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5. Neurogenesis domains in the adult zebrafish brain. Proliferation domains are schematically indicated as gray zones or dots on a representation of the adult brain at a midsagital level (anterior left). All these domains contain label-retaining progenitors and are neurogenic, except for proliferating cells in the OB (empty dots) and MO (empty zone). Cb: cerebellum; CCe: corpus cerebelli; Di: diencephalon; DIL: diffuse nucleus of the nferior lobe of the hypothalamus; Dm: medial domain of the dorsal telencephalon; Dp: posterior domain of the dorsal telencephalon; Ha: habenula; Hc: caudal zone of periventricular hypothalamus; Hd: dorsal zone of periventricular hypothalamus; IPZ: isthmic proliferation zone; LH: lateral hypothalamic nucleus; Mes: mesencephalon; MO: medulla oblongata; PO: pre-optic area; PT: posterior thalamus; OB: olfactory bulb; Tel: telencephalon; TL: torus longitudinalis; TP: posterior tuberculum; TPZ: tectal proliferation zone; V: ventral domain of the telencephalon; Va: valvula cerebelli; VT: ventral thalamus
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This chapter discusses the development of neural functions, basic neurophysiology, and the control of behavior in zebrafish. The first step in the development of the nervous system is the specification of the neural plate by a process called “neural induction.” It takes place at a very early developmental stage, preceding or concomitant to gastrula...
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... This organism is unique, in that it has a very mammalian kind of brain and structure of arrangements, as well as the function, a model for research. Nevertheless, both the way of functioning and the building blocks and method of constructing those structures like the hippocampus, diencephalon, tectum, tegmentum, and cerebellum are shared by the zebrafish and the mammals [1]. The research points out the fact that zebrafish development and neurodisorders have a common element, and this idea should be emphasized [2]. ...
... The subdivisions of the diencephalon, thalamus, and hypothalamus translate sensory information and control brain hormones [1]. ...
Genetic similarity of zebrafish and humans, their transparency, and rapid development has propelled them to be one of the most preferred models for research in neuroscience. Within this article, there is a brief discussion on zebrafish in the field of neuroscience with the considerations of their neuroanatomy, advantages, recent achievements, drawbacks, and the possible routes for future exploration. Zebrafish are a rare model for neuronal development and or translating/creating neurological disorders. Neuroscientists that study zebrafish have occasionally faced problems with behavioral complexity and lack of established methods. Forward-looking actions include Review Article Sapkota et al.; Uttar Pradesh 165 optimization of behavioral assays, adoption of CRISPR/Cas9 for genotype modification, and unification of drug discovery and testing of toxicological effects. Through zebrafish neuroscience research, we are heading towards great heights as the potential role in bridging the knowledge on the brain and neurological disorders is very promising. The successful adoption of new technologies and collaborative methods will be the attending factors to reach a goal of zebrafish model fully exploiting the potential for the neuroscience research.
... In teleosts, RGC axons completely cross over at the optic chiasm and predominately innervate the contralateral optic tectum of the fish brain. The optic tectum of adult fish is considered homologous to the superior colliculus in mammals and is a multilayered structure that can be divided in three main zones: the superficial and central zones, where tectal afferents terminate, and the periventricular gray zone (PGZ), containing the majority of the tectal neuronal cell bodies (Bally-Cuif & Vernier, 2010;Neuhauss, 2010;Nevin et al., 2010). Restoration of this optic projection after optic nerve injury is an example of the remarkable intrinsic ability of teleost fish to repair axonal damage in the adult CNS. ...
... In a following step, the synaptogenesis phase was studied using immunostainings for synaptotagmin (Znp-1 antibody) Fox & Sanes, 2007;Zappa Villar et al., 2021), a calcium sensor protein present in the membrane of pre-synaptic vesicles, on optic tectum sections at several time points after ONC. Pre-synaptic vesicles were clearly visible in the SO, SFGS, stratum griseum centrale (SGC), and S/S (projection zone between the stratum album centrale (SAC) and PGZ) tectal layers of uninjured fish (Figure 1h), but disappeared following ONC, particularly in the SFGS, which is the tectal layer to which most RGC axons project in teleost fish (Bally-Cuif & Vernier, 2010;Neuhauss, 2010;Nevin et al., 2010). This degradation of synapses started from 2 dpi onwards in the young adult killifish and continued up to 7 dpi, at which almost no synapses could be observed in the SFGS. ...
As the mammalian central nervous system matures, its regenerative ability decreases, leading to incomplete or non-recovery from the neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system insults that we are increasingly facing in our aging world population. Current neuroregenerative research is largely directed toward identifying the molecular and cellular players that underlie central nervous system repair, yet it repeatedly ignores the aging context in which many of these diseases appear. Using an optic nerve crush model in a novel biogerontology model, that is, the short-living African turquoise killifish, the impact of aging on injury-induced optic nerve repair was investigated. This work reveals an age-related decline in axonal regeneration in female killifish, with different phases of the repair process being affected depending on the age. Interestingly, as in mammals, both a reduced intrinsic growth potential and a non-supportive cellular environment seem to lie at the basis of this impairment. Overall, we introduce the killifish visual system and its age-dependent regenerative ability as a model to identify new targets for neurorepair in non-regenerating individuals, thereby also considering the effects of aging on neurorepair.
... These trends were not surprising considering that, for instance, in ''losing'' zebrafish (individuals that in a situation of direct confrontation are unable to overcome their partner), 5-HTergic activity was higher in the optic tectum (Kawato & Gomi, 1992). The optic tectum' 5-HTergic fibers seem to originate from 5-HTergic neurons of the pretectal cluster (Kaslin & Panula, 2001), and have been implicated in the regulation of visual and motor behaviour (Bally-Cuif & Vernier, 2010), which may underline the elevated levels of activity reported by cleaners in the wild (cleaners interact with dozens of clients daily, see the introductory section, Bshary & Côté, 2008). ...
The monoamines serotonin and dopamine are important neuromodulators present in the central nervous system, known to be active regulators of social behaviour in fish as in other vertebrates. Our aim was to investigate the region-specific brain monoaminergic differences arising when individual cleaners face a client (mutualistic context) compared to when they are introduced to another conspecific (conspecific context), and to understand the relevance of visual assessment compared to the impact of physical contact with any partner. We demonstrated that serotoninergic activity at the diencephalon responds mostly to the absence of physical contact with clients whereas cerebellar dopaminergic activity responds to actual cleaning engagement. We provide first insights on the brain’s monoaminergic (region-specific) response variations, involved in the expression of cleaner fishes’ mutualistic and conspecific behaviour. These results contribute to a better understanding of the monoaminergic activity in accordance to different socio-behavioural contexts.
... Analysis of TUNEL results was conducted on the dorsal lateral pallium of the zebrafish. The dorsal lateral pallium of the zebrafish is homologous to the mammalian hippocampus and is responsible for the formation of memories [11][12][13]. ...
... The observed TUNEL assay changes were done in the dorsal lateral pallium area of the zebrafish. The dorsal lateral pallium of the zebrafish is homologous to the mammalian hippocampus [11][12][13]. The hippocampus plays vital roles in forming long-term memories from short-term memory information, long-termpotentiation, and in spatial memory. ...
Okadaic acid (OKA) is a protein phosphatase-2A inhibitor that is used to induce neurodegeneration and study disease states such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lanthionine ketimine-5-ethyl ester (LKE) is a bioavailable derivative of the naturally occurring brain sulfur metabolite, lanthionine ketimine (LK). In previously conducted studies, LKE exhibited neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties in murine models but its mechanism of action remains to be clarified. In this study, a recently established zebrafish OKA-induced AD model was utilized to further elucidate the neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties of LKE in the context of an AD-like condition. The fish were divided into 3 groups containing 8 fish per group. Group #1 = negative control, Group #2 = 100 nM OKA, Group #3 = 100 nM OKA +500 μM LKE. OKA caused severe cognitive impairments in the zebrafish, but concomitant treatment with LKE protected against cognitive impairments. Further, LKE significantly and substantially reduced the number of apoptotic brain cells, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and increased phospho-activation of the pro-survival factors pAkt (Ser 473) and pCREB (Ser133). These findings clarify the neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects of LKE by highlighting particular survival pathways that are bolstered by the experimental therapeutic LKE.
... The present results add lungfishes to tetrapods in this common feature of striatal neurons, most likely indicating an underlying functional homology. In contrast, striatal-specific transcription factors in the ventral telencephalon of teleosts suggested the location of the striatum in the dorsal and central nuclei, [Wullimann and Mueller, 2004;Bally-Cuif and Vernier, 2010;Ganz et al., 2012;González et al., 2014], and although catecholaminergic innervation was abundant in this region, no DARPP-32-ir cells were detected [Robra and Thirumalai, 2016], suggesting distinct neuromodulatory mechanisms in the striatum of actinopterygian fishes, although more studies are needed in other species and with different technical approaches. ...
The distribution of DARPP-32 (a phosphoprotein related to the dopamine D1 receptor) has been widely used as a means to clarify the brain regions with dopaminoceptive cells, primarily in representative species of tetrapods. The relationship between dopaminergic and dopaminoceptive elements is frequently analyzed using the catecholamine marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In the present study, by means of combined immunohistochemistry, we have analyzed these relationships in lungfishes, the only group of sarcopterygian fishes represented by 6 extant species that are the phylogenetically closest living relatives of tetrapods. We used the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri and the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi. The DARPP-32 antibody yields a distinct and consistent pattern of neuronal staining in brain areas that, in general, coincide with areas that are densely innervated by TH-immunoreactive fibers. The striatum, thalamus, optic tectum, and torus semicircularis contain intensely DARPP-32-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers. Cells are also located in the olfactory bulbs, amygdaloid complex, lateral septum, pallidum, preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, tuberal hypothalamic region, rostral rhombencephalic reticular formation, superior raphe nucleus, octavolateral area, solitary tract nucleus, and spinal cord. Remarkably, DARPP-32-immunoreactive fibers originating in the striatum reach the region of the dopaminergic cells in the mesencephalic tegmentum and represent a well-established striatonigral pathway in lungfishes. Double immunolabeling reveals that DARPP-32 is present in neurons that most likely receive TH input, but it is absent from the catecholaminergic neurons themselves, with the only exception of a few cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Neoceratodus and the solitary tract nucleus of Protopterus. In addition, some species differences exist in the localization of DARPP-32 cells in the pallium, lateral amygdala, thalamus, prethalamus, and octavolateral area. In general, the present study demonstrates that the distribution pattern of DARPP-32, and its relationship with TH, is largely comparable to those reported for tetrapods, highlighting a shared situation among all sarcopterygians.
... The gnathostomes are divided into two large groups, Osteichthyes (bony fish, AE53 700 species) and Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish, AE970 species). The group of Osteichthyes contains Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish, AE26 750 species) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish, AE27 000 species; see Bally-Cuif & Vernier 2010). Note that so-called "fishes" such as lungfish or coelacanths are phylogenetically closer to tetrapods than to ray-finned fishes. ...
In the current model, the most anterior part of the forebrain (secondary prosencephalon) is subdivided into the telencephalon dorsally and the hypothalamus ventrally. Our recent study identified a new morphogenetic unit named the optic recess region (ORR) between the telencephalon and the hypothalamus. This modification of the forebrain regionalization based on the ventricular organization resolved some previously unexplained inconsistency about regional identification in different vertebrate groups. The ventricular-based comparison also revealed a large diversity within the subregions (notably in the hypothalamus and telencephalon) among different vertebrate groups. In tetrapods there is only one hypothalamic recess, while in teleosts there are two recesses. Most notably, the mammalian and teleost hypothalami are two extreme cases: the former has lost the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting (CSF-c) neurons, while the latter has increased them. Thus, one to one homology of hypothalamic subregions in mammals and teleosts requires careful verification. In the telencephalon, different developmental processes between Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) have already been described: the evagination and the eversion. Although pallial homology has been long discussed based on the assumption that the medial-lateral organization of the pallium in Actinopterygii is inverted from that in Sarcopterygii, recent developmental data contradict this assumption. Current models of the brain organization are largely based on a mammalian-centric point of view, but our comparative analyses shed new light on the brain organization of Osteichthyes.
... Zebrafish (Danio rerio) offer numerous advantages for the study of learning and memory. These include ease and efficiency of animal husbandry [1,2]; ready availability of molecular tools to dissect underlying mechanisms; homology of genes with mammals (including humans); and similarity of basic developmental, morphological, and physiological processes shared across the vertebrates [3]. Zebrafish also have a rich repertoire of behaviours, which they execute using relatively simple neuronal circuits and may therefore possess further advantages for reductionist approaches to understanding underlying brain mechanisms [4]. ...
... Expression of these molecules has been used to demarcate areas corresponding to striatum in diverse species of teleosts including zebrafish (Wullimann and Mueller, 2004;Mueller et al., 2006). Based on this, it has been proposed that the zebrafish striatum lies within the dorsal and central nuclei of ventral telencephalon (Wullimann and Mueller, 2004;Laure and Vernier, 2010). Expression patterns of striatal-specific transcription factors in these areas appears to be consistent with this view (Ganz et al., 2012). ...
The dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein of apparent molecular weight 32 kDa (Darpp-32) is an inhibitory subunit of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). Darpp-32 activity is regulated by multiple ligand-activated G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). This protein is coded for by the protein phosphatase-1 regulatory subunit 1b (ppp1r1b) gene. Here, we provide experimental evidence for the presence of multiple isoforms of ppp1r1b in zebrafish. We show that these isoforms are differentially expressed during development with the full-length isoform being maternally deposited. Next, with a custom polyclonal antibody generated against the full-length protein, we show that in the adult, Darpp-32 is strongly expressed in principal neurons of the cerebellum and cerebellum-like circuits. These include Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum, Type-I neurons in the optic tectum, and crest cells in the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON). We confirmed the identity of these neurons through their colocalization with Parvalbumin 7 immunoreactivity. Darpp-32 is seen in the somata and dendrites of these neurons with faint staining in the axons. In all of these regions, Darpp-32-immunoreactive cells were in close proximity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive puncta indicating the presence of direct catecholaminergic input to these neurons. Darpp-32 immunoreactivity was seen in Purkinje neurons as early as 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) when Purkinje neurons are first specified. In sum, we show that Darpp-32, a signaling integrator, is a specific marker of principal neurons in the cerebellum and cerebellum-like circuits in zebrafish.
... Zebrafish offer numerous advantages for the study of learning and memory. These include ease and efficiency of animal husbandry (Patton and Zon, 2001;); ready availability of molecular tools to dissect underlying mechanisms; homology of genes with mammals (including humans); and similarity of basic developmental, morphological, and physiological processes shared across the vertebrates (BallyCuif and Vernier, 2010). Zebrafish also have a rich repertoire of behaviours, which they execute using relatively simple neuronal circuits and may therefore possess further advantages for reductionist approaches to understanding underlying brain mechanisms (Roberts et al., 2013). ...
Zebrafish are emerging as a novel model for studying learning and memory. However, the number of behavioural paradigms which minimize handling stress and are suited to their social nature is limited. We developed an automated learning paradigm to condition groups of adult and juvenile zebrafish in their home tanks. Fish consistently learned to associate an auditory stimulus with the presentation of food and showed robust conditioned responses as early as the 5th trial. Memory of the association persisted for at least 2 days after training, when fish were tested either as groups or as individuals. This retention in juveniles was associated with increased immunoreactivity to phosphorylated ERK, a marker of neural activity, in the dorsolateral telencephalon. This simple paradigm permits scalable conditioning of zebrafish with minimal intervention, reducing variability and labour-intensiveness. In addition, these results support the use of phosphorylated ERK to examine the neural correlates of learning and memory.
... The fish telencephalon contains limbic-like areas and is the equivalent of the mammalian limbic system (Chandroo et al., 2004;Northcutt, 2006;Jesuthasan, 2012). The optic tectum is a midbrain structure that plays a fundamental role in the control of fine motor programmes and sensory-motor coupling and participates in the triggering of avoidance and escape behaviours (Bally-Cuif & Vernier, 2010;Broglio et al., 2011). Finally, neuroendocrine stress responses are important mechanisms for survival during exposure to life-threatening stimuli. ...
Juvenile Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis were subjected for short periods to two different types of handling-related stress: air exposure stress and net handling stress. The S. senegalensis were sacrificed 2 and 24 h after the stress events and the levels of serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and their respective major metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), were measured in three brain regions (telencephalon, hypothalamus and optic tectum) and compared with those in control, non-stressed S. senegalensis. Neither type of stress caused any significant alteration of serotoninergic activity (5-HIAA:5-HT ratio) or NA levels. Dopaminergic activity (DOPAC:DA ratio) was lower in stressed fish in all of the brain regions studied. For both air exposure stress and net handling stress, DA levels were significantly higher (P < 0·05) than in the control S. senegalensis. In addition, the higher DA levels after net handling stress were always significantly higher (P < 0·05) than those observed after acute air exposure stress, except in the telencephalon after 24 h. The significantly lower DOPAC:DA ratio (P < 0·05) in all of the brain regions studied was only observed in response to net handling stress.
