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Neighbor-joining tree generated by calculating Gower distances between genotypes of F6 intermated lines based on the similarity to the population’s parents (left panel). Genotyping of intermated lines using 60 SSR markers spanning five chromosomes (see Fig. S3 for reference) and ten CG markers (black box highlight) shows greater similarity to Vandana (1—yellow) than Moroberekan (2—blue); some regions were heterozygous (3—light green), while others did not fit the above classes (4—dark green) (center panel). Lines accumulating Moroberekan regions performed better under seedling blast conditions in Almora (right panel). The same lines showed higher yields under heavy blast conditions. Performance under drought at IRRI is consistent with the parent Vandana. Chi (Chitinase), OXO (Oxalate Oxidase), ar (Aldose reductase), thau7 (Thaumatin like), pox (Peroxidase), oxlp (Germin-like protein), HSP90 (Heat shock protein 90), PR1 and PR10 (Pathogenesis-related genes).
Source publication
Biotic stresses, including diseases, severely affect rice production, compromising producers’ ability to meet increasing global consumption. Understanding quantitative responses for resistance to diverse pathogens can guide development of reliable molecular markers, which, combined with advanced backcross populations, can accelerate the production...
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Citations
... India has made significant strides by leveraging marker-assisted selection (MAS) to introgress multiple disease resistance genes into popular high-yielding varieties [52,53]. In Bangladesh, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has collaborated with local institutions to release several disease-resistant rice varieties, such as BRRI dhan varieties, tailored to the specific biotic stresses in the region [54]. Similarly, research in the Philippines has led to the development of high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties through both conventional breeding and biotechnological approaches, including gene editing techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 [55]. ...
... Broad-spectrum resistance is a general term that involves different kinds of resistance to plant pathogens, including specific resistances via the accumulation of QTLs in adult plants, and non-specific or non-host resistance that confers resistance to several diseases [1][2][3][4][5]. In the case of barley powdery mildew, due to its remarkable ability to quickly overcome plant immunity [6], the durability of resistance based on non-specificity is a key requirement. ...
Mlo is a well-known broad-spectrum recessively inherited monogenic durable resistance to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria hordei found first in barley, originally in an induced mutant in 1942 and later in other mutants and also in Ethiopian landraces. The first commercial varieties possessing Mlo resistance were released during 1979–1986, but these often showed symptoms of necrotic leaf spotting associated with reduced grain yield. However, this yield penalty was successfully reduced by breeding Mlo-resistant varieties of spring barley predominate in Europe; for example, in the Czech Republic, their ratio surpassed 90% of the total number of newly released varieties. However, outside Europe, Mlo-varieties are not yet popular and can be exploited more widely. Winter barley varieties are generally non-resistant, but the use of Mlo for their breeding is controversial despite the limited adaptability of the pathogen to this resistance. The renewal of mechanically disturbed epidermal plant cell walls, including the penetration of mildews, is common in plants, and the Mlo-type resistance is exploited in many other crop species, including wheat.
... In effectoromics, we have naturally seen a bias towards plant pathogenic effectors since these organisms are formidable threats to food security. R-gene pyramiding and S-gene manipulation through gene editing are among the prevalent effectorassisted disease control strategies [221][222][223][224]. Comparative studies are necessary to ascertain whether promoting effector-triggered defense or hindering effector-triggered susceptibility is more durable in plant protection; the suitability of each approach must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. ...
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that alter host cell structure and function, thereby facilitating infection or triggering a defense response. Effectoromics studies have focused on effectors in plant–pathogen interactions, where their contributions to virulence are determined in the plant host, i.e., whether the effector induces resistance or susceptibility to plant disease. Effector molecules from plant pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, oomycetes and bacteria are major disease determinants. Interestingly, the effectors of non-pathogenic plant organisms such as endophytes display similar functions but have different outcomes for plant health. Endophyte effectors commonly aid in the establishment of mutualistic interactions with the plant and contribute to plant health through the induction of systemic resistance against pathogens, while pathogenic effectors mainly debilitate the plant’s immune response, resulting in the establishment of disease. Effectors of plant pathogens as well as plant endophytes are tools to be considered in effectoromics for the development of novel strategies for disease management. This review aims to present effectors in their roles as promotors of health or disease for the plant host.
Background
Asian rice Oryza sativa, first domesticated in East Asia, has considerable success in African fields. When and where this introduction occurred is unclear. Rice varieties of Asian origin may have evolved locally during and after migration to Africa, resulting in unique adaptations, particularly in relation to upland cultivation as frequently practiced in Africa.
Methods
We investigated the genetic differentiation between Asian and African varieties using the 3000 Rice Genomes SNP dataset. African upland cultivars were first characterized using principal component analysis among 292 tropical Japonica accessions from Africa and Asia. The particularities of African accessions were then explored using two inference techniques, PCA-KDE for supervised classification and chromosome painting, and ELAI for individual allelic dosage monitoring.
Key Results
Ambiguities of local differentiation between Japonica and other groups pointed at genomic segments that potentially resulted from genetic exchange. Those specific to West African upland accessions were concentrated on chromosome 6 and featured several cAus introgression signals, including a large one between 17.9 and 21.7 Mb. We found iHS statistics in support of positive selection in this region and we provide a list of candidate genes enriched in GO terms that have regulatory functions involved in stress responses that could have facilitated adaptation to harsh upland growing conditions.
Background
Asian rice Oryza sativa, first domesticated in China, is having considerable success in African fields. While the timing and location of this introduction remain unclear, rice of Asian origin may have evolved specifically during and after migration to Africa, resulting in unique adaptations, particularly in relation to upland cultivation as frequently practiced in Africa.
Methods
We investigated the genetic differentiation between Asian and African varieties using the 3000 Rice Genomes SNP dataset. African upland cultivars were first characterized using principal component analysis among 292 tropical Japonica accessions of both origins, revealing higher similarity with accessions from Indonesia and Madagascar. Peculiarities of African accessions were then explored using two inference techniques, PCA-KDE for supervised classification and chromosome painting, and ELAI for individual allelic dosage monitoring.
Key results
Ambiguities of local differentiation between Japonica and other groups pointed at genomic segments that potentially resulted from genetic exchange. Those specific to West African upland accessions were concentrated on chromosome 6 and featured several cAus introgression signals, including a large one between 17.9 and 21.7 Mb. We found iHS statistics in support of positive selection in this region and we provide a list of candidate genes enriched in GO terms for this adaptation to harsh upland cultivation conditions.
Climate change is a defining challenge of the 21st century, and this decade is a critical time for action to mitigate the worst effects on human populations and ecosystems. Plant science can play an important role in developing crops with enhanced resilience to harsh conditions (e.g., heat, drought, salt stress, flooding, disease outbreaks) and engineering efficient carbon-capturing and carbon-sequestering plants. Here, we present examples of research being conducted in these areas and discuss challenges and open questions as a call to action for the plant science community.
Rice production needs to be sustained in the coming decades, as the changeable climatic conditions are becoming more conducive to disease outbreaks. The majority of rice diseases cause enormous economic damage and yield instability. Among them, rice blast caused by Magnaportheoryzae is a serious fungal disease and is considered one of the major threats to world rice production. This pathogen can infect the above-ground tissues of rice plants at any growth stage and causes complete crop failure under favorable conditions. Therefore, management of blast disease is essentially required to sustain global food production. When looking at the drawback of chemical management strategy, the development of durable, resistant varieties is one of the most sustainable, economic, and environment-friendly approaches to counter the outbreaks of rice blasts. Interestingly, several blast-resistant rice cultivars have been developed with the help of breeding and biotechnological methods. In addition, 146 R genes have been identified, and 37 among them have been molecularly characterized to date. Further, more than 500 loci have been identified for blast resistance which enhances the resources for developing blast resistance through marker-assisted selection (MAS), marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB), and genome editing tools. Apart from these, a better understanding of rice blast pathogens, the infection process of the pathogen, and the genetics of the immune response of the host plant are very important for the effective management of the blast disease. Further, high throughput phenotyping and disease screening protocols have played significant roles in easy comprehension of the mechanism of disease spread. The present review critically emphasizes the pathogenesis, pathogenomics, screening techniques, traditional and molecular breeding approaches, and transgenic and genome editing tools to develop a broad spectrum and durable resistance against blast disease in rice. The updated and comprehensive information presented in this review would be definitely helpful for the researchers, breeders, and students in the planning and execution of a resistance breeding program in rice against this pathogen.
