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Normal karyotype : 2n=50,XX Fig.2 Buffalo female 1 metaphase spread
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Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) technique is considered a very important test tocheck potential damage to the DNA, expressed by chromosomal fragility andassociated with high rates of SCEs. In the present study we report the preliminaryresults of our investigation on chromosomal fragility identified in buffalochromosomes and the relationship with th...
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... Ruiz-Herrera et al. [60] found that bands with fragile sites are richer in tandem sequences. Zlotorynski et al. [11], Glover [12], Durkin and Glover [13] and Nicolae et al. [84] have concluded that fragile sites are 'hotspots' of sister chromatid exchanges. This is supported by our research, because we found an increased rate of damage, both in the form of SCE and FS, in the interstitial part of the chromosomes of the cattle karyotypes analysed for chromosomal instability. ...
Chromosomal instability is a type of genome instability involving changes in genetic information at the chromosomal level. The basic tests used to identify this form of instability are sister chromatid exchange (SCE) tests and identification of fragile sites (FS). SCE is the process by which sister chromatids become fragmented as a result of DNA strand breakage and reassembly, followed by exchange of these fragments. FS can be observed in the form of breaks, gaps or constrictions on chromosomes, which often result from multiple nucleotide repeats in DNA that are difficult to replicate. The research material was the peripheral blood of ten breeds of cattle raised in Poland, including four native breeds covered by a genetic resources conservation programme, i.e. Polish Red, Polish Red-and-White, White-Backed, and Polish Black-and-White, as well as Polish Holstein-Friesian, Simmental, Montbéliarde, Jersey, Limousine and Danish Red. Two tests were performed on chromosomes obtained from in vitro cultures: SCE and FS. The average frequency of SCE was 5.08 ± 1.31, while the incidence of FS was 3.45 ± 0.94. Differences in the incidence of SCE and FS were observed between breeds. The least damage was observed in the Polish Red and White-Backed breeds, and the most in Polish Holstein-Friesians. The most damage was observed in the interstitial part of the chromosomes. Age was shown to significantly affect the incidence of SCE and FS. Younger cows showed less damage than older ones (SCE: 4.84 ± 1.25; 5.34 ± 1.24; FS: 3.10 ± 0.88, 3.80 ± 0.92).
... The frequency is a measurable biomarker of sensitivity to exogenous genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic factors and of the innate or acquired capacity of the organism to respond to exposure to a specific noxious factor. The detection of the instabilities at an early stage make it possible to introduce possible changes in habitat conditions, thus enabling potential reversion of certain types of damage, since the reversal of SCE changes is much quicker than that of chromosome aberrations (MIEL¯YÑSKA 2007). The mechanism of the exchanges has not been fully explored. ...
... Higher BrdU concentrations induced additional damage. Most researchers consider the standard BrdU dose to be 10 ìg/ml of culture (NICOLAE et al. 2009;WÓJCIK et al. 2011;WÓJCIK & SMALEC 2012a, b). Scientists applied various BrdU doses in this type of research from THIEL 1986;VIJH et al. 1992;DI BERARDINO et al. 1996, 1997SZELESZCZUK et al. 2014). ...
The sister chromatid exchange test is regarded as a highly sensitive cytogenetic assay. It measures chromosome sensitivity to particular damage factors and provides information on control and repair mechanism performance. It is instrumental in the early identification of the effects of noxious factors present in the habitat. This investigation was aimed at identifying sister chromatid exchange sites in coypu and rabbit chromosomes, as well as determining the spontaneity of the process by applying different BrdU doses. The chromosomes were obtained from an in vitro culture of blood lymphocytes, supplemented with 4 different BrdU doses: 0.25/0.5/1.0/2.5 μg/ml in order to identify spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges in both animal species. The chromosomes were stained according to the FPG method. Spontaneous SCEs were observed in coypu at a concentration of 1.0 μg/ml, and in rabbits at 0.5 μg/ml. The mean SCE/cell incidence was 1.41±1.15 in coypu, and 2.69±2.14 in rabbits. Differences in SCE incidence were identified between the analysed animal species and the applied BrdU doses.
... The value of 5 mg BrdU mL (1 was assumed to be optimal for spontaneous SCEs by Vijh et al. (1992), Di Berardino et al. (1995Berardino et al. ( , 1996 and Arias (2000). Other researchers claimed 10 mg BrdU mL (1 was an optional dose (Nicolae et al. 2009;Murali and Panneerselvam 2011;Wo´jcik et al. 2011;Wo´jcik and Smalec 2012a, b). The lowest BrdU levels, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg BrdU mL (1 , were applied by Di Berardino et al. (1995Berardino et al. ( , 1996. ...
Kuchta-Gladysz, M., Wojcik, E., Szeleszczuk, O., Niedbala, P. and Tyblewska, K. 2015. Spontaneous sister chromatid exchange in mitotic chromosomes of the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 543–550. The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test is a cytogenetic tool with applications as a short-term screen. It is used to assess the influence of physical and chemical factors with potential mutagenic and genotoxic properties on the animal organism. The test results make it possible to eliminate mutagens, as well as helping to predict possible genetic consequences in animal cells and assess animal resistance. The mitotic chromosomes were obtained from an in vitro culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes with added bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), at five different concentrations: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 µg mL−1. The chromosomes were stained according to the FPG method. Our analyses revealed the spontaneous SCE level in the chinchilla at the concentration of 0.5 µg mL−1. Higher concentrations of ...
... Murali & Panneerselvam (2011) applying SCE test SCE in crossing of Bos taurus × Bos indicus stated that a concentration of 10 μg BrdU/ ml is the best for analysis of spontaneous SCE and chose it from among five different BrdU concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 μg BrdU/ml). This value is considered by most scientists to be standard, although it is worth noticing that these are not the lowest levels of BrdU which allow observation of SCE (Peretti et al. 2007, Nicolae et al. 2009, Murali & Panneerselvam 2011, Wójcik et al. 2011, Wójcik & Smalec 2012a. Wilson & Thompson (2007) emphasize that spontaneous exchanges are these which occur only in very small concentrations of BrdU, which should be applied as an index in SCE testing. ...
Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is one of the cytogenetic methods which diagnoses damage to chromosomes and allows evaluation of the mutagenic influence of a given factor on a cell's DNA. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the level of spontaneous and inductive SCE in the domestic cat. The research was carried out on 23 domestic cats Felis catus. Chromosome preparations were prepared from lymphocytes of peripheral blood after 72 h of in vitro breeding with the addition of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in five different concentrations: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mu g/ml. Chromosomes were stained by means of the fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) technique in order to carry out microscopic analysis. It was stated that the level of spontaneous SCE in the domestic cat occurs at a concentration 0.5 mu g/ml on the basis of research previously carried out. Higher concentrations of this substance have a genotoxic action and damage DNA of chromosomes and induct additional SCEs in chromosomes of this species. Moreover, it was stated that the number of SCEs is higher in males than females. Our research also proved that the number of exchanges increases along with age in cats of both sexes.
... Previous studies showed that the average of SCEs in normal cattle treated by a permissible concentration of BrdU (10 µg/ml) is 5 up to 14 exchanges per cell (Pathak et al., 1977; Popescu, 1978). Significant deviations in the frequency of SCE may indicate a pathological condition and damage to the genome (Nicolae et al., 2009). Di Berardino and Shoffner (1979), and Iannuzzi et al. (1991) determined a mean value of 5.4 ± 2.1 and 7.1 ± 3.3SCE/cell in the American and Italian Friesian breed, respectively. ...
Chromosomal appearance of 12 Holstein bulls selected for artificial inseminations were examined by sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). For differential staining of sister chromatids bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was inoculated in lymphocyte cultures. The mean, maximum and minimum number of SCE per cell were determined 6.8 ± 1.14, 8.3 ± 1.1 and 5.7 ± 1.5, respectively. SCE frequencies of all animals were in the normal level. Also, evaluation of different breeding condition and age range did not show any significant statistical (P>0.05) effect on SCEs rates.
