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![Natural piezoelectric materials that produce electricity under pressure and vice versa; reproduced from [77].](profile/Noor-Azuan-Abu-Osman/publication/258052187/figure/fig4/AS:297464780345349@1447932538689/Natural-piezoelectric-materials-that-produce-electricity-under-pressure-and-vice-versa.png)
Natural piezoelectric materials that produce electricity under pressure and vice versa; reproduced from [77].
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![Figure 2. ( a ) Structure of piezoelectric material [63] and ( b )...](profile/Noor-Azuan-Abu-Osman/publication/258052187/figure/fig2/AS:297464780345347@1447932538476/a-Structure-of-piezoelectric-material-63-and-b-Structure-of-PZT-under-an_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 3. Phase diagram for PZT, with relevant regions labeled [70].](profile/Noor-Azuan-Abu-Osman/publication/258052187/figure/fig3/AS:297464780345348@1447932538559/Phase-diagram-for-PZT-with-relevant-regions-labeled-70_Q320.jpg)
The development of biosensors has seen recent growth owing to their wide range of potential applications from the defending of bioterrorism to the detection of various diseases. Recent investigations in highly sensitive nanomaterials containing nanotechnology suggest the possibility of its advanced applications as biosensors in different biomedical...
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... lead-free ferroelectric compound such as BiFeO 3 shows potential properties for piezoelectric devices because of its spontaneous polarization as high as 100μC/cm 2 and high Curie temperature (T C =850 ̊C i.e., at which spontaneous polarization is lost on heating) [72]. BiFeO 3 is a rhombohedral perovskite with space group R3c [73]. It has shown many advantages in biosensor device applications [74] . Thinfilms of BiFeO 3 are reported to have lower permittivities than Pb-based ferroelectric materials [75, 76]. Other lead-free piezoelectric ceramics materials such as BaTiO 3 (BT), KNbO (KN), etc also show a large piezoelectricity and high T . Several natural materials such tendon, bone, dentine enamel, DNA, baleen whale, sugar cane, quartz crystal, topaz, rochelle salt and so on have shown piezoelectric properties [77]. Some of these materials are shown in Figure 4. Since synthetic materials have shown better smart properties as sensors and actuators, several synthesis methods have been developed for piezoelectric crystals. The commonly used synthesis techniques of piezoelectric materials are illustrated in Table ...
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A novel small-load fatigue testing device whose actuation resource is the piezoelectric material is proposed. The procedure of energy conversion and motion transfer is analyzed in detail. In the experiment by which the characteristic of the fatigue testing device is tested, the testing device works at resonance and the amplitude of the output could...
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... SEM (AURIGA, Carl Zeiss) was used for morphological study of thin film. Archimedes' principle [16,17] was used to obtain density, open porosity and water absorption for Armalcolite and its PDMS based composite film. Sessile contact angle meter (OCA15E, Data Physics Instruments GmbH, Filderstadt, Germany) was used for measuring water contact angle. ...
Armalcolite, a pioneering material which is commonly available on the moon surface, was synthesized first time in the laboratory environment using innovative solid-state-step sintering process. Afterwards, Armalcolite/Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite was prepared using ball milling technique and then spin coated on interdigitated customized gold (Au) electrode on a polyimide substrate in order to develop a high sensitive and fast-response flexible humidity sensor. To evaluate the performance of developed flexible humidity sensor, the electrical characterization was performed at room temperature of 25 °C in a humidity environment of 33–95% RH using alternating current. The developed sensor exhibits an exceptional performance in terms of high sensitivity, good linearity, negligible hysteresis (<1%), better response and recovery time of 10 s and 15 s respectively, which is outstanding when compared with existing ones within the same category. The long-term stability of flexible sensor was confirmed upon when it was put into test for 30 consecutive days. Due to its grater flexibility, low hysteresis, high stability and the fast response/recovery time, it is intended to use for various application in modern industry, agriculture, and medical care where humidity plays a crucial role.
... Piezoelectricity is the property of some materials to generate an electric field under mechanical deformation (direct piezoelectric effect) and to deform under the action of an electric field (reverse piezoelectric effect). Some examples of piezoelectric materials are crystals (e.g., SiO 2 , LiNbO 3 and lead zirconate titanate (PZT)), polymers (e.g., polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)), semiconductors (e.g., ZnO and GaN), and biological molecules (e.g., DNA) [100,101]. In biosensing, quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) exploit the change in the resonant frequency of quartz crystals upon a variation of the electrode mass due to the interaction with biomolecules. ...
Wound assessment is usually performed in hospitals or specialized labs. However, since patients spend most of their time at home, a remote real time wound monitoring would help providing a better care and improving the healing rate. This review describes the advances in sensors and biosensors for monitoring the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), temperature and pH in wounds. These three parameters can be used as qualitative biomarkers to assess the wound status and the effectiveness of therapy. CRP biosensors can be classified in: (a) field effect transistors, (b) optical immunosensors based on surface plasmon resonance, total internal reflection, fluorescence and chemiluminescence, (c) electrochemical sensors based on potentiometry, amperometry, and electrochemical impedance, and (d) piezoresistive sensors, such as quartz crystal microbalances and microcantilevers. The last section reports the most recent developments for wearable non-invasive temperature and pH sensors suitable for wound monitoring.
... Necessity for the development of sensitive electrochemical sensors and biosensors made considerable advancements in the field of materials science and in electrocatalysis [1]. Various kinds of novel materials are designed which can act as efficient electrochemical sensing interfaces and exhibit enhanced sensitivity, selectivity and stability [2]. ...
A voltammetric sensor for both the individual and the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) and folic acid (FA) is described. It is based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) that was modified with bentonite (Bnt) that was first functionalized with cysteine (Cys) to which gold nanoparticles were linked. The resulting material (referred to as Au-Cys-Bnt) and the other materials were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray analysis and electrochemical methods. The XRD peak positions of bentonite and Cys-functionalized bentonite prove the incorporation of Cys into bentonite. The XPS spectrum of Au-Cys-Bnt confirms the interaction of gold nanoparticles with the thiol group of Cys. The modified GCE displays high electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of AA, UA and FA, typically at 0.19, 0.41, and 0.73 V (vs. SCE), respectively. Differential pulse voltammetric data show a linear response that covers the 1 μM to 25 mM concentration range for AA, the 1 to 200 μM concentration range for UA, and two linear ranges for FA, one from 5 to 100 μM and one from 100 μM to 1.5 mM. The sensor was applied to the determination of AA, UA and FA in (spiked) multi-vitamin syrup, bird serum and milk samples.
Graphical abstractSchematic of a sensor for simultaneous and individual electrochemical determination of ascorbic, uric, and folic acids in real samples. The sensor consists of a glassy carbon electrode that was modified with a nanocomposite prepared from bentonite that was first functionalized with cysteine to which gold nanoparticles were linked.
... A piezoelectric sensor consists of a piezoelectric material (usually a crystal), which undergoes mechanical deformation and displacement of electrical charge when pressure is applied to its surface, or vice versa when pressure is reduced [208]. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is the most popular piezoelectric detector and works based on sending an electrical signal through a goldplated quartz crystal with a biorecognition element on its surface. ...
The aim of this review is to cover advances in noble metal nanoparticle (MNP)-based biosensors and to outline the principles and main functions of MNPs in different classes of biosensors according to the transduction methods employed. The important biorecognition elements are enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, DNA sequences, and whole cells. The main readouts are electrochemical (amperometric and voltametric), optical (surface plasmon resonance, colorimetric, chemiluminescence, photoelectrochemical, etc.) and piezoelectric. MNPs have received attention for applications in biosensing due to their fascinating properties. These properties include a large surface area that enhances biorecognizers and receptor immobilization, good ability for reaction catalysis and electron transfer, and good biocompatibility. MNPs can be used alone and in combination with other classes of nanostructures. MNP-based sensors can lead to significant signal amplification, higher sensitivity, and great improvements in the detection and quantification of biomolecules and different ions. Some recent examples of biomolecular sensors using MNPs are given, and the effects of structure, shape, and other physical properties of noble MNPs and nanohybrids in biosensor performance are discussed.
... The titanates are the most important group for many advanced piezoelectric ceramics. They are basically perovskite M 2+ TiO 3 in structure, and face-centered cubic (FCC) (if M = Ca, Ba, and Sr) or trigonal (if M = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Mg), depending on chemical composition [11,12]. Lead (Pb) free perovskite materials have been investigated to be used in many energy storage applications [13,14]. ...
Armalcolite, a rare ceramic mineral and normally found in the lunar earth, was synthesized by solid-state step-sintering. The in situ phase-changed novel ceramic nanocrystals of Ca-Mg-Ti-Fe based oxide (CMTFOx), their chemical reactions and bonding with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were determined by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and microscopy. Water absorption of all the CMTFOx was high. The lower dielectric loss tangent value (0.155 at 1 MHz) was obtained for the ceramic sintered at 1050 °C (S1050) and it became lowest for the S1050/PDMS nanocomposite (0.002 at 1 MHz) film, which was made by spin coating at 3000 rpm. The excellent flexibility (static modulus ≈ 0.27 MPa and elongation > 90%), viscoelastic property (tanδ = E″/E': 0.225) and glass transition temperature (Tg: -58.5 °C) were obtained for S1050/PDMS film. Parallel-plate capacitive and flexible resistive humidity sensors have been developed successfully. The best sensing performance of the present S1050 (3000%) and its flexible S1050/PDMS composite film (306%) based humidity sensors was found to be at 100 Hz, better than conventional materials.
... Light output during the reaction or a light absorbance difference between the reactants and products (optical biosensors) (Dey & Goswami, 2011). Effects due to the mass of the reactants or products (piezo-electric biosensors) (Pramanik, Pingguan-Murphy, & Abu Osman, 2013).When observing the evolution of the biosensor, it could be seen that there are three distinct generations: the first generation biosensors where the normal product of the reaction diffuses into the transducer and causes the electrical response, second generation biosensors which involve specific 'mediators' between the reaction and the transducer in order to generate improved response, and third generation biosensors where the reaction itself causes the response and no product or mediator diffusion is directly involved. The electrical signal from the transducer is often low and superimposed upon a relatively high and noisy (i.e. containing a high frequency signal component of an apparently random nature, due to electrical interference or generated within the electronic components of the transducer) baseline. ...
... That is why the designed devices must be capable of distinguishing small changes in these magnitudes. Technology has provided different approaches when detecting biological variables depending on the sensing phenomena, as electronic sensors [4], piezoelectric sensors [5] or optical sensors , among others. Regarding optical sensors, which are the main focus of this contribution, there are also different ways to design biological detectors678, although resonance phenomena-based detectors are probably more used because of their versatility and robustness. ...
... Using a combination of metal nanoparticles with polymers, it is possible to obtain exactly the right combination of electronic and optical properties which can be useful in solving problems such as a lack of sensitivity, accuracy, calibration, background signal, hysteresis, long-term stability, dynamic response, and biocompatibility [3]. Past researches have confirmed that novel nanomaterials with a high specific surface area (or surface-to-volume ratio) or high aspect to ratio (i.e., length-to diameter ratio) can lead to a significant improvements in sensitivity and fast response time, exhibited by higher electron transport phenomena [4]. Application of nanotubes and nanofibers is one novel method for amplifying the sensing signal in immunosensors for medical purposes [5], acoustic and optical sensors used in detection of various solvents [6], novel optical pressure sensors in tactile robotic systems [7], imaging systems [8], etc. ...
This paper covers research on novel thin films with periodical microstructure-optical elements, exhibiting a combination of piezoelectric and surface plasmon resonance effects. The research results showed that incorporation of Ag nanoparticles in novel piezoelectric-plasmonic elements shift a dominating peak in the visible light spectrum. This optical window is essential in the design of optical elements for sensing systems. Novel optical elements can be tunable under defined bias and change its main grating parameters (depth and width) influencing the response of diffraction efficiencies. These elements allow opening new avenues in the design of more sensitive and multifunctional microdevices.
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have been extensively used for wastewater treatment. These processes use reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide for the degradation of pollutants (organic, inorganic and pathogenic bacteria). However, in most cases they use external electric power (high energy consumption) derived from the burning of fossil fuels. The electric power derived from fossil fuels has detrimental effects such as emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Therefore, in order to self‐sustain these EAOPs, it is important to power these using renewable sources. In this chapter, we highlight the use of piezoelectric materials to power EAOPs especially for bacterial and organic dye degradation. These piezoelectric materials tend to produce electric energy under the influence of applied pressure; however, they are known to be poor electrocatalysts. Their limitations and possible future perspectives will also be discussed.
Sensors transform the physical quantity in the form of electrical or optical signals to detect the physical and chemical characteristics of materials. Sensing technology has gained tremendous interest in developing new methods and techniques for improving novel materials for their applications in bio-sensing and bioelectrochemical fuel cells. This chapter aims to summarize the different characteristic parameters which govern the performance of biosensors. Moreover, evolution in the development of advanced biosensors and the materials applied to biosensors have been systematically summarized and discussed in detail. An effort is also made to discuss the classification of various biosensors based on type of transducers and bioreceptors along with their applications.
