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Adhesive-free fiberboards can be self-bonded through high temperature thermo-compression processes. To achieve it, treatments such as steam explosion/injection, as well as chemical and enzymatic oxidation have been implemented. However, the role of extractive components in the structure and cohesiveness of fiberboards has not been fully understood....
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... Hot pressing, commonly used in self-bonding, involves temperatures exceeding 170 • C in order to enhance particle interaction (Robles et al., 2016). The chemical reactivity of particles during the hot pressing process has been studied, showing that the lignin components exhibit a high level of reactivity; this leads to the formation of strong bonds and the creation of new materials through processes such as thermal degradation and chemical interaction (Alvarez et al., 2015). Some studies have proposed that the hydrolysis of hemicellulose, as well as the degradation of lignin and cellulose, has developed furfural as a self-bonding agent during the steam or heat treatment (Widyorini et al., 2005a(Widyorini et al., , 2005b. ...
In this study, cross-bonded self-binding and bone glue-bonded particleboards were manufactured from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse with different pre-treatments of particles. Six types of panels were manufactured from bagasse particles with and without bone glue. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the panels were examined according to the standards. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were performed to investigate the changes in the chemical bonds and thermal stability of the fabricated composites, respectively. It was found that cross-bonded bagasse self-binding (TC) and bone glue-bonded (T3) panels fabricated from non-boiled bagasse particles showed higher physical and mechanical properties compared to the other types of panels. Non-boiled bagasse particles with bone glue panels showed the highest mechanical properties, i.e., modulus of rupture (MOR = 26.22 MPa), modulus of elasticity (MOE = 4302 MPa), tensile strength = 8.35 MPa, and hardness = 1.72 MPa. TC and T3 panels also showed higher thermal stability compared to the other types of panels. A new peak at 3331–3334 cm−1 for the Nsingle bondH stretching vibration in the FTIR analysis represents the presence of bone glue in the cross-bonded particleboards. Thus, this research advances the production of formaldehyde-free bagasse particleboard, introducing the cross-bonding technique and sustainable bone glue.
... The hot-pressing process is one of the simplest and the most widely applied methods in binderless boards manufacturing. The heat is intended to activate the chemical component of lignocellulose by degrading hemicellulose, lignin, cellulose, water extractive, cinnamic acid, or other components in raw materials into monomers with free radical and reactive sites and contributing to the self-bonding in binderless boards (Mobarak et al. 1982;Widyorini et al. 2005a,b;Sun et al. 2014;Alvarez et al. 2015;Li et al. 2015;Le et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2017). Pressing temperatures ranging between 180 and 200 °C were utilized in the majority of investigations on the production of binderless boards. ...
... Cleavage of β-O-4 linkages in lignin was also reported during steaming treatment generating more reactive sites of phenolic hydroxyl (Shao et al. 2009). These all contribute to the self-bonding of the binderless boards during the hot pressing by generation β-O-4 linkages in lignin (Saari et al. 2014), condensation reaction in lignin , forming lignin-furfural linkages or self-polymerization (Yan et al. 1996, Suzuki et al. 1998 , and forming covalent bonding between the free radicals resulting to the inter-fiber bonding (Alvarez et al. 2015). The syringyl and guaiacyl (S/G) ratio increased as indicated by the condensation of lignin during the steam-exploded pre-treatment. ...
Binderless composite panels are manufactured from wood or non-wood lignocellulosic particles as well as fibers bonded together without using any adhesives. They have recently attracted increasing attention due to their numerous advantages, such as being eco-friendly and the possibility to use agricultural wastes, as well as resulting in the low production cost given that adhesives are not required in the production process. However, low dimensional stability and internal bond strength of the final products are two of the challenges commonly faced. Several studies have been conducted to develop a technique that will allow binderless boards with high dimensional stability. Some techniques or manufacturing processes include hot-pressing, steam or steam-exploded pretreatment, followed by the hot-pressing process, and steam-injection hot-pressing. Since the heat or steam treatment used during the manufacture of compression wood and that of binderless boards are almost same, it is presumed that their dimensional stability mechanisms are also similar. There are a number of ideas offered to explain the mechanisms of self-bonding on binderless boards. These include the thermal softening of the cell wall matrix as well as degradation or decomposition of the chemical components of lignocellulosic materials generating stable free radicals and reactive sites, which then will form cross-linking between polymers in the cell wall. Meanwhile, internal stress relaxation is still infrequently used as a mechanism for dimensional stability in binderless boards. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that internal stress relaxation plays a significant role in the dimensional stability of compression wood. Therefore, it is suggested that the low-thickness swelling in binderless boards is, among others, caused by internal stress relaxation stored in the cell wall. Therefore, this study aims to review and collect data to clarify the above assumption. It is essential to verify the self-bonding mechanisms of binderless boards to further enhance their performance and promote industrialization.
... First, it was discovered that less hemicellulose, which is hydrophilic and has a high moisture absorption rate, leads to a better resistance to water in the composite matrix (Pelaez-Samaniego et al. 2013). According to Alvarez-Lopez et al. (2014), the holocellulose are primarily responsible for moisture sorption and are biologically degraded. Although it promotes better fibres to fibres binding, low hemicellulose content may result in weak bonding strength (Nasir et al. 2019), necessitating the use of synthetic resins to create lignocellulosic particleboards (Zhang et al. 2015). ...
Nigeria, a developing nation with a population of about 200 million people, is currently experiencing a national housing deficit of approximately 17 million units. With an expected annual national population growth rate of about 3% and an annual urban population growth rate of about 4%, Nigeria's population is becoming more and more concentrated in metropolitan regions, towns, and cities where housing deficits are more pronounced. The high cost of construction materials contributes majorly to Nigeria's housing problems, prompting several researches into the use of local materials as alternative building materials. In Nigeria, lignocellulosic biomass resources such as forestry residues, agricultural wastes, and industrial remnants are available in large quantities and are being investigated for use in the production of wood-based panel boards. However, the formaldehyde-based adhesives used in their manufacture emit emissions that pollute the environment and harm human health. The goal is to create cheap, environmentally friendly binder-less boards from waste lignocellulosic materials. In pursuit of a sustainable built environment in Nigeria, this review investigates the potentials of binder-less board production from lignocellulosic biomass.
... From the perspective of opportunities for implementation of self-assembly in industrial processing, it has been found that some extractives can serve as effective bonding agents within plant-based materials (Roffael 2016). In particular, tannins can be very effective as bonding agents for such applications as the so-called "binder-free" engineered wood products (Pizzi 2008;Alvarez et al. 2015;Ghahri and Pizzi 2018;Hubbe et al. 2018;Dunky 2020). Binders also can be formulated with tall oil fatty acid components (Uschanov et al. 2008). ...
This review article considers processes by which the main components of wood have been reported to arrange themselves into various kinds of organized structures, at least to a partial extent. The biosynthesis of wood provides the clearest examples of such self-organization. For example, even before a cellulose macromolecule has been completely synthesized in a plant organism, the leading parts of the polymer chains already will have assembled themselves into organized crystals, i.e., nano-fibrils. This review then considers a challenge that faces industrial engineers: how to emulate the great success of natural systems when attempting to achieve favorable materials properties, process efficiency, and environmental friendliness when developing new engineered wood structures, barrier films, and other desired products composed of lignocellulosic materials. Based on the reviewed literature, it appears that the main chemical components of wood, even after they have been isolated from each other, still have a remnant of their initial tendencies to come back together in a somewhat non-random fashion, following mechanisms that can be favorable for the production of engineered materials having potentially useful functions.
... In previous reports, organic extracts in woody materials had negatively affected the self-bonding due to their nonpolar nature, limiting their bonding ability, thus decreasing the mechanical properties of the biocomposites. 68 Our work verified this situation in which the mechanical properties of the extracted HMEW were better than those of HMRW. The results of the composition of RW and HMPW indicated that the lignin content of the samples increased after pretreatment and hot molding. ...
Traditional wood-based panels are usually made from large-diameter trees and rely on adhesives for compactness, which negatively impacts the environment and human health. However, the widely distributed small-diameter shrubs are good raw materials for wood-based panels with abundant fibers, but are often under-exploited. This research reports the preparation of self-bonding biocomposites from Buxus sinica by an innovative combined approach of extraction, alkali treatment, and hot molding. The resulted biocomposites show better mechanical properties in which the flexural modulus (7.79 GPa) and the tensile modulus (4.33 GPa) were 5 times and 1.7 times higher than the conventional fiberboard, respectively, and also demonstrated better hydrophobicity than fiberboard, which could be due to the layer of lignin that formed on its surface preventing the infiltration of water. To sum up, the biocomposites prepared from small-diameter shrubs meet the requirement of the furniture and architectural decoration materials, suggesting that the proposed approach can be used to produce high-performance biocomposites.
... Considering what the authors observed after going through several works, there has been a limited number of published works on the use of banana pseudo stem fiber as adsorbent for crude oil removal. Banana pseudo stem fiber has been investigated by other researchers as potential raw materials for the production of fiber board, composite, paper production etc. [28], but its potential as adsorbents have not been extensively studied. It is therefore, important to close the aforementioned gap by synthesizing alternative adsorbent using banana pseudo stem fiber. ...
Banana pseudo stem fiber adsorbent (BPSF) with well-ordered framework of porosity was fabricated via esterification reaction between organic acid and the biomass. The resulting adsorbent (BPSF) was applied for the removal of crude oil from water surface. Optimization and modeling of the process parameters was done using response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system-genetic algorithm (ANFIS-GA). Result shows that the optimum removal of oil occurred at oil water ratio of 0.4 g /100cm³ with 94.8% oil removal. Meanwhile, BPSF exhibited high adsorptive potential at a very low pH of 4 with 95.12% oil removal. Thermodynamic studies revealed activation energy, change in enthalpy and change in entropy of the process as (19.55, 24.68, -0.438 KJ/mols) and (53.82,31.66, -0.186 KJ/mols) indicating non-spontaneous process. Equilibrium modeling revealed that the composite material was highly matched to Langmuir isotherm model with regression coefficient > 98% with maximum adsorption capacity of 53.26 mg/g. Optimization of the process shows the optimum conditions as 100 °C, 0.4 g/100cm³, 2.1 g, 6 and 75 mins for temperature, oil concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and time. RSM, ANFIS, and ANN models adequately predicted the oil removal with correlation coefficient > 0.97 but statistically, ANN was the best model followed by ANFIS and RSM models. Results obtained from this investigation has shown that esterified banana pseudo stem fiber composite is an efficient, economic viable and sustainable adsorbent since the properties obtained is competing favorably with commercial adsorbents.
... Considering what the authors observed after going through several literatures, there has been a limited number of published works on use of plantain pseudo stem fiber as adsorbent for crude oil removal. Plantain pseudo stem fiber have been investigated by other researchers as potential raw materials for the production of fiber board, composite, paper production etc [28], but its potential as adsorbents have not been extensively studied. It is therefore very important to close the aforementioned gap by synthesizing alternative adsorbent from plantain pseudo stem fiber. ...
This work is targeted towards addressing the crude oil pollution menace in Nigeria and other OPEC member countries where exploration and exploitation of crude oil causes oil spill in our environment. In order to achieve this, equilibrium, thermodynamics modelling and optimization of oil layer removal by activated plantain pseudo stem fiber has been demonstrated in this work. Plantain pseudo stem fiber adsorbent with well-ordered framework of porosity on the surface was prepared by esterification method of activation using organic acid. Effect of oil water ratio, pH and temperature were examined using batch adsorption studies. Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer was used to ascertain the surface morphology and functional groups of the raw and treated plantain pseudo stem fiber. Thermodynamics and isotherm analysis of crude oil removal was studied using established equations. Optimization and modeling of the process parameters was done using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Batch experiments revealed that the optimum removal of oil occurred at oil water ratio of 0.2g/100cm³ with 94.7% of oil removed. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed the extent of changes on the surface of the composite after acid treatment. Disappearances of some functional groups occasioned by acid treatments were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis. Meanwhile, the activated plantain pseudo stem fiber exhibited high potential at a very low pH of 5 with 96.7% of crude oil removal. Thermodynamic studies revealed activation energy, change in enthalpy and change in entropy for irreversible pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order model as (20.51, 21.15, -0.121 KJ/mols) and (45.78, 33.59, -0.163 KJ/mols) indicating non-spontaneous process. Equilibrium modeling revealed that the composite material was highly matched to Temkin isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 54.35mg/g. The adsorption capacity of 54.35mg/g is very close to 55.30mg/g reported in literature for standard adsorbent (commercial zeolite). Optimization of the process revealed the optimum conditions as 50 mins, 90 °C and 0.2 g. At this point, the theoretical oil removal was 98.61% which was experimentally validated as 98.56%. Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network adequately predicted the oil removal with correlation coefficient >0.97. Therefore, results obtained from this investigation has shown that esterified plantain pseudo stem fiber composite is an efficient, economic viable and sustainable adsorbent and suggested the production of the adsorbent in commercial quantity since the process of adsorption highly matched with the standard models.
... The development of lignocellulosic-based binder-less boards solves these problems looking for suitable agricultural crops to at least partially substitute wood making new composites without hazardous synthetic adhesives (Tajuddin et al., 2016;Zhang et al., 2015). There is a wide interest to develop WBP from abundant and different Agri-Resources without any external binder or with bio-based adhesives, like flax shives and sunflower bark (Mahieu et al., 2021(Mahieu et al., , 2019, Jatropha curcas after oil extraction (Hidayat et al., 2014), leaf plantain (Alvarez et al., 2015), corn (Theng et al., 2017(Theng et al., , 2015, hemp shives (Almusawi et al., 2016), etc. (Tajuddin et al., 2016). However, the main drawbacks of these attempts of binder-less or bio-adhesives-based particleboards are unsatisfactory water resistance, too long pressing times and high pressure. ...
Non-catalysed steam explosion (SE) pre-treatment was used to valorise agricultural residues of hemp shives and wheat straw obtaining fibre bundles with self-bonding property. Three industrial hemp varieties of Futura75, Uso31 and Finola were used in the study. The crops were pre-treated at SE conditions temperature (℃)/time (min) of 200/1, 200/3, 220/2, 240/1 and 240/3. The influence of SE pre-treatment on the crops was evaluated by the particle size fractionation, scanning electron microscopy, cellulose content and its degree of polymeri-zation (DP). Binder-less board samples with a thickness of 6 mm and a density of 900 kg/m 3 were obtained from pre-treated crops at a temperature of 175 ℃. The influence of SE pre-treatment on the obtained binder-less boards was evaluated by the properties of thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR) and internal bonding strength (IB). The results show that increasing SE severity significantly decreased particle size and cellulose DP. Both factors of SE temperature and time significantly influence the obtained binder-less boards properties improving WA and IB up to SE240/3, and bending properties up to SE240/1. The best evaluation of binder-less boards was achieved by the crops pre-treated at SE conditions between 220/2 and 240/1 with the average property values of TS 9 %, WA 35 %, MOE 4482 N/mm 2 , MOR 22.1 N/mm 2 and IB 0.54 N/mm 2. The observed differences between the properties of the binder-less boards from pre-treated hemp shives indicate to the structural differences of the hemp varieties the most suitable being Uso31.
... Research into the field of binderless fiberboards largely explored the behaviour of different fiber sources. Referring to the classification proposed by Dahi H. [10], some of the fiber sources employed are: fruit fibers collected from the seed of the plant for which cellulosic content varies greatly, according to the plant type (e.g., acai fruit [20], cotton [21,22]); leaf fibers resulting from a cutting process that occur to enable plant growth and cultivation and belong to the agricultural residues category (e.g., banana [13], date palm [3], plantain [23]); stem fibers, collected from the surroundings of the plant's stem which are the highest consumed among plant fibers within the industrial application and lead to the production of fiberboards or particleboards of very good quality (e.g. hemp [24,25], kenaf [26][27][28], totora [29][30][31]); stalk fibers include trees trunk as well as annual plant stems that are left over in fields after harvesting (e.g. ...
... Extractives help to solve this drawback but, at the same time, their evaporation during hot pressing may cause delamination [39]. Alvarez-López et al. [23] revealed how extractable components of non-wood materials play a critical role in the development of mechanical strength of self-bonded fiberboards. In this study, organic extractives decreased the reactivity of the surface of the fibers, resulting in less bonding ability and, consequently, less mechanical properties of fiberboards. ...
... Laccase treatment can improve bonding properties, thanks to the surface modification, which occurs with the precipitation of lignin extractives on the surface [112]. Typically, laccase treatment led to an improvement in both mechanical and physical properties, although the concentration of laccase is less effective on MOR, MOE and IB [23,38]. Otherwise, the different concentrations largely affect thermal properties [113]. ...
Fiberboards are readily available components which can be used in construction for various functions such as furniture, insulation, or soundproofing. Research in the field of fiberboards has developed considerably in trying to match the practical needs of the construction element together with the new environmental challenges, that favour the production of panels in using by-products without adhesives. This review article presents an overview on fiberboard production and may offer a way to establish all the necessary steps to make binderless fiberboards attractive on the market, by considering economic and sustainable issues. Feedstock procurement is analysed, considering the effect of chemical composition of raw material on fiberboard quality. Lignin represents the most important component for bonding ability. However, at the same time, the need to use a by-product, which may result in choosing a material with less lignin and more hemicelluloses, will worsen dimensional stability, and therefore, a pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material may be necessary. Many pre-treatments have been studied and optimised in recent years. This paper analyses mechanical, chemical, hydrothermal and biological ones, and considers the pros and cons of each one of them. The choice of pre-treatment depends on which result is to be achieved. Some applications are considered to conclude the production chain. What emerges is that the application phase is not yet fully developed and scaling up from laboratory to the industrial stage is not yet achieved.
... It is therefore important to assess the extent of variation of elastic properties in plantain fiberreinforced polyester composites to guard against out of plane failure during structural applications. Unfortunately most studies involving plantain fiber-reinforced composites has dwelt on assessment of tensile, flexural and hardness properties [32], optimization of hardness strengths [33], effect of water and organic extractives removal [34], effects of fiber extraction techniques [35], optimization of flexural strength [36], compressive and impact strength evaluation [37][38][39], effect of high-frequency microwave radiation [40], effect of chemical treatment on the morphology [41], implications of interfacial energetics on mechanical strength [42]. Although Ihueze, Okafor and Okoye [43] has reported the longitudinal (1) and transverse (2) properties of plantain fiber-reinforced composites in Figure 1, there is still need to establish the essential elastic constants at directions other than the material axis directions 1-2. ...
