forest dynamics and biodiversity patterns. Implications for forest management are also briefly discussed.
... Le zonage fonctionnel a présentement la faveur de plusieurs scientifiques (Burton et al., 2003 ;MacLean et al., sous presse), mais certaines ONGE, dont Greenpeace, expriment des réserves et n'appuient pas son application au Québec pour le moment. Malgré quelques résultats préliminaires encourageants (Burton et al., 2003 ;D'Eon et al., 2004 ;Montigny et MacLean, 2006), le zonage fonctionnel est toujours à l'essai et ne pourra effectivement être envisagé sérieusement qu'après que des résultats positifs sans équivoque auront été démontrés. La mise en place d'une éventuelle stratégie de zonage fonctionnel devrait d'abord passer par le parachèvement du réseau québécois d'aires protégées, ensuite par la mise en place de l'aménagement forestier écosystémique, et finalement par l'introduction d'éléments d'aménagement intensif. ...
Le nombre d’emplois dans l’industrie forestière québécoise a connu des fluctuations importantes au cours des dernières décennies. Des périodes de crise reviennent occasionnellement, caractérisées par de faibles niveaux d’emploi. Plusieurs causes ont été invoquées pour expliquer la plus récente crise forestière: augmentation des «contraintes environnementales», conflit canado-américain sur le bois d’oeuvre, vigueur du dollar canadien, baisse de la construction résidentielle aux États-Unis et du prix du bois d’oeuvre, baisse de la demande de papier journal aux États-Unis et du prix du papier journal, hausse des coûts du pétrole et de l’électricité, coût élevé de la fibre, faible productivité des usines québécoises et concurrence étrangère. Mais qu’en est-il au juste? Hugo Asselin, chercheur à l’Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, explore ces questions.
Il nous apprend entre autres que ces crises sont principalement liées aux variations du cours du pétrole et du taux de change et que les fluctuations des prix du bois d’oeuvre et du papier journal ont eu une forte influence sur l’emploi. De son côté, le conflit canadoaméricain sur le bois d’oeuvre n’a probablement joué qu’un rôle marginal, tout comme la productivité des usines québécoises. Mieux orientée vers l’innovation, l’industrie forestière pourrait considérer les pays en émergence moins comme des compétiteurs que comme des marchés potentiels pour des produits québécois d’avant-garde.
La plus récente crise forestière n’est pas liée à l’augmentation des «contraintes environnementales», peut-on lire. L’augmentation du pourcentage d’aires protégées est triviale. La baisse de 20% de la possibilité forestière est un retour à la normale après 15 ans de surexploitation. La certification environnementale FSC est rentable. Bref, l’environnement, loin d’être une contrainte à l’industrie, devrait plutôt en être le centre névralgique. Une gestion forestière plus respectueuse de l’environnement et des gens aurait permis d’éviter les problèmes structurels de cette industrie. Le coût de la fibre serait beaucoup moins élevé aujourd’hui si les arbres récoltés n’étaient pas presque deux fois plus petits et deux fois plus éloignés qu’il y a 30 ans.
Hugo Asselin propose des solutions pour sortir l’industrie forestière de la cyclicité qui l’accable. Parmi celles-ci, il suggère d’investir dans la R&D, tant pour l’élaboration de nouvelles méthodes d’aménagement que pour le développement de produits de 2e et 3e transformations et de produits à haute valeur ajoutée, de parachever le réseau d’aires protégées afin de protéger au moins 12%de la superficie de chaque province naturelle, et de favoriser une meilleure concertation de tous les utilisateurs du territoire afin d’en arriver à une véritable gestion intégrée des ressources.
Based on the theory of Structure-based Forest Management, this paper studies the growth-management process of a forest considering the healthy state of the forest structure, and realizes three-dimensional visual simulation of this process based on unity3D. According to the angle scale, size ratio, crowding degree and other quantitative indexes of forest structure proposed by the theory of Structure-based Forest Management, the Spatial Structural function model and urgency management of forest were established to quantify the state of forest structure from many aspects. The growth equation of Chinese fir was fitted by the single tree growth equation based on the Hegyi competition index and forest density. Pre-thinning timbers are selected according to the rule that the cutting volume is less than the all growth volume in stand and size of competition index, and then the top 30%, 50% or 80% of pre-thinning timbers are extracted by rule sampling on the basis of pre-thinning timbers, and the stand structure function after thinning is alse calculated. The minimum value of thinning plan is taken as the actual thinning plan. Our results show that according to the growth period of 5 years, the growth and management of sample plot 5 were simulated for next 10 years. As in this case, based on the structured forest management, the dynamic visual simulation method of Chinese fir stand growth-management can realize the visual simulation of Chinese fir stand growth and management, which is a good way to show the forest growth management, and has a good demonstration role in improving the forestry informatization.
Climate influences natural processes at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Consequently, climate change raises many challenges for sustainable forest management; among them, the integration of fire and forest management is increasingly discussed. We propose here an evaluation of the adaptive capacity of forest management under changing forest fire regimes under climate change in the boreal forest of Quebec. Adaptation begins by reinterpreting current practices dealing with climatically driven variability. Among them, fire suppression, and regeneration enhancement can contribute to coping with some impacts of climate change. However, there is an increasing need to develop more integrative and spatially explicit management strategies to decrease the vulnerability of forest management to changing fire risk. Some developing management strategies, such as fuel management or the triad approach (zoning system for conservation, intensive, and extensive forest management), present an interesting potential for integrating the fire risk in management plans. While fuel management and fire suppression are indicated for particularly severe fire regimes, protection against insects, and maintaining a shorter disturbance cycle using forest management represent the preferred adaptation options where the fire cycle is lengthening under climate change.
Forest management has been criticised in the last 20 years for its negative impact on the native species, structures and functions of the forest. Of many possible alternatives proposed to minimize these effects, the functional zoning (or TRIAD) approach is gaining popularity in North America. The goal of this approach is to minimize the negative environmental impacts of forestry while maintain timber supply by dividing the forest into three broad land-use zones: (1) conservation, (2) ecosystem management, and (3) wood production. In this study, we used a spatially explicit landscape model to simulate the effects of fire and six different forest management scenarios on a boreal mixedwood forest management unit in central Quebec. The management scenarios examined included the current practices scenario, a scenario proposed by the provincial government, and four TRIAD scenarios varying in the amount of forest allocated to each of the three zones. For each scenario, we examined the harvest volume, percentage old-growth forest or old forest managed to favour old-growth attributes, and effective mesh size of forest patches by 20-year age classes. With more area set aside for conservation and high-retention partial cut harvesting techniques designed to maintain the attributes of old-growth stands, all TRIAD scenarios resulted in higher percentages of stands with old-growth attributes than the current practices scenario and the government proposed scenario, and two of the four TRIAD scenarios also resulted in higher harvest volume over the long term. All forest management scenarios resulted in significantly lower effective mesh size than the fire-only scenario, but this difference was not as pronounced for the four TRIAD scenarios as for the current practice and government proposed scenarios. We conclude that the TRIAD approach has the potential to minimize some of the negative impacts of forestry on the landscape, while maintaining timber supply over the long term.
