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The application of improperly treated compost is one of the causes of bacterial contamination in the field, crops, food and water. Although there are practical guidelines for treatment of compost published, there could be a misapplication in local situations, such as lack of attention by traditional users, labour ineffectiveness and material unavai...
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Determination of crop water requirement is the primary duty in any irrigation planning. This can be obtained through determining crop coefficient (Kc) which integrates the effect of characteristics that distinguish a typical field crop from the grass reference that has a constant appearance and a complete ground cover. Consequently, different crops...
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... Thus, under the sanitation value chain concept, excreta are considered to be personal property that can be applied to produce valuable fertilizers to promote the transport of the materials from households to farmlands. Feces and urine are separately collected in the toilet; then feces are transformed into compost by a biological process [9][10][11][12] and urine-based fertilizers are produced by suitable technologies [13][14][15][16][17][18]. The compost and concentrated urine are transported to agricultural areas and reused as fertilizers [19,20]. ...
To install a system of the sanitation value chain, a composting toilet is an important alternative technology for providing value as it produces fertilizers from waste. A survey on the current practices regarding toilets, the assessment of a new protocol for operating the prototype toilet, and the evaluation of the interface design was performed with 20 people at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia. Concurrently, an assessment of the interface design was performed at a mosque in Sapporo, Japan. Half of the people answered that the bad smell is a point to be checked, and 70% of respondents worried about excreta sticking to the toilet bowl. The problem of smell can be solved by installing a ventilation system. The new operation protocol was acceptable, and the impression of the toilet on the body was good and acceptable. 70% was unsatisfied with its size, and the yellow color of the cover brought to mind garbage or something polluted. 40% felt discomfort in terms of the impression of sitting on the toilet seat, feeling like they might fall into the hole. Many said that the space was too small for washing their body with their hands. Modification of the toilet was discussed.
