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Normal continence mechanism. The figure shows the PFM relaxed, allowing the vaginal wall to fall back and the vesical neck to open. The depth of the figure does not permit the connection between the lateral vaginal wall and the PFM to been seen. When the PFM contract (black arrow), they pull the vaginal wall anterosuperiorly, compressing the urethra against the symphysis pubis, which provides a firm surface against which the urethra can be further compressed by increases in intra-abdominal pressure (gray arrow). The ATLA provides lateral attachment to both the PFM and the pelvic fascia.27
Source publication
On the basis of the current literature, we describe a model of structural defects in stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and how physiotherapy for SUI can affect each component of the model with reference to the relevant anatomy and pathophysiology. This model of SUI involves four primary structural defects: (1) increased tonic stress on the pelvic f...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... continence is maintained by two mechanisms: lower urinary tract fascial support and muscular sphincters 26 (see FIG. 1). The supporting structures include the arcus tendineus levator ani (ATLA), the pelvic floor muscles (PFM), and the endopelvic fascia. 27 There are two urethral sphincters: the circular urethral smooth muscle and the striated urethral sphincter. 26 At rest the sphincters are assisted by the filled vascular plexus in the urethral ...
Citations
... As a result, the urethral closure pressure increases, and continence is achieved through a dynamic process called "pressure transmission" [24]. Dysfunction in one of the structures that compose the urethra may cause the failure of the sphincter mechanism and urinary incontinence [25]. Pregnancy/births, aging, hormonal disorders, radiotherapy, and neuropathies (diabetes mellitus, toxins) are the most common causes of urinary incontinence [26]. ...
... Pregnancy/births, aging, hormonal disorders, radiotherapy, and neuropathies (diabetes mellitus, toxins) are the most common causes of urinary incontinence [26]. With aging, as a result of neural and vascular damage, the sphincter may weaken [23][24][25][26]. In current study, we did not find any relationship between urinary incontinence and age. ...
Purpose
The aim of this study is to evaluate the patients who developed both urinary incontinence and lymphedema in gynecological cancer survivors and to investigate the impact of these conditions on the quality of life among these patients.
Methods
Our study included 56 patients who have lymphedema and urinary incontinence which started within first 2 years after surgery for gynecological cancer. We evaluated the presence of urinary incontinence by Overactive Bladder Assessment Tool (OABT) and Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI). Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7) was used to assess the quality of life.
Results
OABT and UDI scores were found to be statistically significantly increased in patients with grade 3 lymphedema (respectively p: 0.006, p: 0.008). A statistically significant difference was found between lymphedema grade 1–2–3 patients in terms of IIQ-7 (p:0.002). The difference was statistically significant between the grade 1–3 (p:0.001) and grade 2–3 (p:0.013) groups. We did not find any correlation between age, type of cancer, radiotherapy, and urinary incontinence. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between BMI and OABT, UDI scores (respectively, r = 0.43, p = 0.001; r = 0.38, p = 0.003).
Conclusion
It was concluded that there was a relationship between urinary incontinence and grade 3 lymphedema in gynecological cancer survivors. Grade 3 lymphedema increases urinary incontinence and worsens daily living functions in these patients.
... Functional MRI studies have shown that in SUI patients having physical therapy, the activity of the primary motor and somatosensory areas increases gradually while reducing the activity of the premotor and supplementary motor areas (36). These findings indicate more efficient PFM activity and less attentional demand (37). ...
Background: It has been demonstrated that pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) are involved in the pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Sense of force, an aspect of proprioception, has never been evaluated in PFMs. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the proprioception of PFMs by evaluating the accuracy of force sense in adult women with SUI compared to those with continence. A further aim was to study the accuracy of force sense between various lengths and tensions of PFMs. Methods: Twenty-three women with SUI and 18 women without it were recruited in six trials with four different test conditions: 5 mm/40% (speculum opening/maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) percentage to produce), 5 mm/70%, 10 mm/40%, and 10 mm/70%. All participants were asked to reproduce the target force based on their own perceptions. The dynamometer was used to evaluate the sense of force. Results: The accuracy of force sense differed between women with SUI and those without it. In all test conditions, women with SUI had higher force reproduction accuracy. The highest amount of error was recorded at 10 mm and 40% MVC for either group. Conclusions: Women with SUI were more accurate in reproducing the target force than those with continence. Higher force sense accuracy may result from more attention to the pelvic floor area and a lack of automaticity of movements in women with SUI. Therefore, developing therapeutic management focusing on restoring automaticity seems advisable.
... Women with more severe SUI symptoms may have more defects or more extensive defects including tissue damage, nerve damage, and/or reduced vascularization of their urethra and/or pelvic floor, making a complete cure more difficult to attain through conservative approaches. PFMT interventions may provide some compensation for these defects [27], but may be insufficient when the defects are more severe. ...
Introduction and hypothesis
The aim of this study was to prospectively identify aspects of baseline demographic, clinical, and pelvic morphology of women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) that are predictive of cure with physiotherapist-supervised pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT).
Methods
Women ≥18 years old with SUI were recruited from urogynecology and pelvic health physiotherapy clinics. Participants completed a 3-day bladder diary, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF), a standardized pad test, manual assessment of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength and tone, and transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) assessment of their urogenital structures at rest while in a supine position and standing, and during contraction, straining, and coughing. Participants attended six physiotherapy sessions over 12 weeks and performed a home PFMT program. The assessment was repeated after the intervention; cure was defined as a dry (≤2 g) pad test.
Results
Seventy-seven women aged 50 (±10) years completed the protocol; 38 (49%) were deemed cured. Based on univariate testing, four predictors were entered into a binary logistic regression model: ICIQ-UI-SF, PFM tone, bladder neck (BN) height in a quiet standing position, and BN height during a cough in a standing position. The model was significant ( p < 0.001), accurately classifying outcome in 74% of participants. The model, validated through bootstrapping, performed moderately, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.80 (95% CI: 0.69–0.90; p = 0.00), and with 70% sensitivity and 75% specificity.
Conclusions
Women with better bladder support in a standing position and less severe symptoms were most likely to be cured with PFMT.
Clinical trial registration
#NCT01602107.
... As primíparas submetidas à cesariana ficaram protegidas do desenvolvimento do SU após quatro meses do pós-parto, se comparadas às que foram submetidas ao parto vaginal 25 , embora não haja evidências conclusivas de que a cesariana diminui o risco do surgimento de disfunções miccionais quando precedida de trabalho de parto 26 . ...
Objetivo: correlacionar os sintomas urinários em primíparas de parto normal e cesárea. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico do tipo transversal realizado com 98 primíparas, sendo 57 (58,16%) de parto cesárea e 41 (41,84%) de parto normal, com idade de 18 a 35 anos, realizado no Centro de Saúde Escola do Marco na cidade de Belém - PA. Os dados foram coletados através de questionários referentes aos sintomas urinários. A análise estatística foi feita com aplicação do Teste Exato de Fisher com índice de significância de 5% pelo programa Spss 20 e com o estudo de prevalência. Resultados: Esse estudo mostrou que as primíparas de parto normal têm maior chance de apresentar algum sintoma urinário em relação às que tiveram parto cesárea, sendo os sintomas mais frequentes a noctúria, com 22,81% nas primíparas de parto cesárea e a urge-incontinência, com 31,71% nas primíparas de parto normal. Conclusão: dessa maneira, conclui-se que ao analisar à amostra individualmente, as primíparas de parto normal teriam maior chance de apresentarem algum sintoma urinário, porém, ao relacionar esses sintomas com a paridade, os resultados apresentados foram insignificantes, ou seja, independente da via de parto, essas primíparas podem apresentar algum sintoma urinário.
... En revanche, la pratique modérée d'un sport est bénéfique et n'est pas liée à une augmentation du risque d'IU [174]. Des exercices des muscles du plancher pelvien font partie des traitements conservateurs de l'incontinence [175][176][177]. Les recommandations cliniques préconisent les [180]. ...
VERS UNE MODELISATION DE L’INCONTINENCE URINAIRE DES FEMMES Introduction : L’objectif principal était de mieux comprendre l’histoire naturelle de l’incontinence urinaire (IU) féminine grâce à une modélisation de sa prévalence sur ses facteurs de risque, en tenant compte de sa gravité et de ses types. Un objectif secondaire était de travailler sur la classification des circonstances des fuites urinaires.Matériel et méthodes : Nous avons utilisé les données de deux sondages téléphoniques sur une population représentative, Le Baromètre Santé 2010 (3089) et Fecond (5017) ; de deux enquêtes postales au sein de la cohorte GAZEL (3098), l’une générale et l’autre centrée sur les problèmes urinaires ; et enfin d’un sondage internet de volontaires adultes, NutriNet-Santé (85037). L’IU a été définie à partir d'un questionnaire validé, l’ICIQ-UI-SF et à partir d’une liste de problèmes de santé. Nous avons utilisé des modèles binomiaux et multinomiaux de régression logistique, des analyses de correspondances multiples et de classification ascendante hiérarchique.Résultats : La prévalence de l’IU tout venant (quel que soit son type ou sa gravité) variait de 1,5 % à 38,8 % selon les enquêtes et était égale à 17,3 % dans les 2 échantillons représentatifs. La conception de l’enquête, c’est-à-dire la nature de l’échantillon (représentatif ou non), son objectif (centré sur la santé générale ou l’IU), le mode de recueil des données et la mode de définition de l’IU (à partir d’un questionnaire spécifique validé ou basée sur une liste de maladies) étaient susceptibles de modifier à la hausse ou à la baisse les estimations de la prévalence de l’IU.Les fuites les plus fréquentes étaient les fuites à la toux, les fuites avant d’arriver aux toilettes et les fuites lors de l’exercice physique. Les femmes décrivant des circonstances attribuées aux principaux types d’IU, effort, par urgenturie et mixte, formaient un groupe distinct de celles déclarant des circonstances attribuées au type IU autre. De même, les femmes déclarant des circonstances attribuables à une IU d’effort se démarquaient de celles déclarant des circonstances attribuables à une IU par urgenturie. Les circonstances les plus discriminantes pour classer les femmes incontinentes étaient : fuites tout le temps, à la toux, pendant le sommeil et après la miction. Dans toutes les enquêtes nous avons identifié des associations significatives entre presque tous les facteurs de risque disponibles et l’incontinence ; mais certains facteurs étaient liés avec toutes les formes d’IU et d’autres seulement avec certaines formes. De plus nombreuses associations ont été observées avec l’IU grave, c’est-à-dire quotidienne, qu’avec l’IU hebdomadaire. Nous avons observé plus d’associations significatives avec l’IU mixte et l’IU autre qu’avec l’IU d’effort et l’IU par urgenturie. Les plus fortes associations ont été observées pour la dépression et l’obésité, liées avec presque toutes les formes d’IU. Les variables obstétricales étaient souvent liées à l’IU mixte. Conclusion : Le questionnaire ICIQ-UI-SF est approprié pour estimer la prévalence de l’incontinence urinaire dans des échantillons représentatifs mais il apparaît insuffisant pour définir tous les types d’IU. Nos résultats ont objectivé qu’il est possible d’utiliser les circonstances des fuites d’urine pour identifier des groupes spécifiques de femmes incontinentes, et que certaines circonstances peu utilisées en cliniques sont pourtant très discriminantes. Il y a probablement des travaux à faire et à poursuivre pour explorer dans quelle mesure les circonstances des fuites ont une valeur pronostique ou prédictive de réponse au traitement. Grâce à la modélisation, où nous avons pris en compte le type et la gravité de l’IU, nous avons pu constater quelles modalités de l’IU sont liées à certains facteurs de risque et quelles modalités ne le sont pas.
... internes (Madill, 2006(Madill, , 2007. Par contre, une étude utilisant l'imagerie par ultrasons 4D a démontrée chez des femmes ayant un prolapsus d'organe pelvien, qu'il y avait très peu de fermeture du hiatus de l'élévateur de l'anus lors d'une contraction du transverse de l'abdomen comparé à la fermeture obtenue lors d'une contraction volontaire des muscles du plancher pelvien. ...
L’incontinence urinaire d’effort (IUE) est une condition fréquente en période postnatale pouvant affecter jusqu’à 77% des femmes. Neuf femmes sur dix souffrant d’IUE trois mois après l’accouchement, vont présenter une IUE cinq ans plus tard. Le traitement en physiothérapie de l’IUE par le biais d’un programme d’exercices de renforcement des muscles du plancher pelvien est reconnu comme étant un traitement de première ligne efficace. Les études ont prouvé l’efficacité de cette approche sur l’IUE persistante à court terme, mais les résultats de deux ECR à long terme n’ont pas démontré un maintien de l’effet de traitement. L’effet d’un programme en physiothérapie de renforcement du plancher pelvien intensif et étroitement supervisé sur l’IUE postnatale persistante avait été évalué lors d’un essai clinique randomisé il y a sept ans. Le but principal de la présente étude était d’évaluer l’effet de ce programme sept ans après la fin des interventions de l’ECR initial. Un objectif secondaire était de comparer l’effet de traitement à long terme entre un groupe ayant fait seulement des exercices de renforcement du plancher pelvien et un groupe ayant fait des exercices de renforcement du plancher pelvien et des abdominaux profonds. Un troisième objectif était d’explorer l’influence de quatre facteurs de risques sur les symptômes d’IUE et la qualité de vie à long terme. Les cinquante-sept femmes ayant complétées l’ECR initial ont été invitées à participer à l’évaluation du suivi sept ans. Vingt et une femmes ont participé à l’évaluation clinique et ont répondu à quatre questionnaires, tandis que dix femmes ont répondu aux questionnaires seulement. L’évaluation clinique incluait un pad test et la dynamométrie du plancher pelvien. La mesure d’effet primaire était un pad test modifié de 20 minutes. Les mesures d’effets secondaires étaient la dynamométrie du plancher pelvien, les symptômes d’IUE mesuré par le questionnaire Urogenital Distress Inventory, la qualité de vie mesurée par le questionnaire Incontinence Impact Questionnaire et la perception de la sévérité de l’IUE mesuré par l’Échelle Visuelle Analogue. De plus, un questionnaire portant sur quatre facteurs de risques soit, la présence de grossesses subséquentes, la v présence de constipation chronique, l’indice de masse corporel et la fréquence des exercices de renforcement du plancher pelvien de l’IUE, venait compléter l’évaluation. Quarante-huit pour-cent (10/21) des participantes étaient continentes selon de pad test. La moyenne d’amélioration entre le résultat pré-traitement et le suivi sept ans était de 26,9 g. (écart-type = 68,0 g.). Il n’y avait pas de différence significative des paramètres musculaires du plancher pelvien entre le pré-traitement, le post-traitement et le suivi sept ans. Les scores du IIQ et du VAS étaient significativement plus bas à sept ans qu’en prétraitement (IIQ : 23,4 vs 15,6, p = 0,007) et (VAS : 6,7 vs 5,1, p = 0,001). Les scores du UDI étaient plus élevés au suivi sept ans (15,6) qu’en pré-traitement (11,3, p = 0,041) et en post-traitement (5,7, p = 0,00). La poursuite des exercices de renforcement du plancher pelvien à domicile était associée à une diminution de 5,7 g. (p = 0,051) des fuites d’urine observées au pad test selon une analyse de régression linéaire. Les limites de cette étude sont ; la taille réduite de l’échantillon et un biais relié au désir de traitement pour les femmes toujours incontinentes. Cependant, les résultats semblent démontrer que l’effet du traitement à long terme d’un programme de renforcement des muscles du plancher pelvien qui est intensif et étroitement supervisé, est maintenu chez environ une femme sur deux. Bien que les symptômes d’IUE tel que mesuré par les pad test et le questionnaire UDI, semblent réapparaître avec le temps, la qualité de vie, telle que mesurée par des questionnaires, est toujours meilleure après sept qu’à l’évaluation initiale. Puisque la poursuite des exercices de renforcement du plancher pelvien est associée à une diminution de la quantité de fuite d’urine au pad test, les participantes devraient être encouragées à poursuivre leurs exercices après la fin d’un programme supervisé. Pour des raisons de logistique la collecte de donnée de ce projet de recherche s’est continuée après la rédaction de ce mémoire. Les résultats finaux sont disponibles auprès de Chantale Dumoulin pht, PhD., professeure agrée à l’Université de Montréal. Stress urinary incontinence is a common condition in the postpartum period affecting up to 77% of women. Nine women out of ten still suffering from SUI three months after giving birth will have symptoms of SUI five years later. Physiotherapy treatment via pelvic floor muscles strengthening exercises is recognized as an efficient first line of treatment for SUI. Although studies have shown good short term cure rates for persistent SUI, two long term follow-ups RCT’s have demonstrated that the effect was not maintained through time. The effect of an intensive and supervised physiotherapy pelvic floor strengthening program was evaluated in a previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) seven years ago. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of this program seven years after cessation of treatment. A secondary objective is to investigate the influence of four possible predictors of long term SUI symptoms and quality of life. The 57 women who completed the initial trial were contacted by telephone and invited to participate in a 7 year follow-up. Twenty-one participants underwent the clinical evaluation and answered four questionnaires while 10 participants answered only the questionnaires. The clinical evaluation included a provocative pad test and dynamometry of the pelvic floor muscles. The main outcome measure was the 20-minute modified pad test. Secondary outcomes were pelvic floor muscle strength measure by the Montreal dynamometer, symptoms of incontinence measured by the Urogenital Distress Inventory questionnaire, quality of life measured by the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire and the perceived burden of SUI measured by the Visual Analog Scale. The evaluation was completed by a questionnaire on four potential predictors of SUI: subsequent pregnancies, chronic constipation, body mass index and the frequency of pelvic floor muscle exercises. Forty-eight percent (10/21) of the participants were continent according to the pad test. The mean improvement between baseline and seven year follow-up was 26.9 g. (SD = vii 68.0g.). There was no statistically significant difference in pelvic floor muscle strength between baseline, after treatment and the follow-up (p = 0.74). The IIQ and VAS score were significantly lower at the seven year follow-up than at baseline (IIQ: 23.4 vs 15.6 , p = 0.007 and VAS: 6.7 vs 5.1, p = 0.001). The UDI scores were higher at follow-up (15.6) than baseline (11.3, p = 0.041) and after treatment (5.7, p = 0.00). Maintaining pelvic floor exercise at seven years after treatment had a strong trend towards a decrease of 5.7 g. for pad test results (p = 0.051). Limits of this study are the small sample size and the bias related to treatment seeking behavior amongst women who agreed to participate. Nevertheless, results seem to indicate that an intensive closely supervised pelvic floor training program is effective in the long run for one woman out of two. Although symptoms of SUI, as measured by the pad test and the UDI questionnaire, seem to reappear with time, quality of life is still better seven years after treatment than at baseline. Continuation of pelvic floor exercises seems to decrease the urine leakage upon exertion and thus should be encouraged even after cessation of intense training. For logistic reasons, the data collection for this research project continued after the writing of this thesis. Final results are available from Chantale Dumoulin pht, PhD, professor at the University of Montreal.
Objective: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) affects a third of the female population and is characterized by involuntary urine leakage during abdominal efforts such as sneezing, laughing, or coughing. Acute neuromodulation of the bulbospongiosus nerve (BsN) was shown to increase bladder efficiency in aged and multiparous rabbits. This study investigates the efficacy of sub-chronic BsN neuromodulation in alleviating SUI-like deficits in mature multiparous rabbits, characterized by increased urine leakage and reduced leak point pressure. Results: Using the voiding spot assay, we observed a 40% reduction in urine leakage events after 30 days of BsN stimulation, which correlated with a 60% increase in daily micturition volume, a 10- fold increase in voided volume, and improvements in voiding efficiency and leak point pressure compared to negative control animals. Conclusion: In multiparous rabbits, BsN neuromodulation improves important SUI-like metrics including bladder capacity and urethral closure, supporting the use of this bioelectronic modality as treatment for SUI.
Damages in pelvic floor muscles often cause dysfunction of the entire pelvic urogenital system, which is clinically challenging. A bioengineered skeletal muscle construct that mimics structural and functional characteristics of native skeletal muscle could provide a therapeutic option to restore normal muscle function. However, most of the current bioengineered muscle constructs are unable to provide timely innervation necessary for successful grafting and functional recovery. We previously have demonstrated that post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) clusters can be pre-formed on cultured skeletal muscle myofibers with agrin treatment and suggested that implantation of AChR clusters containing myofibers could accelerate innervation and recovery of muscle function. In this study, we develop a 3-dimensional (3D) bioprinted human skeletal muscle construct, consisting of multi-layers bundles with aligned and AChR clusters pre-formed human myofibers, and investigate the effect of pre-formed AChR clusters in bioprinted skeletal muscle constructs and innervation efficiency in vivo. Agrin treatment successfully pre-formed functional AChR clusters on the bioprinted muscle constructs in vitro that increased neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation in vivo in a transposed nerve implantation model in rats. In a rat model of pelvic floor muscle injury, implantation of skeletal muscle constructs containing the pre-formed AChR clusters resulted in functional muscle reconstruction with accelerated construct innervation. This approach may provide a therapeutic solution to the many challenges associated with pelvic floor reconstruction resulting from the lack of suitable bioengineered tissue for efficient innervation and muscle function restoration.
Introduction:
Adherence to pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) may be enhanced when the women become aware of its preventive/therapeutic role in pelvic floor disorders.
Objective:
This study is conducted to evaluate the PFMT awareness, adherence, and barriers in pregnant women.
Method:
We studied the awareness, adherence, and barriers of PFMT in 200 pregnant women attended in prenatal care clinic in their third trimester of pregnancy using semistructured interviews with open and closed questions derived from recent literature review on PFMT.
Result:
Fifty-four (27%) of studied women were familiar with PFMT, 175 (87.5%) of patients thought that the UI is normal during pregnancy, and 25 (32.05%) had experienced UI episodes and had consulted with their obstetrician. Twenty-one (10.5%) of patients did the PFMT exercises before their pregnancy, 14 (66.6%) of them continued their PFMT exercises during their pregnancy, and 7 (33.4%) stopped it. Concerns about miscarriage were the main reason of discontinuing the exercises during pregnancy. Routes of knowledge acquisition were the Internet in 24 cases (44.4%), health system in 13 cases (24.07%), family and friends in 11 cases (20.3%), and books/magazines in 6 cases (11.1%). Main means of mass communication (including TV, radio, and newspapers) had no role in knowledge distribution in this filed.
Conclusions:
Pregnant women require more health education regarding PFMT. Health care professionals should be more involved in patient education process. Internet resources are used widely by women and need more academic/scientific supervision.
Aims
Our purpose was to explore the involvement of cognition in voluntary and involuntary pelvic floor muscle (PFM) contraction in stress urinary incontinent women.
Methods
PFM contraction monitored by surface electromyography (EMG) was measured without a mental distraction task (DT), and with a DT called “paced auditory serial additional test” (PASAT). Forty stress incontinent women performed voluntary contractions of the external anal sphincter (EAS), and reflex EAS contractions induced by means of coughing were studied using the external intercostal muscle (EIC) EMG pattern.
Results
A DT altered PFM pre‐activation when coughing: the reaction time between EIC muscle contraction and EAS contraction (called RT3) was respectively −54.94 ms (IQR −87.12; 3.12) without the PASAT and −3.99 ms (IQR: −47.92; 18.69) with a DT (P = 0.02, Wilcoxon's test). Concerning voluntary contraction, women activated their PFM sooner without than with a DT.
Conclusion
The PASAT altered voluntary and reflex contractions of the PFM in stress urinary incontinent women. Our study suggests that cognition plays a role in urinary pathophysiology. Future studies should investigate rehabilitation programs that consider the role of cognition in stress urinary incontinent women.
