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There is growing intellectual interest in issues associated with international migration. The literature on migration is continuously growing due to this trend. However, theorization of migration is not strong when compared to other branches of international transactions. This may be due to the complexity and diversity of the area covered by intern...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... United States of America hosted international migrants totaling 47 million, which was the largest number hosted by an individual country. Northern America became the country hosting the third largest number of international migrants, which amounted to 54 million (UN, 2016b). ...
Context 2
... examining the countries of origin of international migrants, it may be observed that Asia accounted for the highest number amounting to 104 million (Figure 2), which was 43 per cent of the total international migrant population in 2015. Europe was in the second place having 62 million migrant origins, while Latin America and Caribbean were in the third place having 37 million migrant origins in 2015. ...
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Citations
... In this scenario of artificially maintained chaotic systems, neoclassical migration theories proved to be the most widely used framework to approach modernday migration practices. In this sense, workers are prone to migrate if their overall benefits, welfare, or wages are lower than those of the countries seeking to fill employment gaps (Wickramasinghe & Wimalaratana, 2016). ...
The current paper engages with the topic and patterns of migration flows to Europe from a historically driven critical perspective. The research is focused primarily on examining the intentions of European States and their immigration policies, either liberal or restrictive, throughout the ages across the pan-European area. The scope of the research is limited to historical migration in Europe, and we employ a retrospective approach to analyse it critically. It is done through the lens of the postcolonial school of thought, as it proves to be the most efficient when explaining fluctuations and 1 modulations recorded. These scholars underlined varying push and pull factors that led to migration toward Europe, especially during modern times. Furthermore, we interpret and overlook how the "united in diversity" desiderates are reflected across the EU's current undertakings, as we employ a critical approach to interpret recent evolutions and draw up prospective avenues holistically. In conclusion, we observe repeating patterns of exploitative systems in the European view of migration, especially toward worker migrants. Hence, we assert that colonial reminiscences remain across some sectorial levels. We advocate that collective intervention is required to eradicate these postcolonial approaches.
... In this case, migration allows households income diversification in the case of failure of local income sources. People migrate abroad on a temporary basis rather than permanently to diversify household income and to accumulate cash to solve household economic problems that had initially forced them to emigrate (de Haas, 2014;Massey, 2015;Wickramasinghe and Wimalaratana, 2016). ...
Recent research suggests a significant rise in both international and intra-African migrations, with South Africa emerging as the primary destination for irregular migrants in the region. However, the phenomenon of irregular migration to South Africa has received limited attention despite the growing number of migrants hosted by the country. To address this gap, this study adopts a concurrent cross-sectional mixed-methods approach to explore the patterns of inter-state irregular migration in Africa, specifically focusing on Ethiopian migrants to the Republic of South Africa (RSA). The investigation draws on quantitative data collected from 316 migrant returnees, as well as qualitative in-depth interviews and focus-group discussions. The findings of this study reveal that there is a decline in the patterns of Ethiopian irregular migration to the RSA within the past decade due to tight legal restrictions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the pattern of irregular migration, leading to a decline in the number of migrants from mid-2018 to 2020 due to stringent border closures. Irregular migration to the RSA tends to be temporary, with an increasing migrants returning to their home country once they have achieved economic success or as they encountered precarious conditions at the destination. Addressing the root causes that drive migration, improving border control mechanisms, and implementing inclusive integration strategies are key steps toward minimizing the risks and maximizing the benefits associated with this migration phenomenon.
... Immigration policies, pivotal in regulating global mobility, influence not only incoming migration but also impact international trade, tourism, and diplomatic relations. Amid evolving global dynamics, the study of immigration policies gains prominence due to issues like refugees, border security, and diplomatic tensions (Shin, 2019;Wickramasinghe & Wimalaratana, 2016). Recognizing the nexus between immigration policies, migration, and children's psychological well-being is imperative. ...
Migration stands as an urgent and current global phenomenon, given the escalating challenges of climate change and political instability. As these issues persist, more populations will be compelled to relocate. It is crucial to establish effective strategies that can facilitate the smooth transition of vulnerable groups, particularly children. Strategic interventions should be developed with a profound understanding of their distinct needs and vulnerabilities. The objective of this research is to address the mental well-being of immigrant children. It sought to identify common patterns in their emotional and behavioral responses after migration while compiling an extensive inventory of factors that can either protect or jeopardize their mental health. To get the big picture, this research uses Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory as the tool of analysis. The findings underscored that several migration-related factors significantly influenced the mental health of the children. Immigration policymakers should prioritize inclusivity and equity to ensure that all children have access to the support and resources they need to thrive. This includes implementing policies that address systemic barriers and promote a supportive and nurturing learning environment for all immigrant children. By incorporating these implications into social practices and policies, the government can create environments that foster resilience in children and support their overall well-being and development.
... Aile birleşimi ve aile oluşumu için bir ülkeden başka bir ülkeye taşınan bireyler, zincirleme göçmen olarak kabul edilir. Mülteci statüsü için ise yabancı bir ülkeyi ziyaret eden sığınmacılar, mülteci (sığınmacı göçmen) olarak kabul edilir (Jennissen, 2004;Wickramasinghe & Wimalaratana, 2016). ...
... Bu sınıflandırmada çeşitli nedenlerle ülkelerinde yerinden edilmiş kişiler sığınmacı, mülteci veya geçici misafir olarak bir ülkeden başka bir ülkeye taşınanlar zorunlu göçmen olarak kabul edilmekte, işgücü arz edenler dahil olmak üzere farklı iktisadi, siyasi, bilimsel, sosyal veya başka amaçlarla hareket edenler gönüllü göçmen olarak kabul edilmektedir. Zorunlu göçmenler kendi ülkelerinde yaşadıkları zorluklar nedeniyle başka bir ülkeye göç etmekten başka bir seçeneğe sahip değilken, ikinci grup kişisel çıkar arayışıyla gönüllü olarak göç etmektedir (Wickramasinghe & Wimalaratana, 2016). ...
Son zamanlarda popüler bir kavram olan beyin göçü, eğitimli, yetkin ve
nitelikli insan kaynağının doğdukları ülkelerini terk edip başka bir ülkeye
yerleşmesi ve bilgi, beceri ve tecrübesini yerleştiği yeni ülkede ifa etmesini
açıklamaktadır. Dünyanın her yerinde eğitimli ve yetkin profesyonel işgücüne
ihtiyaç vardır. Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki daha iyi yaşam standartları, daha yüksek
ücretler, ileri teknolojiye erişim ve daha istikrarlı siyasi koşullar, daha az
gelişmiş bölgelerden yetenekli ve eğitimli bireyleri kendine çekmektedir.
Beyin göçünün çoğunluğu gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelişmiş ülkelere doğru
olmaktadır. Bu durum, gelişmekte olan ülkeler için artan bir endişe kaynağıdır.
Ülkelerin en değerli varlığı bilgili, yetkin ve erdemli beşeri sermayesidir; yani
beyin gücüdür. Kalkınma, ilerleme ve refah beşeri sermaye ile mümkün olur.
Gelişmekte olan ülkelerden yetkin, kalifiye ve eğitimli bireylerin gelişmiş
ülkelere göç etmeleri istenmeyen bir durumdur. Beyin göçü olarak ifade edilen
bu durum son yıllarda dünya genelinde ve Türkiye’de önemli ve tartışmalı bir
konu olmuştur.
... Another important factor that influences Nigerian youth to emigrate is the socio-economic factors including things like unemployment, poverty, and lack of access to education and healthcare. These factors are driving young Nigerians to seek better opportunities abroad (Wickramasinghe & Wimalaratana, 2016). While there are many challenges facing Nigerian youth who emigrate to the UK, there are also many opportunities for them to build better lives for themselves and their families. ...
The issue of mass emigration is a complex one that is currently affecting young people worldwide. To address this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the factors that influence the mass emigration of youths in Osun State. The study utilized a descriptive survey research method and targeted the youth population in Osun State. A total of 200 respondents were randomly selected from four higher institutions in Osun State. Factors that Influence Mass Emigration (FIME) questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that conflicts over natural resources and insecurity, climate change, and socio-economic factors were responsible for mass emigration among youths in Osun state. A significant difference (p=0.001) was observed between male and female youths' perceptions of the factors that influence mass emigration. The study concluded that environmental and socio-economic factors were responsible for the mass emigration of youths in Osun State. To address these issues, youths should be trained to acquire the necessary 21st-century employability skills. The government should invest in sustainable development programs and address the issues of conflict over natural resources and insecurity to prevent further displacement and ensure that everyone can thrive in their own communities.
... Bu sınıflandırmada, çeşitli nedenlerle ülkelerinde yerinden edilmiş kişiler sığınmacı, mülteci, şartlı mülteci veya geçici misafir olarak bir ülkeden başka bir ülkeye taşınanlar "zorunlu göçmen" olarak kabul edilmekte, işgücü arz edenler dâhil olmak üzere farklı iktisadi, siyasi, bilimsel, sosyal veya başka amaçlarla hareket edenler "gönüllü göçmen" olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Zorunlu göçmenler kendi ülkelerinde yaşadıkları zorluklar nedeniyle başka bir ülkeye göç etmekten başka bir seçeneğe sahip değilken, ikinci grup, kişisel çıkar arayışıyla gönüllü olarak göç etmektedir (Wickramasinghe ve Wimalaratana, 2016). 2020 yılında Türkiye 3,6 milyonu aşkın sığınmacı ve göçmen ile dünyanın en büyük mültecilere ev sahibi ülkesi oldu (IOM, 2022, s. 46). ...
Sosyal kaynaşma, bir yerleşimde birlikte yaşayan toplulukları ortak değerler çerçevesinde yapılandırmayı, servet ve gelirdeki eşitsizlikleri azaltmayı ve genel olarak insanların ortak bir girişimde bulunma, ortak zorluklarla mücadele etme ve içinde yer aldıkları topluluğun bir parçası oldukları hissine sahip olma davranış ve duygularını ifade eder. Ülkelerin sosyal barış ve refahı için sosyal kaynaşma önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma, göçmenlerin ve dezavantajlı grupların yoğun olarak bulunduğu Türkiye’de sosyal kaynaşma sorununa bilimsel bir çözüm önerisi geliştirmeyi amaç edinmiştir. Çalışmada, göçmen bireylerin sosyal kaynaşma düzeyleri ve sosyal kaynaşmada sosyal sermaye, pozitif psikolojik sermaye, sosyal umut ve ekonomik beklenti arasındaki ilişki hipotetik bir model oluşturularak analiz edilmiştir. Ampirik analizlerde Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli metodu kullanılmıştır. Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli sonucu: Sosyal Kaynaşma ile Pozitif Psikolojik Sermaye, Ekonomik Beklenti, Umut ve Sosyal Sermaye arasında çok yüksek oranda pozitif yönlü ilişki bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, Ukrayna’dan Türkiye’ye zorunlu göç eden Ahıska Türklerinin bölge halkıyla yüksek düzeyde kaynaşma içerisinde olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma, Üzümlü İlçesi’ne yerleşmiş Ahıska Türküyle yürütülmüştür ve sosyal kaynaşma kapsamında, bölgesel veya ulusal düzeyde araştırmalar için bir perspektif sunmaktadır.
... Wickramasinghe and Wimalaratana (2016) wrote a paper focusing on theoretical perspectives of international migration, and they found that there is a plethora of theories on migration that explain various dimensions of the phenomenon in detail, but there is a lack of a holistic approach to migration that would allow for a better understanding of the issue (Wickramasinghe and Wimalaratana, 2016). Lagman (2015) conducted research to identify possible trends in the characteristics of Filipinos who migrated to specific areas in Manila, as well as potential disparities in the quantity and kind of migrants attracted. ...
Migration between countries is not a fresh problem; it has occurred since the dawn of time, but little research has been conducted on it, particularly by employing effective technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS). As a result, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the migration of Sudanese to other countries and vice versa, as well as the migration of students of higher education from Sudan to other countries. To study all this, the ArcGIS 10.8 program was used, and in it inserted and created all the relevant data from shapefiles and attribute data. The Add XY Coordinates, XY To Line, and Time Slider tools were also used. Migration lines showing migration from and to Sudan in 2015 were drawn based on the nine most prominent countries for each, and a video of an interactive time map illustrating students’ migration to fifteen foreign countries from 1998 to 2015 was created. Graphs that show the relationship between countries and the number of immigrants were also created, and they are considered a good means of comprehension even by non-geographic information systems specialists.
... In the modern literature, there are a number of theories and versions of theories associated with migration in general and return migration in particular. As the result considerable debates exist in the scientific community about the definitions of "theories of migration" (Drbohlav 2011;Wimalaratana 2017). It is evident that, research into migration conceptually as well as empirically is challenging due to the complexity and diversity of the area covered by international migration (King 2012;Battistella 2012;Kurekova 2010); the discipline has been challenged by a number of factors inherent to its subject matter when the study of migration has advanced (Kurekova 2010;King 2012). ...
... For instance, Naveed, Bhatti, and Ullah (2017) and International Centre for Local Democracy/ICLD (2018) have argued that some theories discuss the economic aspects of the return migration at individual and household levels (neo-classical and new economics of labor migration approaches), whereas others explore the micro and macro aspects of return migration (transnationalism, structuralism and social network theory). All the aspects of international migration could not be covered only by a theory of migration (Wimalaratana 2017;Todaro and Smith 2006;Faist 2000); in migration arena, an allencompassing and all-explaining theory of migration will never arise (Castles and Miller 2009;de Haas 2011). Furthermore, bringing together the existing theoretical lines of thinking help us to advance our conceptual and empirical understanding of migration (de Haas 2007(de Haas , 2010Skeldon 1997;World Bank 2007). ...
Qualitative scholars who employ autoethnography as a qualitative approach have
largely focused on personal recollections or hindsight or retroactive writing to capture and document lived experiences of researchers or authors. Qualitative scholars note that employing autoethnography has limitations, such as missing complete details of past lived experience because an author relies on his/her memory to record their past experiences. Such retroactive writing may not fully represent the nuanced details and complexities of lived experience as it is being lived. This paper attempts to contribute to the methodological approach of autoethnography by developing a new methodological perspective or approach
namely ‘real-time autoethnography’ to capture researcher’s lived experiences in real-time or as it is lived. Real-time autoethnography’s main focus is on documenting lived experience as it is being experienced rather than relying on hindsight memory to capture lived experience. This paper argues that employing standard autoethnography is inadequate to document the nitty-gritty of lived experience and that real-time autoethnography enables researchers to record the complexities and nuances of researcher’s/authors’ lived experiences as they unfold thereby minimizing the problem of missing important details
... The final beneficiaries of remittances are not the immediate household of the emigrants, especially if the business owners of the consumables bought by the recipient's families expand the business or invest more, thus, increasing the informal sector. Lastly, income transfer from abroad is usually done through the banks in most cases, if the receiving family decides to deposit the money, the bank has more funds in return to lend to potential investors, who increase the turnover from such funds, hence higher expected returns is possible (Asch, 1994;Prakash, 2009;WickramasingHe & Wijitapure, 2016;Adedokun & Karzanova, 2019;Adeseye, 2021). This further emphasizes the role of remittance as an economic and financial return of international labour migration. ...
... These remittances are useful alternative sources of income for participating households, the inflow fosters productivity in the emigrants' country of origin. The immediate household of the emigrants is the direct beneficiary of remittance at the micro-level and the economy at large also stands to benefit from investments made by the remittance-receiving households (WickramasingHe & Wijitapure, 2016;Flahaux & De Haas, 2016;Prakash, 2009). The neoclassical theory was criticised for being based mainly on economic incentives (Prakash, 2009) and unrealistic, portraying developed countries as willing recipients of migrants (Kurekova, 2011). ...
There have been a lot of controversies on the effects of labour emigration and remittances on economic growth and development in the sending countries. Some concluded a significant positive impact, while others failed to identify a direct link between labour and remittance inflow and economic development. This study therefore, empirically estimated the effects of international labour emigration and remittances on economic development in Nigeria, using annual time series data for the period 1977-2021. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) was employed to analyze the model. Findings suggested a significant positive effect on economic development in Nigeria. Therefore, we concluded that labour migration is an alternative source of income in Nigeria that positively enhanced economic development, hence, should not be discouraged (ceteris paribus).
... Bu sınıflandırmada, çeşitli nedenlerle ülkelerinde yerinden edilmiş kişiler sığınmacı, mülteci veya geçici misafir olarak bir ülkeden başka bir ülkeye taşınanlar zorunlu göçmen olarak kabul edilmekte, işgücü arz edenler dâhil olmak üzere farklı iktisadi, siyasi, bilimsel, sosyal veya başka amaçlarla hareket edenler gönüllü göçmen olarak kabul edilmektedir. Zorunlu göçmenler kendi ülkelerinde yaşadıkları zorluklar nedeniyle başka bir ülkeye göç etmekten başka bir seçeneğe sahip değilken, ikinci grup kişisel çıkar arayışıyla gönüllü olarak göç etmektedir (Wickramasinghe & Wimalaratana, 2016). Zorunlu göçmenler çok zorlu şartlar altında göç etmekte; baskı ve şiddete maruz kalabilmektedir. ...
Umut; olumlu beklentileri ifade etmek için kullanılmakta ve bireylerin öz-yeterlilik ve iyimserlik hali olarak ifade edilmektedir. Sosyal umut, bireylerin ait oldukları toplum ve grup içinde iyi ve anlamlı yaşam ve geleceğe dair sosyal hayaller ve kolektif vizyonlara dair beklentileri ve inancı ifade eder. Sosyal altsınıfların ve özellikle göçmen bireylerin geleceğe olan inanç ve umutlarını artırmada sosyal kaynaşma, sosyal sermaye ve ekonomik beklentiler önemli birer faktör durumundadır. Sosyal sermaye ve sosyal kaynaşma, etnik veya sınıfsal eşitsizliklerin azaltılması veya ortadan kaldırılmasında birer manivela görevi görebilmektedir. Çalışma, göçmenler ve diğer dezavantajlı grupların sosyal umutları ile sosyal sermayeleri, sosyal kaynaşmaları ve ekonomik beklentileri arasında ilişkiyi tespit etmeye çalışması nedeniyle nüfusunun %10’u kadar göçmen barındıran Türkiye açısından önemlidir. Çalışma bulguları; “Sosyal Sermaye (SS)” ile “Sosyal Umut (SU)” arasında pozitif yönde ve çok yüksek düzeyde (γ = 0,51; t = 6,30) ilintinin varlığını tespit etmiştir. Yine, “Sosyal Kaynaşma (SK)” ile “Sosyal Umut (SU)” arasında pozitif yönde ve çok yüksek düzeyde (γ = 0.86; t = 11,12) bir ilinti ve “Ekonomik Beklenti (EB)” ve “Sosyal Umut (SU)” arasında pozitif yönde ve çok yüksek düzeyde (γ = 0,84; t = 12,04) bir ilinti saptamıştır. Göçmenler veya dezavantajlı gruplar için sosyal umudun varlığı, toplum içinde daha iyi yaşam ve başarı vizyonlarına ulaşabilme fırsat ve imkânlarının varlığına işaret etmektedir.
