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Nectar sugar composition of sour cherry cultivars on the basis of sucrose content at Újfehértó, 2000
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The sugar composition of floral nectar was studied in 17 sour cherry cultivars in Újfehértó in 1997-2000. All samples contained the three most frequent sugar components: glucose, fructose and sucrose, similarly to our previous data. The ranking of the floral nectar in sour cherry cultivars based on sucrose content was the following: 'Újfehé rtói fü...
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Citations
... Plants have an optimum temperature at which they secrete nectar, which is strongly conditioned by temperature (Jakobsen and Kritjánsson 1994;Bukovics et al. 2003). Temperature can affect the amount of sucrose (Villarreal and Freeman 1990), volume (Keasar et al. 2008), and glucose concentration, which can be lower in the morning than in the afternoon, linked to daily temperature fluctuations (Corbet and Willmer 1981). ...
This review article aims to compile updated information on the drivers of variability in floral nectar (FN), focusing mainly on concentration, volume, and metabolites. The study also seeks to organize and consolidate existing data on physicochemical variables while proposing new directions for future research. The primary conclusion of this study is that FN is not an ideally static fluid in terms of its physicochemical composition. Instead, it exhibits substantial plasticity and diversity while maintaining some regularities throughout its pre- and post-secretory processes. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of FN—incorporating its molecular, physiological, environmental, genetic, and ecological attributes—is imperative for a holistic understanding of its drivers. Furthermore, the study determines that the phenomenon of FN variation is significantly more intricate than initially perceived. Despite considerable progress, new drivers and mechanisms of variability continue to emerge, signifying a massive knowledge gap in our pursuit of a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon and its extensive implications for pollinators.
... The qualitative analysis of sugars showed that the flowers of R. idaeus 'Glen Ample' and 'Polana' secreted hexose-dominated nectar. In other studies, this type of nectar was detected in the flowers of R. idaeus 'Autumn Bliss' and 'Malling Exploit' [24], R. caesius 'Fertődi Venus' [128], R. chamaemorus [40], Cearasus vulgaris [129], Prunus armeniaca, and P. persica [130][131][132][133], P. laurocerasus 'Schipkaensis' and 'Zabeliana' [56], and Fragaria sp. [43]. ...
The increasing commercial production of R. idaeus offers insects nectar and pollen rewards, thus increasing the chance of cross-pollination, which enhances fruit yields. The knowledge of nectar characteristics may help farmers/beekeepers to improve the quality of their products. Therefore, we determined and compared nectar weight, sugar concentration and weight, and the qualitative and quantitative composition of sugars and amino acids in the nectar of six raspberry cultivars: three biennial and three repeated fruiting cultivars. The nectary abundance in these cultivars ranged between 20.2 ± 3.84 mg (‘Polka’) and 26.4 ± 7.3 mg (‘Glen Ample’) of nectar per flower with a sugar concentration of 34.6 ± 5.61–47.3 ± 9.33%. The contents of glucose and fructose (g/100 g) were in the range from 42.96 ± 0.71 (‘Glen Ample’) to 46.94 ± 0.55 (‘Laszka’) and from 50.7 ± 1.43 (‘Polka’) to 54.2 ± 0.72 (‘Radziejowa’). Sucrose was detected only in ‘Glen Ample’ (5.6 ± 1.12 g/100 g) and ‘Polka’ (6.2 ± 0.95 g/100 g). Taking into account the increasing sugar weight in the nectar, the cultivars were ranked as follows: ‘Polka’ < ‘Polana’ < ‘Radziejowa’ < ‘Pokusa’ < ‘Laszka’ < ‘Glen Ample’. The nectar of the analyzed raspberry cultivars was classified as a hexose-dominant type. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and proline were the most dominant endogenous amino acids, whereas exogenous acids were dominated by lysine and leucine. The present results provide valuable information about the nutritious value of R. idaeus nectar for pollinators.
... mg/flower/day, while cultivated varieties produce more but rather dilute nectar [45]. Among sour cherry cultivars, "Meteor korai" and "Debreceni bötermö" are one of the best nectar producers giving 10.27 μl and 7.21 μl of nectar respectively; with 13.96% and 16.6% of sugar, respectively [46]. ...
... If a successful fertilization should be achieved even at self-incompatible cherry and sour cherry cultivars, all details of their pollination biology should be known, including the sugar and polyphenolic composition of nectar, as ones of the primary attractants [46,48]. ...
... As for the sweet cherry, no available data could be found. Therefore, presented results on cherry nectar included in this chapter rely on just a few published papers [46,64] where nectar sugar profiles of sour cherry cultivars were reported. Most of the data on phenolics were drawn from the study carried out on "Oblačinska" sour cherry clones [64]. ...
Cherries (Prunus avium L. and Prunus cerasus L.) are economically important
fruit species in the temperate region. Both are entomophilous fruit species, thus
need pollinators to give high yields. Since cherry’s flower is easy-to-reach, bees
and other pollinators can smoothly collect nectar as a reward for doing transfer of
pollen to receptive stigma. Nectar in cherry is usually attractive for insects, especially to honey bee (Apis melifera) who is the most common pollinator.
Nectar is predominantly an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and free amino
acids among which sugars are the most dominant. Trace amounts of lipids,
organic acids, iridoid glycosides, minerals, vitamins, alkaloids, plant hormones,
non-protein amino, terpenoids, glucosinolates, and cardenolides can be found in
nectar too. Cherry flower may secrete nectar for 2–4 days and, depending on the
cultivar, produces up to 10 mg nectar with sugar concentration from 28% to 55%.
Detailed chemical analysis of cherry nectar described in this chapter is focused on
sugar and phenolic profile in sour cherry. The most abounded sugars in cherry
nectar was fructose, glucose, and sucrose, while arabinose, rhamnose, maltose,
isomaltose, trehalose, gentiobiose, turanose, panose, melezitose, maltotriose,
isomaltotriose, as well as the sugar alcohols glycerol, erythritol, arabitol,
galactitol, and mannitol are present as minor constituents. Regarding polyphenolics,
rutin was the most abundant phenolic compound followed by naringenin and
chrysin. Cherry cultivars showed different chemical composition of nectar which
implies that its content is cultivar dependent.
... The nectar of P. armeniaca and P. persica represents a group with dominance of hexoses, the nectar of P. domestica was rich in hexoses and sucrose dominated in the nectar of P. cerasus and P. avium (Chwil 2013). The proportion and concentration of sugar components in nectar are the bases of bees' nectar preferences (Bukovics et al. 2003). The variable quantity and quality of nectar in different species of Prunus were associated with the individual and structural traits of a taxon, as well as with cyclic nectar secretion (Gupta et al. 1990;Bordács et al. 1995;Orosz-Kovács et al. 2000;Horváth and Orosz-Kovács 2004). ...
There is very scanty information concerning the floral nectary structure and nectar secretion in Prunus laurocerasus L. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the micromorphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of nectaries; the abundance of nectar production; and the quantitative and qualitative composition of sugars contained in the nectar of two P. laurocerasus cultivars: ‘Schipkaensis’ and ‘Zabeliana’. The nectary structure was studied using light, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The nectar sugars were analysed with HPLC. The ‘Schipkaensis’ had longer inflorescences with a larger number of flowers and a longer perianth than ‘Zabeliana’. The micromorphological structure of the nectaries in ‘Schipkaensis’ exhibited denser (approx. 39%) and larger (approx. 50%) stomata and thicker (approx. 13%) cuticular striae forming wider bands (approx. 26%) than in ‘Zabeliana’. The results provide new data on the micromorphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of these floral nectaries. Nectary cuticle ornamentation as well as the size, type and density of stomata and stomatal complex topography can have a diagnostic value in Prunus. The nectar sugar weight indicates a significant apicultural value of the cherry laurel, especially in the case of ‘Schipkaensis’. Cherry laurel is an entomophilous species recommended for cultivation in nectariferous zones and insect pollinator refuges; however, climatic conditions eliminating the invasiveness of these plants should be considered.
... mg/flower/day, while cultivated varieties produce more but rather dilute nectar [45]. Among sour cherry cultivars, "Meteor korai" and "Debreceni bötermö" are one of the best nectar producers giving 10.27 μl and 7.21 μl of nectar respectively; with 13.96% and 16.6% of sugar, respectively [46]. ...
... If a successful fertilization should be achieved even at self-incompatible cherry and sour cherry cultivars, all details of their pollination biology should be known, including the sugar and polyphenolic composition of nectar, as ones of the primary attractants [46,48]. ...
... As for the sweet cherry, no available data could be found. Therefore, presented results on cherry nectar included in this chapter rely on just a few published papers [46,64] where nectar sugar profiles of sour cherry cultivars were reported. Most of the data on phenolics were drawn from the study carried out on "Oblačinska" sour cherry clones [64]. ...
Cherries (Prunus avium L. and Prunus cerasus L.) are economically important fruit species in the temperate region. Both are entomophilous fruit species, thus need pollinators to give high yields. Since cherry’s flower is easy-to-reach, bees and other pollinators can smoothly collect nectar as a reward for doing transfer of pollen to receptive stigma. Nectar in cherry is usually attractive for insects, especially to honey bee (Apis melifera) who is the most common pollinator. Nectar is predominantly an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and free amino acids among which sugars are the most dominant. Trace amounts of lipids, organic acids, iridoid glycosides, minerals, vitamins, alkaloids, plant hormones, non-protein amino, terpenoids, glucosinolates, and cardenolides can be found in nectar too. Cherry flower may secrete nectar for 2–4 days and, depending on the cultivar, produces up to 10 mg nectar with sugar concentration from 28% to 55%. Detailed chemical analysis of cherry nectar described in this chapter is focused on sugar and phenolic profile in sour cherry. The most abounded sugars in cherry nectar was fructose, glucose, and sucrose, while arabinose, rhamnose, maltose, isomaltose, trehalose, gentiobiose, turanose, panose, melezitose, maltotriose, isomaltotriose, as well as the sugar alcohols glycerol, erythritol, arabitol, galactitol, and mannitol are present as minor constituents. Regarding polyphenolics, rutin was the most abundant phenolic compound followed by naringenin and chrysin. Cherry cultivars showed different chemical composition of nectar which implies that its content is cultivar dependent.
... [24] As a constituent element of nectar, phenolics are consumed by pollinators and thus may appear in honey. [25] So far, just some sugar analysis of sour cherry nectar has been done, [9] [26] but none of them included 'Oblačinska' sour cherry clones. For that reason the aim of this study was to investigate the sugar and polyphenolic profile in nectar obtained from 16 'Oblačinska' sour cherry clones that are differ in yields. ...
... Although intraspecific sugar nectar composition tends to be relatively constant and independent of environmental parameters, [10] we found that according to the sugar ratio [sucrose/(fructose + glucose)], [11] one 'Oblačinska' sour cherry clone (XIV/3) was hexose dominant [S/(G+F) < 0.1], four clones (II/2, II/10, IV/8 and XIII/1) were hexose rich [S/(G+F) = 0.1 -0.49], while other 11 were sucrose rich [S/(G+F) = 0.5 -0.99]. This is in accordance with the results of Bukovics et al [26] who studied S/(G+F) ratio in nectar of 17 sour cherry cultivars and determined that the majority of examined cultivars were sucrose-rich. ...
... Finally, PCA score plot detected two nectar samples (IX/1 and III/14) with distinctive profiles lying close to the Hotteling T 2 ellipse. Sample III/14 was characterised with somewhat higher content of gallic acid, pinobanksin, hesperetin, chrysin, pinocembrin, and galangin (18,24,25,26,27, and 28, respectively) when compared to other samples, while the sample IX/1 with unique sugar profile was found to be richer in minor sugars isomaltose, gentiobiose, isomaltotriose, maltose, and panose (S12, S15, S17, S18, and S19, respectively) and glycerol (S1) when compared to all other nectars. Also this sample was the only one that was lacking in chrysin. ...
'Oblačinska' sour cherry, an autochthonous cultivar, is the most planted cultivar in Serbian orchards. Since fruit trees in temperate zone reward insects by producing nectar which ‘quality’ affects the efficiency of insect pollination, the aim of this study was analyzing of sugars and polyphenolics in floral nectar of 16 'Oblačinska' sour cherry clones with different yielding potential. The contents of sugars and sugar alcohols were analyzed by ion chromatography, while polyphenolic profile was established using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry technique (LC/MS). 14 sugars and 6 sugar alcohols were detected in nectar samples and the most abundant were fructose, glucose, and sucrose. 11 polyphenols were quantified using available standards, while another 17 were identified according to their exact masses and characteristic fragmentations. Among quantified polyphenols, rutin, naringenin, and chrysin were the most abundant in nectar. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that some polyphenol components (naringin, naringenin, and rutin) together with sugars had high impact of spatial distribution of nectar samples on score plot.
... The secretory product of autofertile cultivars contained only hexoses, whereas the autosterile ones could be characterised with more concentrated nectar, containing little or no sucrose, either (Majer-Bordács et al. 1993). Bukovics et al. (2003) studied the sugar composition of floral nectar in 17 sour cherry cultivars in Újfehértó in 1997-2000. They claimed that all samples contained the three most frequent sugar components: glucose, fructose and sucrose. ...
The knowledge of nectar composition in entomogamous fruits, including sour cherry cultivars, is of high importance, since pollinator insects have their own taste-preference, which can influence pollination, and hence fruit yield. The floral secretory product of several sour cherry cultivars was studied from 1997 to 2000, in order to determine the floral insect attraction of the cultivars. Here the nectar composition of two major cultivars, an autofertile ('Újfehértói fürtös') and an autosterile one ('Pándy 48'), will be presented. Samples were collected at the Research and Extension Centre for Fruitgrowing, Újfehértó, Hun-gary. Nectar was drained from the flowers with a microcapillary, following a 24-hour isolation. Sugar components of the floral secretory product were determined by thin layer chromatography, quantitative analysis was carried out by densitometry. When evaluating the results, air temperatures and precipitation data during sample taking were also taken into consideration. The nectar of both studied cultivars contains all three major sugar components: sucrose, glucose and fructose. In most seasons the total sugar concentration reached the apicultural threshold value (100 mg/ml). On the basis of the sucrose/(glu-cose+fructose) quotient the nectar of 'Újfehértói fürtös' belonged to the sucrose-rich group each year, like the majority of sour cherry cultivars, whereas the secretory product of 'Pándy 48' could be classified into the sucrose-dominant category in one of the seasons. The nectar sugar composition of 'Újfehértói fürtös' varied to a great extent according to the seasons , while the sugar components in the nectar of 'Pándy 48' were rather stable in the four seasons of study, their amounts changing to a small extent, effected by microclimatic factors .
