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... Figure 9 shows, in order to solve the identified problem of over-fishing, there is a need to reduce fishing effort. However, cutting fish catches by one third will leave the coastal countries, in particular China, with a substantial deficit in producing and providing seafood protein. There is a need to make up this shortfall with protein provided by marine aquaculture or mariculture. To further develop mariculture using traditional approaches will have serious environment impacts, in particular nutrient discharges and use of anti-biotics. To ensure the negative impacts from mariculture are minimized, while productivity is enhanced, the issue of sustainability needs to be addressed. One of the solutions from the management actions of YSLME is to introduce integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). In order to show how IMTA works in a practical way, and to show the relative benefits for mono-culture, polyculture and IMTA, the YSLME Project carried out several demonstration ...
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... is significant shipping activity including tankers, container ships and barges especially east-west along the coast and north-south to and from the Rhode Island ports (Figure 9). There are several trans-Atlantic cables that transect the planning area and places that need to be avoided by developers based on previous activities such as dredged material disposal and naval weapons testing during the past century that resulted in at least the possibility of unexploded ordinance, bombs and depth charges ( Figure 10). ...
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... global science/policy interface for the world's ocean is critical and much needed, but this is not sufficient --we also know that actions are needed at the LME level, and that in order to move beyond LME assessment, cross-sectoral, multi-scale management, and transboundary governance processes need to be put in place to meet the ecosystem and sustainable development objectives of LMEs (Figures 19 & 20). ...
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... recently developed tool that is transforming ocean planning is Marine InVEST. Developed by the Natural Capital Project (www.naturalcapitalproject.org) (Figure 9), InVEST enables local decision-makers to understand the tradeoffs associated with different possible future scenarios for coastal and ocean uses. This tool integrates natural science, economics, behavioral science, social and cultural values and local knowledge. Development is often concentrated in coastal areas. In the U.S., the coastal population nearly doubled between 1960 and 2010 and is expected to grow another ten percent in this decade. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, of the 25 highest density counties in the country, 23 are coastal. There are, on average, three times as many people per square mile on the coast than inland in the U.S. More people means greater activity, demand for coastal resources and risk from sea level rise and coastal ...
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... physical and chemical changes of the ocean are impacting ecosystems as thermal tolerance ranges in a warming ocean change the distributions of species. There will be more shifts in species composition in phyto/zooplankton communities (mainly large to small individuals) and changes in diversity and species richness of fish ( Figure 9). This has already been observed in a number of areas with range expansions of tropical species; range contractions of temperate and cold water species. These changes in fisheries distribution have direct consequences on the associated fleet structure and operations. These, in turn, have management implications for the harvesting of 'shifting biomass,' especially across jurisdictional ...
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The fishing bycatch of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) epitomizes the challenges of designing fisheries management strategies to protect highly migratory, endangered species. We present here the case of turtle bycatch in the Gulf of Ulloa, Mexico, in which conservation advocacy groups requested the United States Government to apply the legal provisions for preventing fishing bycatch of protected living marine resources (PLMR). Because these provisions implied the possibility of trade sanctions, the Mexican government had to devise policies equivalent to those imposed on the United States’ fleet. While conservation advocacy groups claimed that the effect of fishing bycatch was proven, the federal fisheries agency disregarded the facts for political reasons. Evidently, there was a need for a practical approach to address this highly contested policy-making problem characterized by limited data, deep uncertainties, and urgency for results. Our goal here is to present the implementation of an exploratory modeling rationale to tackle this sort of complex socio-ecological technological problem. We focused on identifying the bycatch level at which the environmental authorities would be compelled by law to act in protecting the loggerheads. We combined ecological risk analysis and area-oriented multiple-use framework to evaluate a wide range of plausible scenarios consistent with the available data. Results identified the bycatch level that indicated a potential critical transition to a low resilience state of the loggerhead population, and the proper multiple-use management scheme. Our findings were used to formulate regulations aimed to set a bycatch cap and a refuge area for the loggerhead population in the region.
