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Number of Museum Cardholders by four-digit zip code area and locations of the museums in each top 10 ranking. Note: Numbers and letters refer to the museums in each top 10 ranking as tabulated in Table II.
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A number of studies have applied non-market valuation techniques to measure the value of cultural goods. Virtually all of these studies are single case applications and rely mostly on stated preferences, such as contingent valuation techniques. We compare the relative value of multiple, competing goods and show how revealed preferences, in particul...
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... Data is collected using surveys on site. The literature offers various examples of cultural heritage studies which partially or fully applied this method in order to evaluate the sites (Boter, Rouwendal & Wedel, 2005;Bedate, Herrero & Sanz, 2004;Alberini & Longo, 2006). The key question in this context is: what people value based on the amount of time they are willing to spend travelling to consume a good or service? ...
The purpose of this conceptual study is to define the possibilities and constraints of assessing the economic impact of tangible cultural heritage on the economic sustainability of a tourism destination. To achieve this goal, the following were critically analysed: (1) strengths and limitations of previously used assessment approaches and techniques; and (2) sustainable development indicators for urban tourism destinations that contain world-class cultural heritage sites. The case study used in this research is an urban cultural heritage site listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, namely the Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian, Croatia, and the associated tourism destination setting. Observational and case study methods were used. Despite all previous efforts to prevent miscalculations and develop a technique that would best suit the tangible cultural heritage valuation process, findings suggest that each cultural heritage site has unique characteristics and requires its own approach to assessing its value and impact. Moreover, such findings have further implications for the UNESCO World Heritage List and the management of World Heritage sites.
... Boter et al. 2005; d'Uva 2005;Scarpa et al. 2005;Fernandez-Blanco et al. 2009;Ayyagari et al. 2013;Grisolía and Willis 2012;Hensher and Greene 2003;Shen et al. 2006;Shen 2010;Hess et al. 2011;Greene and Hensher 2013;Pérez-Urdiales et al. 2016). ...
Consumer misperceptions about key economic variables, such as price or consumption, often hinder the effectiveness of natural resources management policies. When facing increasing block rates, water users might fail to identify the marginal price of their water use and guide themselves by information from their past total bill and water use amounts. However, this information might not be correctly perceived or remembered. By comparing them with actual bimonthly billing data from 1465 households in Granada (Spain), we study the inaccuracy of the users’ recollections during an in-person survey that also asked them about their characteristics, environmental and conservation habits, and exposure to informational policies. A conditional mixed-process selection model is used to test the hypothesis that the degree of inaccuracy in the recollection of past water bill and consumption amounts is related to indicators of the costs and benefits of acquiring the relevant information. Then, a latent class model exploits unobserved household heterogeneity to sort households into two classes—based on whether and how accurately they recalled past bill and consumption amounts—and to estimate the probability of belonging to each class, based on observable characteristics. We derive policy recommendations and show that knowledge of consumption and bill size is rather poor but that informational policies could improve consumer knowledge and the effectiveness of pricing policies. Finally, we identify which informational policies might be most effective and what type of consumers are most likely to respond to such policies.
... 16 For each of these classes, different regression models can be estimated, which makes it possible to control for heterogeneity in preferences and constraints beyond what the information available through the observable data would. LCMs have been applied in an increasing number of works in a variety of study areas (Deb and Trivedi, 2002;Boter et al., 2005;d'Uva, 2005;Scarpa et al., 2005;Fernandez-Blanco et al., 2009;Ayyagari et al., 2013;Grisolía and Willis, 2012;Hensher and Greene, 2003;Shen et al., 2006;Shen, 2010;Hess et al., 2011;Greene and Hensher, 2013;Pérez-Urdiales et al., 2016). The LCM approach is sometimes used to perform Latent Class Regression, whereby a finite sample partition is motivated by the notion that different model specifications suit best different segments of the population. ...
Consumer misperceptions about key economic variables often hinder the effectiveness of management policies. When facing increasing block rates, water users might fail to identify the marginal price of their water use and guide themselves by information from their past total bill and water use amounts. This information might not be correctly perceived or remembered. By comparing them with actual bimonthly billing data from 1,465 households in Granada (Spain), we study the inaccuracy of users' recollections during an in-person survey that also asked them about their characteristics, environmental and conservation habits, and exposure to informational policies. A conditional mixed-process selection model is used to test the hypothesis that the degree of inaccuracy in the recollection of past water bill and consumption amounts is related to indicators of the costs and benefits of acquiring the relevant information. Then, a latent class model considers unobserved household heterogeneity to develop two classes of households, based on whether they recalled during the survey, and how accurately, past bill and consumption amounts and their probability of belonging to each class. We derive policy recommendations and show that knowledge of consumption and bill size is rather poor but that informational policies could improve consumer knowledge and the effectiveness of pricing policies. Finally, we identify which informational policies might be more effective and detect groups of consumers on which informational efforts should be focused.
... The effect applies mostly to stated preference-based methods (Carson andMitchell 1995, Carson et al. 1998); however, revealed preference-based techniques such as the travel cost method have also been criticised for disregarding the possibility of substitutes in single-site valuation studies (Fletcher et al. 1990). Boter et al. (2005) refer to the embedding effect in their article representing the first application of a site choice model in cultural economics: '[if] estimates of social value are to represent realistic values, one needs to introduce choice options in the measurement process, especially since choosing among complementary or substitute alternatives is an important aspect of consumers' valuation of cultural goods'. They employ a site choice model to compare the relative value of multiple competing cultural organisations: 108 Dutch museums. ...
Cultural institutions are the main beneficiaries of public funds for culture. However, cultural policies suffer from ‘adhocism’ in the administration of institutions, which are often publicly owned and receive little recognition of the benefits that society gains from their use. The aim of this study is to provide the measurement of the use value of access to cultural institutions. Based on the observed individual attendances and their costs, a two-stage budgeting model is employed to estimate the change in consumer surplus related to the loss of access to cinemas, museums, and theatres in Warsaw, Poland. It is the first non-market valuation of cinemas in the existing literature. The inclusion of institutions’ entire markets helps to overcome the bias caused by the embedding effect and the availability of substitutes, which affects many single-site valuations. The estimated use values are compared with the subsidies received by the three groups of cultural institutions. Results reveal substantial benefits provided by cinemas, although cinemas are nearly excluded from the circulation of public support. The estimated use value is enough to justify subsidies for both highly subsidised sectors of museums and theatres. The estimation of use values serves as a starting point for the evaluation of the use of public resources.
... The main objective of such models is linking travel costs (transportation costs, opportunity costs of travel time) to the frequency of trips (visits) to a venue or area, and to deriving the economic value in terms of the consumer surplus on the basis of an econometrically estimated demand curve (e.g. [34]). The economic reasoning behind the application of non-market valuation methods, such as travel cost, contingent valuation, or choice experiment methods lies in the public goods character of cultural goods and services, and in externalities connected to cultural consumption, which prevent the easy use of market prices for valuing these goods and services (e.g., [35][36][37][38]). ...
The determinants of cultural consumption are rarely explored by means of travel demand (i.e., travel cost) models. In this paper, the empirical results are presented in regard to the frequency of attendance to cultural events as an indicator of cultural sustainability. Approximately 50% of the respondents who participated in a representative household survey in Austria stated that they would participate in cultural events at least once a year. The average frequency of attendance came to about 3 to 4 times a year, depending on the kind of cultural event (e.g., drama/opera performances, museum visits, concerts in schools of music). The estimations support the notion that the distance from the respondent’s residence to the cultural event is negatively correlated with the frequency of attendance. Other determinants include the typical socio-economic characteristics of respondents (e.g., education, income). However, the availability of cultural infrastructure in urban or rural areas, as well as municipal cultural spending, are the main spatial and public finance variables influencing attendance frequency. Based on the econometric estimations of the travel cost model, the economic value of attending a cultural event (consumer surplus) varies from EUR 38 (cinema) to EUR 55 (theater, opera) on average. The results suggest that local and regional cultural infrastructure are significant contributors to cultural sustainability.
... It is done by studying the choice of people and their preference to reduce travel time and travel cost (Beshears et al 2008). The RP approach evaluate value of time which is best to explain actual observed choices (Boter et al, 2005),. Since RP approach uses data collected on real life choices, the choices as made by individual decision makers are bound by the real constraints confronted by those same decision makers. ...
Traffic congestion has become a critical concern when its detrimental effects are taken into account. Incremental delay, excessive fuel consumption and higher vehicle emission are thoughtful impacts of traffic congestion. These negative impacts cause substantial economic losses to the transport system. Hence, it is essential to enumerate these impacts in their monetary terms to provide a better economic growth and social welfare to the society. Thus, a comprehensive review on the impact of traffic congestion comprises traffic delay, fuel consumption and vehicle emission has carried out. Moreover, the paper reviews the economic quantification of this three impacts of traffic congestion. Systematic understanding and estimation are possible by the support of empirical data. Hence, this paper discusses the data requirements and data collection methods for the estimation of delay cost, fuel cost and emission cost. A new methodology has proposed to estimate delay cost for the link, intersection and corridor as separate facilities. This paper also focuses on the challenges to be confronted while quantifying the congestion impacts in monetary value and further research direction are proposed. © 2018 Institute for Transport Studies in the European Economic Integration. All Rights Reserved.
... There are different techniques and multiple applications for measuring the economic value of museums as a cultural institution, these generally being classified into methods of revealed preferences and stated preferences. The former are so called because the economic value of the good in question is obtained through consumer behavior in parallel markets, two examples being the travel cost method [4,5] and hedonic price model [6]. Stated preference methods are characterized by explicitly obtaining the good's economic valuation by simulating a hypothetical market; examples include the contingent valuation and choice experiment techniques. ...
The economic valuation of public goods, which include museums, is an important field of study in economic analysis and management in that the findings to emerge help to design public policies and to further both private and public commitment to managing such cultural heritage institutions. The current paper seeks to ascertain the economic value assigned to a specific and relevant museum (Museo de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia) by visitors and particularly by those wishing to become regular consumers of the services it offers and who are willing to pay. This value is determined using the choice experiments method. The analysis therefore provides a case study describing demand for cultural club goods and also helps to establish management funding strategies aimed at improving the museum's facilities and contributing to local social welfare. Finally, the paper expands the number of case studies on public cultural heritage institutions in Latin America and developing countries.
... Arts participation is characterised by heterogeneity in preferences and a selection bias, since only those who choose to participate will have a positive probability of participating, unlike those who choose never to participate (e.g. Borgonovi 2004 for performing arts attendance; Boter et al. 2005 for travel time in museum attendance; Ateca-Amestoy 2008 for theatre attendance; Cornélio Diniz and Machado (2011) for the consumption of artistic-cultural goods and services; Fernández-Blanco et al. 2009;Grisolía and Willis, 2012). ...
In this paper, we analyse the joint and individual time that Italian couples allocate to the different arts activities and arts practices. The Time Use Survey of Italian households (ISTAT 2002–2003) is used for the first time for this purpose. Despite an unbalanced gender division of paid and unpaid work in this country, women are shown to have a greater predisposition towards engaging in the arts.
Altogether, Italian couples spend half of their arts time together. After we apply a Heckman’s selection model, results show the overall positive effects of age, education, individual and couple’s well-being and weekend participation, and the negative effects of children and residence in southern regions. Yet we demonstrate that the likelihood to participate in the arts and the amount of time allocated to them are determined by different factors. In particular, we highlight some differences and complementarities in partners’ personal and mutual influence and respective roles within the couple and the household.
... Günümüzde alışveriş merkerkezlerinin de boş zamanları geçirme konusunda bir alternatif haline geldiği bilinmektedir (Shields, 2003;Erkip, 2003;Lloyd ve Auld, 2003). AVM'ler bünyelerinde barındırdıkları çok çeşitli kullanımlar (günlük alışveriş, rekreatif alış-veriş, yeme-içme, fitness / spor, çocuk oyun alanı, park, lunapark, Müze, sanat galerisi, festival alanı, konser salonu gibi sosyo-kültürel tesisler İstanbul'da yaşayanlar dışında, bölge ve ülke ölçeğinde ziyaretçi çeken aktivitelerdir (Kirschberg, 1996;Boter, 2005 giderek azaltmaktadır. ...
Measuring quality of life in urban spaces is an important issue in space sciences. Quality of life is ephasized in the evaluations of various disciplines on urban spaces. The inadequacy of rational planning tools for the solution of urban problems have greater role on the rise of the subject. Subjective measurement of quality of life of people living in urban spaces is useful toolbox on the inclusion of residents' perceptions about the city for the new planning approaches such as participatory, advocacy, transactive and bargaining models. Simultaneously to ongoing technological and social changes throughout the history, the leisure time and leisure activities have positive effect on the life satisfaction of people. Positive evaluations of residents about the life experience in the city is higher in the cities which offer facilities that fit to leisure needs of people in terms of places' quality and quantity. The goal of a city with happy, healthy, creative, indulgent, democratic, social and inclusive individuals can be achieved by meeting the various leisure needs of individuals. Therefore, people's leisure experience is key to sustainable and contemporary cities with high quality of urban living. In this study, the relationship between quality of urbal life and leisure spaces in İstanbul is investigated. The model of leisure and quality of life which include objective and subjective dimensions is developed. Besides the objective analysis such as distribution, accessibility and services area of leisure spaces, residents' leisure perception, leisure participation, leisure satisfaction and leisure constraints are explored via subjective household survey. Objective and subjective analysis on leisure variables have associated with the urban quality of life variables in a purpose of describing which subjects about leisure acitivities have strong relationship with leisure in which level and how? The study has six chapters. The research question, research frame, methodology and study approach is defined in introduction section along with the contribution of the study to existing literature and to planning practices in İstanbul. In the second and third chapters, the literature on quality of life and leisure has explained in historical content as the theoretical grounds of the study. Literature on different approaches, indicator types, measurement methods and theoretical models to quality of life have presented. Different case studies from Turkey and around the world in terms of spatial level, indicator type, methodoloy and research results have compiled by systematical approach. Similar approach to leisure and relationship with quality of life have also adopted in chapter three. In the early parts of this section, the meaning and content of the leisure have explained historically and theoretically. Additionally, different classifications of leisure activity types in urban studies have illustrated. The term of recreation has also defined with its relation to leisure in this part. Finally, the relationship between lesiure and quality of life and the studies focusing on this relationship has described with the emphasis on leisure benefits and leisure needs. These case studies shows that there is a clear path between quality of life in cities and leisure leisure settings of both residents and cities. In the light of the literature review in chapter two and three, the methodology of this study that is on the relationship between leisure time activities and quality of urban life in İstanbul city have represented in chapter four. Research design of the leisure and quality of life model model with the research units, indicators types, spatial levels, measurement methods and data resources have expressed. The research model includes subjective perception of households as well as objective leisure indicators about İstanbul city. In the subjective part of the study, along with personal characteristics and demographics, questions on perception and satisfaction level of different settings of leisure spaces, leisure participation and satisfaction with the different life domains and settings of urban environment have been asked to households. For the objective analysis, statistical and geographical data on leisure spaces such as open and green spaces, sports activities, cultural activities, dining and drinking places and shops have been collected from different governmental and private institutions. A leisure database have been created by editing and integrating these different data resources. Finally, objective data gathering process has completed with the expert opinion survey for the different settings of certain urban spaces in İstanbul. Fifth chapter contains the results of the analysis. According to data type, the analysis suggested in the theoretical model have divided into objective and subjective planes. Objective analysis of the study leaned on the secondary datas and observations. These type of analysis compares different urban spaces spatially and statistically by catchment area of activities and measurement of geographical distribution of leisure spaces. Lastly, the perception of urban space of junior urban planners and architects is also mapped by spatial interpolation techniques. By using the household survey data, the results of geographical and statistical analysis to prove the relationship between leisure and quality of life have reported in the subjective part of the research. Before the explaination of this relationship, dimension reduction techniques such as factor analysis have implemented to represent leisure perception, leisure participation, leisure constraints and leisure satisfaction in the model. Thus the role of leisure on quality of life could be identified in a larger relational network of variables. Additionally, differences in the various spatial levels and socio-economical statuses of households in terms of these dimensinally reducted structures and relations have also presented. Results have interpreted in the light of existing literature on leisure and quality of life as well as distinctive features of urban spaces in İstanbul. In the discussion section of the study, the brief review of the study is given: Leisure satisfaction have significant effect on quality of urban life, while perception of leisure spaces, participation levels of leisure time activities and leisure constraints have relations with leisure satisfaction. It has proved that the level and content of these effects varied by the type of the leisure activity, service area and accessibility of the leisure spaces, different spatial features of different urban spaces in the metropolitan area and socio demographical features of households. In urban spaces which are richer in terms of leisure activities, quality of urban life is relatively higher than the poorer urban spaces in terms of leisure spaces. Leisure participation is increasing in settlements with the denser leisure facilities while perception of leisure is positive in places with higher leisure participation rates. Leisure satisfaction is also in highest level in these denser, positively percepted and highly participated leisure spaces. Thus, the satisfaction with the quality of urban life have positively effected by the leisure satisfaction of the individuals in these settlements. With its wholistic and systematic approach and methodology, It is believed that this study have significant contribution to the existing leisure and quality of life literatures. On the other hand, by explaining the differences in leisure supply and evaluations of households, the results of the study have potential to be integrated to urban policy and decision making processes as leisure inputs.
... , Çetiner, 1972 baz alınarak hizmet alanları belirlenmiştir. Müze, sanat galerisi, festival alanı, konser salonu gibi sosyo-kültürel tesisler İstanbul'da yaşayanlar dışında, bölge ve ülke ölçeğinde ziyaretçi çeken aktivitelerdir (Kirschberg, 1996;Boter, 2005 ...
The need for the leisure spaces has a growing importance in the contemporary urban system that is a product of the relationship between housing and working. Leisure is defined as an individual need in related disciplines as leisure spaces are the main components of the cities that promise higher urban experience and quality. Adequacy, variety, accessibility , publicity, distribution and quality of the leisure spaces have positive effects on the satisfaction of households in today's cities as inputs to the quality of life policies of urban management. Therefore, the importance of the leisure studies that analysis the current state of the leisure spaces in terms of norms, standards and perception of residents is growing for the urban managers whose liability is to increase quality of life in cities. By objectively analyzing the location, distribution, accessibility and service area of the leisure spaces, this study aims to provide insights to metropolitan planning policies in İstanbul which is the most important metropolis of the Turkey. Leisure spaces in this study is categorized as recreation places (parks / green spaces and sport areas), social and cultural facilities and shopping centers. These leisure categories have analyzed and illustrated by the techniques of geographical information systems such as mapping, measuring geographic distribution and network analyst. As the main results of the study, there is a significant difference both in between activity categories and various places in urban space in terms of spatial distribution and service areas. In the future planning actions, these results which indicate serious problems in terms of spatial justice, would be a good starting point for the local govern-ment's livability policies and environmental satisfaction of the residents. ÖZ Çalışma ve konut yaşantısı üzerinden kurgulanan modern kent sisteminde, kentlilerin boş vakitlerini (leisure) değerlendirebilecekleri mekanlara olan ihtiyaç giderek artmaktadır. Bir çok disiplinde boş zaman, bireysel bir gerek-sinim olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Kentlinin boş vakitlerini değerlendirilebileceği kentsel mekanlar ise yüksek yaşam deneyimi sunan kentlerin temel bileşenle-ridir. Çağdaş kentlerin sunduğu boş zaman deneyiminin; yeterliliği, çeşitliliği, erişilebilirliği, kamusallığı, kentsel mekandaki dağılım özellikleri ve kalitesi gibi konular, kentlinin yaşam kalitesini yükseltmeye yönelik politikalara doğrudan girdi sağlayarak, kentte yaşayanların memnuniyet düzeyini yükseltmektedir. Bugünün kentinde, özellikle yaşam kalitesi yüksek kentsel mekanlar üretme hedefindeki yerel yönetimler için, kentteki boş vakit değerlendirme mekanla-rının mevcut durumunu gerek norm ve standartlar gerekse kentlilerin algıları ekseninde analiz eden çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışma, dünya kenti olma vizyonuna sahip, üllkemizin en önemli metropolü olan İstan-bul'daki boş zaman değerlendirme mekanlarının kentsel mekandaki dağılımı ve hizmet alanlarını nesnel bir çerçevede ele alarak metropoliten planlama politikalarına girdi sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Rekreasyon Mekanları, Sosyal ve Kültürel Tesisler ile Alışveriş ve Yeme İçme Mekanları olarak gruplanan çok sayıdaki boş zaman değerlendirme mekanı, coğrafi bilgi sistemleri orta-mındaki analizler (Mapping, Measuring Geographic Distribution, Network Analyst) ile görselleştirilmiş ve mekansal değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Çalış-ma sonucunda, gerek boş zaman aktivitelerinin mekansal dağılımları, gerekse hizmet alanları üzerinden ölçülen erişilebilirlik koşulları açısından, hem aktivi-teler hem de metropoliten alanın çeşitli noktaları arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Mekansal adalet açısından önemli sorunlar içeren bu sonuçların boş zamanların değerlendirilmesine yönelik gelecekteki planlama faaliyetle-rinde göz önünde bulundurulması, yüksek yaşam kalitesi hedefindeki yerel yönetimler ve beklentisindeki kentliler için iyi bir başlangıç noktası olacaktır. Anahtar sözcükler: Boş zaman; boş zaman değerlendirme mekanları; hiz-met alanları analizi; kentsel yaşam kalitesi; mekansal dağılım.
