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Native distribution range of Bombus terrestris and observation points used for species and subspecies distribution models (only the West- Palearctic distribution of B. terrestris subspecies are displayed). (A) Native distribution ranges of Bombus terrestris and its subspecies according to Rasmont et al. (2008, 2015). (B–G) Observation points aggregated at a 30 arcmin grid for the species-level (B; observation points are the sum of observation points of studied subspecies) and for the subspecies-levels (C–G).
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International trade of species facilitates the establishment of non-native organisms. Highlighting areas potentially suitable for invasive species (risk areas) allows for effective importation regulations to prevent the spread of and the potential damage caused by such species. Species distribution models (SDMs) are commonly used to predict risk ar...
Citations
... sieberiana with a more extreme development of the indumentum (Keay & Brenan, 1950 Different responses to climate change of intraspecific taxa have been reported in a broad range of organisms, including algae (Assis et al., 2016), insects (Homburg et al., 2014;Lecocq et al., 2016;Meynard et al., 2017), birds (Liu et al., 2012;Strubbe et al., 2015), ...
Climate change is predicted to disproportionately impact sub‐Saharan Africa, with potential devastating consequences on plant populations. Climate change may, however, impact intraspecific taxa differently. The aim of the study was to determine the current distribution and impact of climate change on three varieties of Vachellia sieberiana , that is, var. sieberiana , var. villosa and var. woodii . Ensemble species distribution models (SDMs) were built in “biomod2” using 66, 45, and 137 occurrence records for var. sieberiana , var. villosa , and var. woodii , respectively. The ensemble SDMs were projected to 2041–2060 and 2081–2100 under three general circulation models (GCMs) and two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). The three GCMs were the Canadian Earth System Model version 5, the Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace Climate Model version 6A Low Resolution, and the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate version 6. The suitable habitat of var. sieberiana predominantly occurs in the Sudanian and Zambezian phytochoria while that of var. villosa largely occurs in the Sudanian phytochorion. The suitable habitat of var. woodii mainly occurs in the Zambezian phyotochorion. There is coexistence of var. villosa and var. sieberiana in the Sudanian phytochorion while var. sieberiana and var. woodii coexist in the Zambezian phytochorion. Under SSP2‐4.5 in 2041–2060 and averaged across the three GCMs, the suitable habitat expanded by 33.8% and 119.7% for var. sieberiana and var. villosa , respectively. In contrast, the suitable habitat of var. woodii contracted by −8.4%. Similar trends were observed in 2041–2060 under SSP5‐8.5 [var. sieberiana (38.6%), var. villosa (139.0%), and var. woodii (−10.4%)], in 2081–2100 under SSP2‐4.5 [var. sieberiana (4.6%), var. villosa (153.4%), and var. woodii (−14.4%)], and in 2081–2100 under SSP5‐8.5 [var. sieberiana (49.3%), var. villosa (233.4%), and var. woodii (−30.7%)]. Different responses to climate change call for unique management and conservation decisions for the varieties.
... Here, the model generated for the four bumblebee species presented a positive correlation with temperature variables and a negative correlation with precipitation variables, whereby the latter could be one of the limiting factors in the occurrence of the species, as is the case with other temperature-dependent congeners (Lu & Huang, 2023 Our current potential distribution model for B. terrestris, which is the species that has been studied the most, agrees with previous predictions made at global (Acosta et al., 2016;Lecocq et al., 2016) and regional scales in South America (Acosta, 2015) and Asia (Naeem et al., 2018). Furthermore, our model suggests areas of potential suitability that show correspondences with already known invaded areas, extending to other countries in the southern cone of America, East Asia, and Australia, and also indicates potentially suitable areas in South Africa, Central Africa, the United States, Canada, Greenland, Caribbean Islands, and Honduras. ...
The introduction of bees for agricultural production in distinct parts of the world and poor management have led to invasion processes that affect biodiversity, significantly impacting native species. Different Bombus species with invasive potential have been recorded spreading in different regions worldwide, generating ecological and economic losses. We applied environmental niche and potential distribution analyses to four species of the genus Bombus to evaluate the similarities and differences between their native and invaded ranges. We found that B. impatiens has an extended environmental niche, going from dry environmental conditions in the native range to warmer
and wetter conditions in the invaded range. Bombus ruderatus also exhibited an extended environmental niche with drier and warmer conditions in the invaded range than in its native range. Bombus subterraneus expanded its environmental niche from
cooler and wetter conditions in the native range to drier and warmer conditions in the invaded range. Finally, B. terrestris showed the most significant variation in the environmental niche, extending to areas with similar and different environmental conditions from its native range. The distribution models agreed with the known distributions for the four Bombus species, presenting geographic areas known to be occupied by each species in different regions worldwide. The niche analysis indicate shifts in the niches from the native to the invaded distribution area of the bee species. Still, niche similarities were observed in the areas of greatest suitability in the potential distribution for B. ruderatus, B. subterraneus, and B. terrestris, and to a lesser degree in the same areas with B. impatiens. These species require similar environmental conditions as in their native ranges to be established in their introduced ranges. Still, they can adapt to changes in temperature and humidity, allowing them to expand their ranges into new climatic conditions.
... In most of the Iberian Peninsula, where B. terrestris commercial breeds are naturalized and escapes from greenhouses occur, hybridization and introgression are affecting native populations of Bombus terrestris lusitanicus (Cejas et al., 2021;Seabra et al., 2019); in southern Spain, introgression occurs in protected natural parks more than 60 km away from commercial bumblebee release areas (Bartomeus et al., 2020). Importation policies to protect endemic subspecies have been implemented in several regions within B. terrestris native range (e.g., Norway, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the Canary Islands) (Velthuis & Van Doorn, 2006), but regulations are still lacking in many other regions (Cejas et al., 2021;Lecocq et al., 2016). In Japan, mating between B. terrestris and two endemic species, Bombus hypocrita subsp. ...
... Prophylactic strategies include surveillance of invasive species, identifying potential introduction routes, and understanding the factors shaping species' biogeography (Blossey, 1999;Hulme, 2009;Lecocq et al., 2016). In the case of invasive plants, multiple environmental, biological and anthropogenic factors can influence their distribution. ...
The genetic composition of founding populations is likely to play a key role in determining invasion success. Individual genotypes may differ in habitat preference and environmental tolerance, so their ability to colonize novel environments can be highly variable. Despite the importance of genetic variation on invasion success, its influence on the potential distribution of invaders is rarely investigated. Here, we integrate population genomics and ecological niche models (ENMs) into a single framework to predict the distribution of globally invasive common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Australia. We identified three genetic clusters for ragweed and used these to construct cluster‐specific ENMs and characterize within‐species niche differentiation. The potential range of ragweed in Australia depended on the genetic composition and continent of origin of the introduced population. Invaders originating from warmer, wetter climates had a broader potential distribution than those from cooler, drier ones. By quantifying this change, we identified source populations most likely to expand the ragweed distribution. As prevention remains the most effective method of invasive species management, our work provides a valuable way of ranking the threat posed by different populations to better inform management decisions.
... Evidence of widespread declines in pollinators in recent decades has been attributed to a combination of several human-mediated changes in the environment at local and regional scales, including habitat loss, intensification of agriculture and pesticide use and the introduction of parasites and pathogens Ollerton et al., 2014;Powney et al., 2019). In addition, the use of managed and commercial bee colonies, including bumblebee colonies, for crop pollination and honey production has promoted the transfer of diseases (Goulson, 2010), and facilitated the spread of non-native species and subspecies, posing a risk to endemic species (Jaffe et al., 2016;Lecocq et al., 2016;Seabra et al., 2019). Declines in wild bumblebee species, in particular, have been highlighted (Cameron & Sadd, 2020;Grixti et al., 2009;Potts et al., 2010;Soroye et al., 2020;Williams & Osborne, 2009), and bumblebee colonies are mass produced for the pollination of more than 20 crops and are imported into over 50 countries, including those outside the native ranges of reared bumblebee species (Velthuis & van Doorn, 2006). ...
... The importation of commercial B. terrestris into regions where consubspecific populations occur has also been highlighted as concerning but has been less investigated (Ings et al., 2006;Lecocq et al., 2016). Bombus terrestris includes nine subspecies that are classified by their body hair colour patterns, semiochemical profile, genetic composition and distributional ranges (Cejas et al., 2018;Rasmont et al., 2008), with two of the most widely used subspecies in artificial rearing being Bombus terrestris dalmatinus Dalla Torre and Bombus terrestris terrestris (Linnaeus) (Velthuis & van Doorn, 2006). ...
... A key example concerns the UK where the endemic subspecies is B. t. audax (Britain, Ireland and associated smaller islands), but commercially produced B. t. terrestris and B. t. dalmatinus have been imported for pollination (from the 1980s until 2015), particularly in central and southern England (Natural England). In such commercially bred species, artificial selection and hybridization may cause changes to life-history traits and ecological niche characteristics, and potentially increase their invasive potential (Facon et al., 2011;Lecocq et al., 2016). Furthermore, if invasion leads to the establishment of populations of commercially bred bumblebee subspecies, and/or hybridization between these bees and native subspecies occurs, a multitude of key biological traits in native populations may be affected, with impacts on their genetic diversity, ecological adaptation, as well as key plant-pollinator interactions. ...
Insect pollination is fundamental for natural ecosystems and agricultural crops. The bumblebee species Bombus terrestris has become a popular choice for commercial crop pollination worldwide due to its effectiveness and ease of mass rearing. Bumblebee colonies are mass produced for the pollination of more than 20 crops and imported into over 50 countries including countries outside their native ranges, and the risk of invasion by commercial non‐native bumblebees is considered an emerging issue for global conservation and biological diversity. Here, we use genome‐wide data from seven wild populations close to and far from farms using commercial colonies, as well as commercial populations, to investigate the implications of utilizing commercial bumblebee subspecies in the UK. We find evidence for generally low levels of introgression between commercial and wild bees, with higher admixture proportions in the bees occurring close to farms. We identify genomic regions putatively involved in local and global adaptation, and genes in locally adaptive regions were found to be enriched for functions related to taste receptor activity, oxidoreductase activity, fatty acid and lipid biosynthetic processes. Despite more than 30 years of bumblebee colony importation into the UK, we observe low impact on the genetic integrity of local B. terrestris populations, but we highlight that even limited introgression might negatively affect locally adapted populations.
... Such taxonomic actions would have positive consequences on conservation, as well as on taking actions to prevent the spread of the parasitic fungus Batrachochytridium salamandrivorans (Martel et al. 2013) which is lethal to salamanders (Burgon et al. 2021). There are more potential cases of shadow species in iconic species such as the killer whale Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Morin et al., 2010) or the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rasmont et al. 2008, Lecocq et al. 2016). The description of the different species that compose these shadow species usually takes several years, or even decades, as in the case of the European earwig Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758. ...
Accurate species delimitation based on an integrative approach is indispensable for biodiversity evaluation. Accordingly, species that were formerly only described morphologically often need to be split into several evolutionary independent units. However, taxonomic actions often lag behind, even when the required data are already available. As a result, invalid species names are carried over the years, with negative implications on ecology, biogeography, and conservation; we designate these entities as ‘shadow species’. This is particularly common in protists, due to the lack of specialized taxonomists and the difficulties of working with microscopic organisms. Here, we resolve the case of the testate amoeba shadow species Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cercozoa: Euglyphida: Cyphoderiidae), a known polyphyletic taxon. Purposely, we integrated the current ecological, genetic, and morphological data on the family Cyphoderiidae with its described evolutionary history. Subsequently, we took the required taxonomic actions to resolve the taxonomy of the family, erecting four new genera (Psammoderia gen nov., Knarr gen. nov., Ichthyosquama gen. nov., and Oleiformis gen. nov.), emending Cyphoderia and describing four new species (Ichthyosquama sanabriensis sp. nov., Ichthyosquama catoirensis sp. nov., Ichthyosquama loricaria sp. nov., and Oleiformis carmelae sp. nov.). Finally, we discuss the extension and relevance of the ‘shadow species’ issue in eukaryotic taxa, and differentiate it from species complex concept.
... Furthermore, through a systematic literature review, we aim to find the vectors through which this species is already present outside of its native range, determine their current distribution and model the species potential distribution. Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in ecology and invasion biology to produce invasion risk maps and improve management strategies (Jiménez-Valverde et al., 2011;Kramer et al., 2017;Lecocq et al., 2016;Tingley et al., 2018). SDMs are used to establish the correlation between species' environmental associations and their geographic distributions (Peterson & Sober on, 2012). ...
Poeciliids are widely recognized as successful invaders, possessing traits associated with invasion success. Native to Central America and south‐eastern Mexico, the twospot livebearer (Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus) is a species recently recognized as invasive in both Central and northern Mexico. Despite its invasive status, limited research exists on its invasion process and the potential threats it poses to native species. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on the twospot livebearer and mapped its current and potential distribution worldwide. The twospot livebearer shares similar traits with other successful invaders within the same family. Notably, it exhibits high fecundity throughout the year and demonstrates resilience to highly polluted and oxygen‐deprived water conditions. This fish serves as a host for several parasites, including generalists, and has been extensively translocated for commercial purposes. Recently, it has also been used for biocontrol within its native range. Apart from existing outside its native range, the twospot livebearer, under current climate conditions and if transported there, could readily colonize biodiversity hotspots in tropical zones worldwide, including the Caribbean Islands, the Horn of Africa, North of Madagascar Island, south‐eastern Brazil, and others located in southern and eastern Asia. Given that this fish is highly plastic and our Species Distribution Model, we consider that all areas with a habitat suitability >0.2 should prevent its arrival and establishment. Our findings underscore the urgent need to recognize this species as a threat to freshwater native topminnows and prevent its introduction and spread.
... According to Smith et al. (2019), modelling niches at the species level disregards information about evolutionary processes above and below the level of species. Thus, this requires a priori detection of subunits differentiated within a species of concern (Lecocq et al., 2019(Lecocq et al., , 2016. Detection of these subunits on the basis that spatial heterogeneity of environments, coupled with reduced gene flow, can result in local adaptation and subsequent niche divergence between closely related lineages of the same species (Goff et al., 2021) is the best solution. ...
Climate change is predicted to affect species distribution worldwide. Most of the methods used to evaluate such impact so far assume that species respond to the environmental gradients in a uniform way along their distribution range. Because populations occupying different niches may differ in their response to climate change due to local adaptation, accounting for intraspecific variation in species distribution models (SDMs) may yield more reliable predictions for widely distributed species. Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir is a highly valued but endangered tree species, which occurs in the Sudanian (SZ), Sudano-Guinean (SGZ) and Guinean (GZ) ecological zones of Benin. Here, we used two (whole-species and intraspecific-level) SDM approaches to evaluate how local adaptation, quantified through niche differentiation, influences the potential impact of climate change on the distribution of P. erinaceus in Benin. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm was employed to simulate the current and future distributions of the species under various Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) climate scenarios. The results showed three distinct populations of the species according to the ecological zones of Benin. The intraspecific populations displayed no niche overlap and thus were considered as locally adapted. Mean diurnal range was the main variable that determined the current distribution of the SZ population (percent contribution of 45.9%) while the distribution of the SGZ and GZ populations were determined by isothermality (percent contribution of 58.7% and 76.2%, respectively). While the whole-species SDMs showed that climate change would lead to significant reductions in the species suitable habitats in SZ under SSP2–4.5, SSP1–2.6, and SSP5–8.5, the SDMs based on intraspecific populations indicated a high decrease in habitat suitability in the GZ and an upward shift of the SGZ towards the SZ under the future climate scenarios. Our results suggest that incorporating intraspecific variation into SDMs improves predictions of the impact of climate change and helps to identify appropriate population-based conservation strategies.
... However, in our study, we found that the species model overestimated the potential distribution of the WP by assuming that this population could tolerate all the climatic conditions tolerated by the species as a whole. This implies that intraspecific genetic variation will not always lessen the impacts of climate change on species habitat suitability (Cacciapaglia and Woesik, 2018;Hu et al., 2021;Lecocq et al., 2016). ...
Several studies have demonstrated the importance of integrating intraspecific genetic variation in forecasting the habitat suitability of species under climate change scenarios. The Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) is an economically important fish species in the North Pacific that can be classified into western and eastern populations based on molecular phylogeographic data. Herein, we first quantified the realized niche of the two Pacific cod populations using n-dimensional hypervolumes and estimated the niche differentiation between the populations. We then projected the habitat suitability based on the georeferenced occurrence records and environmental predictors using species distribution models (SDMs) at the population and species levels. The low niche overlap demonstrated the marked niche differentiation between the two populations. The distinct responses of the populations to climate predictors implied that the population-level SDM produced more reliable projections than the corresponding species-level SDM. The model indicated that the eastern population expanded its suitable area northward, while maintaining most of its current habitat and exhibited resilience to climate impacts. However, the western population lost much of its current suitable area, while colonizing a new habitat in a small section of the offshore waters of the Japanese Sea, implying the vulnerability of this population to climate change. This study highlights the necessity of incorporating intraspecific genetic variation into SDMs to predict the habitat suitability of Pacific cod on the global scale. The spatiotemporal predictive maps of habitat suitability provide crucial information for designing climate-adaptive conservation and management strategies based on more precise taxonomic units for the sustainability of Pacific cod.
... Consequently, pooling data at the species level to construct global SDMs may mask the local differential responses to climate change and produce unreliable predictive results. More recently, an increasing number of studies realized the importance of considering genetic isolation or local adaptation in building SDMs and found that population-level SDMs produced more realistic range predictions for species (e.g., Lecocq et al., 2015;Hällfors et al., 2016;Smith et al., 2017;DeMarche et al., 2019;Peñalver-Alcaźar et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2021). Climate-induced changes in ocean conditions have been proven to impact the habitats of several whale species (Smith et al., 1986;Salvadeo et al., 2013;Lambert et al., 2014;Lee et al., 2017). ...
Climate change is exerting unprecedented effects on the habitats of marine mammals. Common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) have suffered immense harm from commercial whaling, and the recovery of this species is likely threatened by climate change. To better manage and conserve this species, it is important to predict its current habitat distribution and the potential change under future climate change scenarios. Such predictions are typically generated by species distribution models (SDMs), which construct a correlation between species occurrence data and its habitat environmental variables. SDMs are commonly constructed at the species level, assuming a homogenous response of the species to climatic variables across their entire geographic range. Spatially segregated populations from the same species inhabit distinct environments and gradually adapt to the local conditions, resulting in niche differentiation among populations. Species-level SDMs that ignore the effects of local adaptation mask differences in population responses to climate change and might present an unrealistic picture of potential species distributions. Based on morphological and genetic evidence, the common minke whale was divided into three populations: the North Atlantic population (NAP), Southern Hemisphere population (SHP) and North Pacific population (NPP); these populations inhabit isolated geographic areas with distinct environmental conditions. We quantified the realized niches of these populations and found evidence of significant ecological niche differentiation. We then constructed SDMs at the species and population levels and compared the predictions from these two types of models under different climate change scenarios. Both types of models projected similar change trends in species range, with a contraction of future suitable habitats for the NAP and SHP and an expansion for the NPP. However, the magnitudes of this change differed; the population-level model projected more optimistic results for the SHP and NAP, indicating less habitat loss. This study highlighted the importance of considering local adaptation when estimating the impact of climate change on species habitat suitability. These spatiotemporal predictions provide essential knowledge for designing climate-adaptive conservation and management strategies, such as the delimitation of mobile marine protected areas (MPAs).
