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Femtocell networks are considered to be a viable option that can fulfill the demands of high speed voice and data traffic for the indoor users. It uses the services of the existing broadband connection to connect to the operator core network. The cellular network operators need to modify the existing single tier macrocell network in order to provid...
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... [34] [31], fractional frequency reuse (FFR) strategy adopted by macrocell in two tier macro- femto network is presented. The macrocell located at the origin transmits its signals in a circular disc shape as shown in Figure 7. This coverage zone is divided into two sub-regions i.e. inner circle and outer circle. ...Citations
... We call this radius for FAP region of interest as ROI in the rest of the paper. In this study, for UEs to be involved in the anomaly detection process we employ widely accepted typical values for ROI as 30, 40, and 50 meters [36,37]. ...
Self-organizing networks (SONs) are considered as one of the key features for automation of network management in new generation of mobile communications. The upcoming fifth-generation mobile networks and beyond are likely to offer new advancements for SON solutions. In SON concept, self-healing is a prominent task which comes along with cell outage detection and cell outage compensation. Next-generation cellular networks are supposed to have ultra-dense deployments which make cell outage detection critical and harder for network maintenance. Therefore, by imitating the ultra-dense multi-tiered scenarios, this study scrutinizes femtocell outage detection with the help of long short-term memory and one-dimensional convolutional neural networks by using time sequences of key performance indicator parameters generated in user equipment. In both the proposed schemes, probable outage-related anomalies in femto access points (FAP) are detected and classified within predetermined time sequence intervals. Moreover, aggregation decision methods are also incorporated into the proposed framework for boosting cell outage detection procedure on FAP level. Our findings show that proposed deep learning approaches outperform existing feed-forward neural networks, and on the average, in more than 80% of the cases the outage states of the femtocells are correctly predicted among healthy and three anomalous states.
... This kind of frequency band allocation causes cross-tier interference, but improves spectral utilization. While in the dedicated approach, crosstier interference is completely negligible as separate frequency band is allocated to the femtocell [12]. However, this limits the spectral utilization but partially improve the system throughput. ...
In Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access based cellular networks, deployment of femtocell is one of the promising developments that can enhance the capacity and coverage of indoor users. However, the deployment of femtocells imposes severe cross-tier interference which degrades the overall system performance. This kind of interference may occur when femtocells are sharing the spectrum of macrocell in a co channel approach. Therefore, an efficient resource partitioning scheme is essential to minimize the effect of cross-tier interference in two-tier Heterogeneous Network. In this research, a Modified Region splitting based Resource Partitioning (MRRP) scheme is proposed to achieve the objective. In this scheme, the whole macrocell coverage area is divided into inner, centre and outer regions. In a cluster of three cells, the total available spectrum is divided into four sub bands. The first three sub bands are shared between inner and outer region. The fourth sub band is further divided into three sub bands which is utilized by centre region. In MRRP scheme, the unused sub band of each macrocell is assigned to femtocell in three different approaches namely static, order and random. The impact of these appproaches on the sum throughput of femtocell, average per user throughput, and total throughput is investigated. Further, the optimization of the proposed MRRP schme is achieved using Monte Carlo simulations.
... We call this radius for FAP region of interest as ROI in the rest of the paper. In this study, for UEs to be involved in the anomaly detection process we employ widely accepted typical values for ROI as 30, 40 and 50 meters[20,21].3.1 Model TrainingFirst step of proposed anomaly detection scheme involves training of our deep network structure with 2 featured (SINR and CQI) time sequences of every UE in ROI for healthy and all three possible anomalous cases. Once training is complete time sequences of the test UEs in ROI are tested on the trained model with 10-fold cross validation. ...
Self Organizing Networks (SONs) are considered as one of the key features for automation of network management in new generation of mobile communications. The upcoming fifth generation (5G) mobile networks are likely to offer new advancements for SON solutions. In SON concept, self-healing is a prominent task which comes along with cell outage detection and cell outage compensation. 5G networks are supposed to have ultra-dense deployments which makes cell outage detection critical and harder for network maintenance. Therefore, by imitating the ultra-dense multi-tiered scenarios regarding 5G networks, this study investigates femtocell outage detection with the help of Long Short- Term Memory (LSTM) and one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (1D-CNN) by means of time sequences of Key Performance Indicator (KPI) parameters generated in user equipments. In proposed scheme, probable anomalies in femto access points (FAP) are detected and classified within a predetermined time sequence intervals. On the average, in more than 80% of the cases the outage states of the femtocells are correctly predicted among healthy
and anomalous states.
... The femtocell access point is also known as home evolved node base station (HeNodeB) that provides services to the smaller number of users. Deployment and maintenance of a femtocell is very easy that decreases the operational and expenditure cost as compared to other base stations like macrocell, microcell and Picocell [15,18]. The access policy of femtocell categorized into open access, closed access and hybrid access. ...
The purpose of LTE-A technology is to provide high spectral efficiency, lower delay and stronger intercell interference control for a multi- user environment. The architecture of LTE basically contains E-UTRAN and evolved packet core. E-UTRAN is the combination of UE and ENodeB (enhanced node B) used to control the radio network. EPC provide end to end connection and backward capability with previous networks. Major entities included in EPC are P-GW, S-GW, HSS and MME. This new architecture fulfil the requirement of next-generation mobile networks for high connectivity and multiple type of networks. Heterogeneous network is one of them in which different power base stations like femtocell, picocell, and radio remote head deployed in a geographical area with in macrocell cell. It is one of the cost effective solution to provide high throughput and spectral efficiency and fairness for cell edge user. Deployment of femtocell improved the data rate and coverage in small regions like office, home, shopping mall and dense areas. Along with this an efficient fair sharing of resource allocation plays an important role in improving the performance of networks. This paper analysed the performance of round robin, resource fair, Max-throughput, best CQI and proportional fair LTE-A resource scheduling techniques on homogeneous networks. For heterogeneous networks a new cluster based proportional fair resource scheduling technique is proposed, which provides an efficient resource to the most sufferer user and improved fairness and cell edge user throughputs. In heterogeneous networks multiple femto cell were deployed in macro cell area. Access policies are applied on open and closed group. The performance is measured in terms of cell edge throughputs, peak throughputs, average throughputs, wideband SINR, spectral efficiency, and fairness index for homogeneous, heterogeneous networks and for user mobility. The performance result showed that Best CQI and MaxTP scheduler outperforms in throughput level and attains highest average cell throughput of 83 Mbps and UE average throughput of 20 mbps in homogeneous networks and approximately 43 Mbps in heterogeneous networks. Comparative result in heterogeneous network indicates that the proposed scheduler increases 2% gain in fairness and 1–1.89% gains in edge throughputs with respect to proportional fair scheduler and allocates 79% fair share resources among UE. Round robin scheduler delivered very poor throughput and fairness index in both homogeneous and heterogeneousnetworks.
... no control over usage bandwidth, not cost effective in complex and hierarchical connections, dependent on higher network resources and location information etc. [5]. At present, there are many literatures that have been concentrating on various problems on femto-cells [6][7][8][9][10]. However, one common problem associated with the femto-cell deployment is energy consumption with respect to transmit power of base station. ...
Utilization of femto-cells is one of the cost effective solution to increase the internal network connectivity and coverage. However, there are various impediment in achieving so which has caused a consistent research work evolving out with solution. Review of existing literature shows that maximum focus was given for energy problems in cellular network and not much on problems that roots out from interference. Therefore, the proposed system has presented a very simple and novel approach where the problems associated with interference and energy in using large groups of femto-cells are addressed. Adopting analytical research methodology, the proposed model offers on-demand utilization of the selective femto-cells on the basis of the traffic demands. The study outcome shows that proposed system offers better performance in contrast to existing approach.
... Femtocell users experience superior indoor reception with higher spatial reuse and case less interference to other users [4]. Femtocell access to a short radio range of 10-50 meters greatly reduce the power transmits, increase the battery life and achieves a seamless handover of user from macrocell to femtocell which reduces the traffic of macrocell.Interference between femtocell, macrocell and other equipment is considered to be one of the important significant challenges which bring down the efficiency of network quality of services [5]. The interference reduction techniques between femtocell, macrocell and user have been studied [6]. ...
Femtocell is intended to be a viable option that can satisfy the need for voice and data traffic for indoor mobile subscribers. It employs the applications of the present broadband link to connect to the mobile operators. In this work, LTE-Femto Cell is designed and simulated. High capacity, high data rate, low BER (Bit Error Rate), low PAPR (Peak Average Power Ratio) and simple design are the advantages of the proposed system. The details of the proposed system and investigation results are expressed in the proposed study.
... For example, a detailed description of femtocell networks, the main benefits of femtocells, and technical and business challenges as well as future research opportunities are comprehensively presented in [4]. Mahmud et al. [55] present a survey on femtocell deployment and discuss various aspects of femtocell networks in several different domains. Moreover, technical issues related to femtocells and their proposed solutions are also highlighted in [55]. ...
... Mahmud et al. [55] present a survey on femtocell deployment and discuss various aspects of femtocell networks in several different domains. Moreover, technical issues related to femtocells and their proposed solutions are also highlighted in [55]. In addition, an overview of the IoT is presented with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues and recent research studies are considered addressing various aspects of the IoT in [19]. ...
... In order to provide services to the end users in a network having FBSs, it is important to determine the proper location of the FBS for a femtocell based cellular network [55]. The deployment of femtocells brings some changes in the architecture of the current macrocellular networks and creates new design challenges. ...
This paper provides an overview of the use of small cells (e.g. femtocells) in the Internet of Things (IoT) environments. As a result of rapid increase in the number of mobile connected devices such as smart-phones and tablets, the demand for data traffic is exponentially increasing. In order to satisfy mobile users’ requests and meet the requirements of high data traffic, mobile operators have to increase the network capacities dramatically. One of the promising solutions for the network operators to improve coverage and capacity, and provide high data rate services in a less costly manner is the deployment of femtocells related technologies. Femtocells will help mobile operators to provide a basis for the next generation of services which are a combination of voice, video, and data services to mobile users. Moreover, proper traffic modelling and deployment strategies of femtocells will improve the overall performance of the femtocell network. Therefore, in this survey paper, we overview modelling traffic and deployment strategies in femtocells and provide a review for the use of femtocells and their applications in the IoT environments. In addition, we present open research issues associated with IoT-femtocell based applications.
... Additionally, the speed and the cell capacity are used to determine whether the hand-in will take place or not. Based on these information, the lists of potential HeNBs are sent to the HeNB-GW by the MME [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. The HeNB-GW updates the potential HeNBs and selects the one which is situated very close to the UE direction in terms of the maximum signal level. ...
The continuous demand for data by the ever increasing data consuming phones and wireless user equipment has necessitated the need for the deployment of densely populated small cells in future generation of cellular networks. To improve the overall capacity of the cellular network, small cells such as Femtocells are currently being deployed in LTE-Advanced network and are found to be a good solution to bandwidth limitation and coverage problems. However, the use of femtocell also comes with a lot of problem especially when they are deployed in a dense and highly mobile user’s environment. Mobile equipment in such environment faces various problems such as frequent and unnecessary handovers, interference between femtocells, interference between femtocell and macrocell, power outage and security issues. In this research, we propose an enhanced handover algorithm that reduce the number of unnecessary handovers in LTE-A networks as well as reducing the number of target femtocells and call blocking probability during handover. To determine the performance of the proposed algorithm, we compared the proposed algorithm with an existing handover algorithm.
... In order to offer preferential access to registered FU, a new functionality was introduced in 3GPP TSG SA WG1 Release 9 [10] in the name of hybrid access mode. With a preferential treatment to the FUs, the hybrid access mode shares limited amount of resource with selective number of cross-tier users [11]. ...
Access mode of a femtocell network plays a crucial role in determining the service quality of femtousers and the revenue of network operators. The behavior of a femtocell is not only based on network density, orthogonal or non-orthogonal multi-access technique, frequency reuse strategy, but also on the access mode being adopted. The access mode selection directly influences the performance metrics like handover mechanism, security, resource management and co-channel interference management. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of femtocell networks in three different access modes. We examine the choice of access mode from the aspect of network operator and FC owner. Under various network scenarios, we identify the best access mode analytically in terms of ergodic rate, sum throughput and interference factor. Simulation results indicate that the performance of conventional cellular network can be improvised through proper selection of FC access mode. It indicates that the selection of a particular access mode strictly depends on the performance requirements of network operator and FC owner.
... As a low power and small range access point, various mobile users in the dense urban areas of femtocells-tomacrocell integrated network face serious problems of frequent handover from one femtocell to another femtocell or from a femtocell to a macrocell. A large number of handovers are created as a result of huge number of neighbouring femtocells, which makes handover management more difficult [11]. Most of the recent research on handover algorithm considers a macrocell with small number of femtocells, while others consider the dense deployment of femtocells do not holistically address handover from all aspects, such as handover from macrocell to femtocells, femtocells to macrocell and femtocells to femtocells. ...
... The authors in [11] provide a detailed strategy of various femtocell deployments and highlight the benefits and challenges of the different approaches. Also in [12], the authors used the adaptive user movement prediction technique to minimise neighbour femtocell list in dense femtocellular networks. ...
Femtocells are currently being deployed in the present generation of cellular networks because of their ability to provide increased data rate at home and offices. This development together with the recent advances in technology brings about a huge increment in bandwidth required to meet the future demand for data by the ever increasing mobile devices. It is envisaged that with dense deployment of femtocells, the present challenge in terms of data requirement as well as the future demand will be met. Therefore, it is imperative to intensify the research in the area of handover management in femtocell/macrocell integrated network using a high dense network scenario that will dominate the future network Presently, most research works in this area do not focus much on a dense deployment of mobile users in a femtocell/macrocell integrated network Also, many existing handover algorithms were not designed to work in a highly mobile and dense environment. In this work the authors propose a robust CAC handover algorithm for a dense femtocell/macrocell LTE-Advanced integrated network The proposed CAC algorithm is efficient to handle calls in a highly dense and mobile user environment. The simulation results of the proposed algorithm show that the handover call dropping probability, call blocking probability and handover probability are considerably reduced.
