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Nose-to-anus body length in 30-month-old Wistar rats. Gonadectomized males had shorter nose-anus body length than control males. Values are expressed as means + SD.
Source publication
Clinical studies show that hypogonadism in the aging male is associated with obesity and osteoporosis. Experimental studies are mostly conducted on relatively young adult animals and the induced hypogonadism lasts for a relatively short time. The present study aimed to describe the effect of long-term hypogonadism beginning in puberty on body compo...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... addition, shorter nose-anus body length (24.1±0.7 vs. 26.4±1.2 cm, p<0.01) was observed in gonadectomized males compared to controls (Fig. 4). Tail length (19.8±0.4 cm vs. 19.1±0.3 cm, p=0.30) was not affected by long-term androgen deficiency. The values of waist circumference were similar for both groups (20.5±0.4 cm vs. 20.0±0.4 cm, p=0.49). The BMI did not significantly differ between the groups (8.3±0.3 g/cm 2 vs. 7.5±0.5 g/cm 2 , p=0.26). ...
Context 2
... addition, shorter nose-anus body length (24.1±0.7 vs. 26.4±1.2 cm, p<0.01) was observed in gonadectomized males compared to controls (Fig. 4). Tail length (19.8±0.4 cm vs. 19.1±0.3 cm, p=0.30) was not affected by long-term androgen deficiency. The values of waist circumference were similar for both groups (20.5±0.4 cm vs. 20.0±0.4 cm, p=0.49). The BMI did not significantly differ between the groups (8.3±0.3 g/cm 2 vs. 7.5±0.5 g/cm 2 , p=0.26). ...
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Citations
Androgenic actions of gonadal testosterone are thought to be a major mechanism promoting sex differences in body composition across the lifespan. However, this inference is based on studies of androgen receptor (AR) function in late adolescent or emerging adult rodents. Here we assess body composition and AR expression in skeletal muscle of rats at defined ages, comparing wild-type (WT) to transgenic human skeletal actin–driven AR overexpression (HSAAR) rats which overexpress AR in skeletal muscle. Male and female HSAAR and WT Sprague Dawley rats (N = 288) underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning and tissue collection at postnatal day (PND) 1, 10, 21, 42, 70, 183, 243, and 365. Expected sex differences in body composition and muscle mass largely onset with puberty (PND-21), with no associated changes to skeletal muscle AR protein. In adulthood, HSAAR increased tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus mass in males, and reduced the expected gain in gonadal fat mass in both sexes. In WT rats, AR protein was reduced in soleus, but not TA, throughout life. Nonetheless, soleus AR protein expression was greater in male rats than female rats at all ages of sexual development, yet only at PND-70 in TA. Overall, despite muscle AR overexpression effects, results are inconsistent with major sex differences in body composition during sexual development being driven by changes in muscle AR, rather suggesting that changes in ligand promote sexual differentiation of body composition during pubertal timing. Nonetheless, increased skeletal muscle AR in adulthood can be sufficient to increase muscle mass in males, and reduce adipose in both sexes.
Background
Osteosarcopenia(OS) is a significant health concern resulting from the ageing process. Currently, as the population grows older, the prevalence of OS, a disease that entails the synchronous degeneration of muscles and bones, is mounting. This poses a serious threat to the health of the elderly while placing an enormous burden on social care. In order to comprehend the pathological mechanism of OS and develop clinical drugs, it is pertinent to construct an efficient animal model of OS. To investigate the modeling techniques of diverse experimental models of OS and elucidate their respective benefits and drawbacks, with the purpose of furnishing a theoretical foundation to advance experimental research on OS.
Methods
We searched PubMed, Embase database, China Knowledge Network, Wanfang data platform and Vipshop journal platform databases from 2000 through to September 1, 2023. We included animal studies on sarcopenia or osteoporosis or osteosarcopenia or sarcopenia-osteoporosis, modeling methods for osteosarcopenia. Two independently screened study abstracts and full reports and complete data extraction.
Results
Eventually, Of 112, 106 citations screened. 4938 underwent full-text review and 38 met the inclusion criteria. we reviewed and analyzed the literature and categorized the animal models of OS into the following five categories: Aging OS models; Hormonal deficiency model of OS;Chemical injection to induce OS;Disuse OS models and Genetic engineering OS models.
Conclusion
This review outlines animal modeling approaches for OS, providing a comprehensive summary of their advantages and disadvantages. The different models were evaluated and selected based on their respective strengths and weaknesses to enable higher quality research outcomes in various research directions. The most widely used and established approach is considered to be the ageing and chemical injection OS model, which has the advantages of excellent reproducibility and low cost.
The translational potential of this article
To gain a profound comprehension of the pathological mechanism of OS and to devise efficacious clinical treatments, it is imperative to establish a viable laboratory animal model of OS. This article surveys various modeling techniques assessing their benefits, drawbacks and areas of applicability while predominantly employing mice as the primary model animal. Additionally, the evaluation indicators of OS models are briefly described.
Background
Testosterone is an important anabolic hormone responsible for maintaining body composition and muscle mass and circulates mostly albumin‐bound, or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)‐bound or free in the plasma. Of these fractions, the latter is bioactive and exerts the androgenic effects on male population. Liver cirrhosis, the advanced stage of any chronic liver disease characterized by permanent distortions to the hepatic architecture, disrupts the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis, leading to diminished levels of free testosterone and hypogonadism.
Methods
We retrieved the PubMed database to provide a synopsis of testosterone's physiology and action and summarize the effect of sarcopenia in pre‐cirrhotic and cirrhotic patients. Moreover, we scoped to provide insight into the relationship of testosterone levels with sarcopenia, frailty and survival in cirrhotic and non‐cirrhotic population as well as to discuss the efficacy of exogenous testosterone supplementation on the anthropometric parameters and survival of those patients.
Results
Low testosterone levels have been associated with sarcopenia, reduced body lean mass, decreased bone mineral density and frailty, thus leading to increased morbidity and mortality especially among cirrhotic patients. Furthermore, exogenous testosterone administration significantly ameliorated body composition on patients with chronic hepatic disease, without significant adverse effects. However, the current literature does not suggest any significant effect on survival of those patients. Moreover, the long‐term safety of testosterone use remains an open question.
Conclusion
Low serum testosterone is strongly correlated with sarcopenia, frailty, higher rate of hepatic decompensation and mortality. Nonetheless, exogenous supplementation of testosterone did not ameliorate the liver‐related outcomes and complications.
