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Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites are desirable structural materials due to their biodegradability. Moreover, natural fiber sources are abundant and the production of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites is moderately energy-consuming, leaving almost no carbon footprint behind. Among natural fibers, bamboo has attracted much intere...
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Research into the use of eco-friendly materials, such as natural fibers, in brake pads has gained momentum in the last few decades. This can be attributed to the potential of natural fibers to replace traditional materials in tribological applications such as braking pads. The harmful impact of the commonly-used brake pad materials, such as metal a...
Citations
... Similarly, larger reinforcing elements face agglomeration issues, resulting in a lower quality and rougher composite surface. Both extremes require optimization for WPC formulations, considering the availability and engineering constraints [43]. Other useful sources of construction and demolition waste [44] [45] and by-products of industrial processes, such as sawdust waste, carton-cutting waste [46], and veneers were recently investigated to improve the impact properties. ...
... This process alters the water content, chemistry, cellulose crystallinity, and degree of polymerization, which enhances the wettability and adhesion with the polymer matrix if properly optimized. Moreover, grafting nanoparticles such as nano clay and nanocarbon tubes can make fiber surfaces rougher, promoting chemical reactivity and improving interfacial compatibility through reactions between the grafted nanoparticles and the matrix, including the inclusion of intrinsic functional nanoparticles with good chemical reactivity [43]. Nanosized reinforcements, such as nanocellulose, have the potential to markedly increase stiffness and strength at low concentrations. ...
Increasing global concerns regarding environmental sustainability and the responsible use of natural resources have led to global efforts to develop eco-friendly materials. These are driven by the desire to establish a circular and carbon-neutral economy and to reduce the environmental impact of non-renewable resources, particularly synthetic polymeric materials derived from finite petroleum fossil fuels. The adverse effects of the excessive use and waste accumulation of such materials have prompted the search for alternative routes for polymer production , emphasizing lower energy consumption and reduced emissions of pollutants such as greenhouse gases. Similarly , the growing population and negative environmental effects of conventional building materials demand more environmentally friendly building materials from sustainable untapped resources. Wood polymer composites (WPCs), which combine synthetic thermoplastic polymers as a matrix and lignocellulosic fibers as a dispersed phase, have been developed as alternative materials. This critical review provides a comprehensive overview of current WPC formulations, comparative advantages, and critical properties based on the matrix and filler compositions. Progress in various applications, interface functionalization, and modification of both hy-drophilic lignocellulosic fibers and hydrophobic polymer matrices including WPC interphase characterization were considered. This review also investigates the recent developments and benchmarks in WPC formulations achieved through natural reinforcement and the use of recycled plastics as secondary resources. The effects of the polymeric matrix (from non-polar to polar) and reinforcement (from nano to micro) on mechanical performance were comprehensively reviewed to better understand the research trends, challenges, and unsolved problems of WPCs as promising a sustainable transition to green building materials.
... At present, bamboo fiber has great potential in terms of promoting sustainability and environmental protection; the development of sustainable high-performance bamboo fiber can greatly reduce plastic pollution , and bamboo fiber applications in the field of renewable resources have been extensively researched (Mousavi et al. 2022). ...
This study extracted Bambusa blumeana fiber using alkaline boiling and then applied double-roll pressing in order to develop it, explore the applications of its various parts, and improve its utilization potential. The results showed that the outer bamboo fibers are finer and straighter than the inner and middle fibers, and the fracture mode of the bamboo fibers is brittle. From the inside to the outside, the tensile strength of the fiber bundle gradually increases from the top to the bottom. Moreover, the tensile strength of the outside bamboo fiber is twice that of the inside, reaching a maximum of 982 MPa. The surface of the interior bamboo fiber is relatively smooth and can be used in textile and decorative fields. Compared with internal and central bamboo fiber, the outer fiber has higher thermal stability and higher crystallinity, which makes it more advantageous in the process of strengthening composite materials. Studying the structures of fibers from different parts of Bambusa blumeana can provide substantial scientific support for the differential applications of bamboo fibers.
... Among the advantages of using the renewable natural fibers in biocompoites in comparison with those of the non-natural fibers could be accounted as high health safety, lower density, lower production cost, less abrasion damage to equipments and lower environmental impact. [29][30][31] Matsuzaki et al. 32 studied the tensile properties of the PLA/Jute CFRC fabricated by FDM. They reported that the tensile modulus and strength increased by 157% and 134% in comparison with those of the PLA samples, respectively. ...
This work aimed to check the influence of solution impregnated (SIP) jute yarn on printability and mechanical properties of 3D printed continuous jute yarn reinforced biocomposites. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was employed as the matrix and the biocomposites were fabricated by in‐nozzle melt impregnation fused deposition modeling (FDM). The thermoplasic polyurethane (TPU), polystyrene (PS) and ABS solutions with the concentration of 2 and 10 wt% were prepared for making the SIP jute yarn. The best tensile strength and pull‐out results were obtained for the single strand composed of ABS and jute in which the yarn was impregnated with the solution containing 2 wt% TPU (TPU2%) before processing. The three printing parameters of layer height, print speed and nozzle diameter were changed to compare the process window of the composite specimens fabricated using the solution unimpregnated (SUIP) and SIP jute yarn with TPU2%. The results indicated that the print speed could be higher for the SIP one than that of its counterpart. The tensile and short beam shear tests of the non‐dried (ABS/NDJ) and dried ABS/Jute (ABS/DJ) composites revealed that the influence of drying was more obvious on the tensile properties results than those of on the short beam shear test. In addition, the yield stress, elastic modulus and tensile strength of ABS/DJ were 24, 17 and 12% higher than for ABS/NDJ, respectively. However, the highest tensile properties and short beam shear test results were acquired for the composites fabricated by jute yarn SIP with TPU2%.
... For samples A8 and A9 having more weight percentage of bamboo compared to kenaf the elongation observed to be high. This is because of the inherent high-elongation characteristic of bamboo fiber [47]. In the hybrid samples with equal weight percentage of fiber (A4, A5, A6, and A7), A5 showed the greatest elongation of 21.92 ± 1.09% which is attained by the influence of the stacking sequence. ...
Fiber hybridization is one of the prominent techniques which offers a balanced distribution of attributes as well as an option to employ natural fibers without compromising functionality by decreasing environmental impact. The hybrid sustainable composites were fabricated with combination of two distinct natural fiber mats (kenaf (K) and bamboo (B)) and polylactic acid (PLA) through the compression molding method. Ten different stacking sequences were prepared and tested under ASTM International standards by maintaining a fiber matrix ratio of 30:70. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that the arrangement of fiber mats under different stacking sequences significantly affects the mechanical and water absorption properties of the developed hybrid composites. A rise in water absorption percentage was observed with the addition of kenaf layer due to its more hydrophilic nature. Among the different stacking sequences tested, K/B/B/K yielded a maximum tensile strength of 43.59 MPa, B/K/K/B yielded a maximum flexural strength of 75.78 MPa, and K/K/K/K yielded a maximum impact energy of 40.56 kJ/m² with a maximum hardness of 62.5. Morphological analysis of the fractured samples was performed to observe the microstructural variations and their bonding at the interfaces of the respective hybrid composites. Using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), it is seen that stacking sequence plays a vital part in scheming the characteristics. The overall evaluation criteria (OEC) were formulated to obtain the optimum stacking sequence by bringing the mechanical characteristics into a single index. From the ANOVA of OEC, it is justified that hybridization is found to be one of the significant methods to achieve mechanical properties. This study also provides an understanding of sustainable novel hybrid laminated natural composites for roofing structural applications in terms of physical and mechanical characteristics.
... The specific chemical composition of bamboo is influenced by the species of bamboo chosen. When it comes to bamboo timbers, the main constituents are cellulose (60%-70%), pentosans (20%-25%), hemicelluloses (20%-30%) and lignin (20-30%) (Mousavi et al., 2022). Additionally, there are minor constituents present, including resins, tannins, waxes and inorganic salts. ...
... Bamboo, being a natural nanocomposite, possesses multinodes and functional gradient structures at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. All the internodal cells of bamboo grow in a pale, end-to-end arrangement (Imadi et al. 2014;Akinlabi et al., 2017, Mousavi et al., 2022. ...
... However, bamboo fber composites face challenges in achieving optimal mechanical and physical properties [4][5][6]. Tese composites often exhibit drawbacks such as higher moisture absorption, inferior fre resistance, lower mechanical properties, and poor adhesion to the polymeric matrix, which are critical factors in applications such as wall partition systems [3,7]. To overcome these limitations, one approach involves the incorporation of fller materials, particularly synthetic fllers known for their hydrophobic properties [5,6,8,9]. ...
This study explores the investigations of bamboo fiber-reinforced polyester composites with chopped glass fiber (CGF) filler, focusing on addressing the challenges of low mechanical properties, limited thermal stability, and high moisture absorption. The two types of composites were fabricated using the hand layup method, that is, long unidirectional 0° bamboo fiber (BF) and randomly oriented short bamboo fiber (BP) reinforced a polyester matrix with chopped glass fiber (CGF) filler. By incorporating CGF filler, significant improvements in mechanical properties were achieved across both types of bamboo fiber, surpassing the limitations of unfilled composites. Notably, the composite formulation consisting of 40% wt. of unidirectional 0° BF and 5% wt. of CGF filler exhibited superior ultimate tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, water absorption, and thermal stability. This composite demonstrated remarkable enhancements, with increases of up to 131.22 MPa, 128.76 MPa, 113.3 kJ/m², 1.94% water absorption, and up to 255°C (representing a 10% improvement) in thermal stability compared to the unfilled composite. Statistical analysis revealed quadratic models for the mechanical properties of long unidirectional 0° bamboo fiber composites, while water absorption exhibited a linear two-factor interaction model. For randomly oriented short bamboo fiber, the models for tensile, flexural, and water absorption properties were linear, while the impact energy model showed a quadratic relationship. These statistical models provide valuable insights into predicting the properties of bamboo fiber-reinforced polyester composites. This research underscores the significance of bamboo fiber-reinforced polyester composites in wall partition systems. This study paves the way for improved performance in these areas. The findings highlight the potential of incorporating CGF filler, enabling enhanced mechanical strength, increased thermal stability, and improved resistance to moisture-related issues. The derived statistical models offer valuable guidance for predicting the properties of these composites, facilitating their application and adoption in the construction industry.
... In contrast, RBFC, demonstrated a greater hydrophobic nature compared to the other composites under investigation. The presence of numerous micro-holes and micro-gaps in the cross section of bamboo fiber, along with a significant number of polar (hydroxyl) groups on its surface, can explain this phenomenon [36]. ...
An extensive analysis on three distinct composite materials, namely Rattan Fiber Composite (RFC), Bamboo Fiber Composite (BFC), and Rattan/Bamboo Fiber Composite (RBFC), was conducted in this research. In scope of this investigation, water absorption (WA), swelling thickness (ST), density, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermal conductivity, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the composites were analyzed and studied. Density differences between composites are evident, with RBFC having the highest density due to its low water absorption and inherent hydrophobicity, while BFC, with its high-water absorption, exhibits the lowest density. With the increase of immersion time of the composite the WA increases. In case of salt solution, the WA is lower than the distilled water (DW). In case of ST, the BFC shows the maximum amount of ST. Overall, the maximum WA, ST, and density was 17.23%, 13.92 % and 1.12 gm/cm 3 for BFC, BFC and RBFC respectively. The results of the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis provided evidence of the existence of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and hydroxyl (-OH) groups in RBFC. RBFC shows maximum decomposition rate with 2.42 and 6.11 mg/min at 358 and 414 • C respectively. The maximum thermal conductivity was observed at RBFC with 0.266 W/m.K.
... In this sense, bamboo fiber is a material with great potential due to its availability and properties. Several studies have shown that bamboo can be used to reinforce thermoplastic composites [16][17][18][19][20], which makes it possible to develop advanced hybrid materials by combining kaolin waste and natural fiber. This type of hybrid composite provides cleaner production, sustainable development, and reduced environmental impact, as well as being economically beneficial for kaolin waste management. ...
This article presents a study on the use of natural fibers and kaolin waste as sustainable alternatives in the manufacture of polymer matrix composites. In the present research, isophthalic unsaturated polyester matrix composites were manufactured in association with bamboo fibers (Bambusa vulgaris) and kaolin waste. The kaolin waste was used with a particle size of 50–100 MESH and the fibers in lengths of 15 mm and 30 mm, randomly arranged within the matrix. Bamboo fibers were used fresh and treated with NaOH (5%/2 h). The chemical characterization of the fibers was obtained followed by the morphological characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The composites were mechanically evaluated through flexural and tensile tests. The mechanical properties obtained were treated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test. The fracture surfaces of the composites were verified by SEM. Bamboo fibers had a chemical composition similar to other natural fibers already studied, with 7.55% extractives, 17.95% total lignin and 74.5% holocellulose. Composites with 30 mm long treated fibers and 30% kaolin showed better flexural strength (137.0 MPa), with deformation of (1.59 mm) and flexural modulus of (19.27 GPa). Through tensile tests, it was possible to identify that the addition of kaolin waste provided a significant improvement in tensile strength of 66% (15BTKW20) and 54% (30BTKW20) compared to neat polyester. SEM micrographs of bamboo fibers, surface roughness, starch granules, micropores and parenchyma cells were identified. ANOVA reinforced the reliability of the results, highlighting the feasibility of manufacturing kaolin waste/bamboo fiber hybrid composites.
... BFs were commonly extracted by physical-mechanical methods, chemical methods, and bio-enzymatic methods. 7,8 The isolation of BFs by physical-mechanical methods (mechanical rolling, mechanical carding, and steam explosion) resulted in mostly coarse BFs. The natural properties and advantages of bamboo, such as high strength, lightweight, and good moisture absorption, could be retained to a great extent. ...
Fabricating bamboo fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites (BFREs) using the vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process has many advantages, such as low cost, high product quality, controllability, and broad applicability. However, the immature fabrication process seriously affects product performance and hinders the full exploitation of the advantages of the VARTM process. The effects on the physical‐mechanical and thermal properties of BFREs by molding sequence and fiber content were investigated in this study. The molding sequence of fiber compression followed by resin injection was beneficial to ensure hermeticity, thus reducing the voids in the BFREs. The mechanical properties of BFREs gradually increased with increasing fiber content. With 50 wt% fiber content, the bending strength and modulus, shear strength, and impact toughness of BFREs reached 71.27 MPa, 6.78 GPa, 11.68 MPa, and 5.45 kJ/m ² , respectively. Although the thermal stability of the BFREs was slightly lower than that of pure epoxy, the bamboo fibers' high rigidity evidentially increased the epoxy's dynamic mechanical properties. The life cycle assessment indicated that the BFREs effectively reduced the environmental impacts and production energy consumption compared to the glass fiber correspondent. The VARTM‐fabricated BFREs have great potential for construction, transportation, household items, packaging, sports equipment, and leisure goods applications.
Highlights
Fiber compression followed by resin injection could ensure great hermeticity.
Micro‐CT accurately measured the void characteristics of the composites.
Voids had detrimental effects on the properties of the composites.
Dense bamboo fiber preforms enhanced the mechanical properties of epoxy.
Bamboo fibers reinforcing epoxy reduced the impact on the environment.
... In the meanwhile, the M− CFL also showed stretching vibration of -C = C in the benzene ring at 1571.6 cm − 1 , 1226.4 cm − 1 stretching vibration of -CO, and 1118.4 cm − 1 stretching vibration of C-O-C, which can be evident that the prepared phenolic resin copolymer modifier has successfully coated to the surface of biomass fibers [41]. Nevertheless, since the surface of biomass fibers is normally covered by pectin and waxy components, the hydroxyl groups (-OH) are hard to react with the polymer resin, thus it can be found that the peak of stretching vibration at 3150 cm − 1 of M− BFL and M− CFL was not obviously changed after the treatment [42], which indicated that the interfacial bonding mechanism between the phenolic resin modifier and biomass fibers were mostly inter-diffusion and mechanical interlocking [43]. The voids on the surface of biomass fibers allow the resin to spread and penetrate, resulting in inter-diffusion between biomass fiber and resin modifier. ...
With the sustainable development of infrastructure construction materials, the use of renewable biomass resources in asphalt mixtures could contribute to better sustainability. The bamboo fibers and corn straw fibers with lengths ranging from 1.5 to 12 mm were produced in the laboratory through the proposed crushing, steaming, and grinding processes. A surface treatment with the phenolic resin copolymer modifier was utilized to reconstruct the micro-surface of biomass fibers. The surface treatment effectively reduced the oil absorption multiplier and mass loss of proposed biomass fibers by about 0.6 and 2 %, respectively. The FI-IR absorption peak and change of micromorphology also validated the effective surface reconstructive. Afterward, the virgin asphalt (70#) mixtures and SBS-modified asphalt mixtures with/without biomass fibers were produced for road performance tests and fatigue resistance tests. The results showed that the proposed biomass fibers contributed to about 20 % to 30 % improvement in the high-temperature performance, while the low-temperature cracking resistance was also obviously increased. In addition, the moisture damage resistance and fatigue life were also improved after the addition of biomass fiber modifier, in which the residual stability and tensile strength ratio were increased by about 9 % and 6 % by comparing that with fibreless mixtures, respectively. By comparing the effect of different types and lengths of fiber modifiers, the long bamboo fiber with surface treatment represented the optimized strengthening efficiency. The enhancement mechanism of proposed biomass fiber modifiers was revealed through the microstructure observation. The feasibility of using proposed biomass fibers with surface treatment for producing high-performance SMA has been verified, which can be utilized in the field application for replacing the lignin fiber modifiers for achieving better sustainability.
