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Myxospores and developmental stages of Ceratomyxa xanthopteri n. sp. a Mature spore; b spore with extruded polar capsule showing polar filament; c early sporogonic stage; d, e monosporic plasmodium; f, g disporic plasmodium; h multisporic plasmodium; i abnormal spore
Source publication
A new species of Ceratomyxa infecting the gallbladder of the marine ornamental fish Acanthurus xanthopterus collected from the Vizhinjam coast of Kerala is described. The parasite exhibited a prevalence of 100%. Mature spores recovered from the gallbladder were slightly crescentic with rounded lateral extremities and possessed convex anterior and s...
Citations
... A limited number of myxosporeans has been reported from acanthurid fish, such as at least four Ceratomyxa spp. from their gall bladder (Kpatcha et al., 1996;Gunter et al., 2010, Sanil et al., 2017Surendran et al., 2021), and Kudoa miyakoensis from the brain and Kudoa thalassomi from the trunk muscle of the bluespine unicornfish Naso unicornis (Forsskål) from the border between the Philippine Sea and East China Sea around Miyako Island, Okinawa (Sakai et al., 2019). Detection of K. tanakai n. sp. ...
We describe a new kudoid species, Kudoa tanakain. sp., in the scalpel sawfish, Prionurus scalprum (Actinopterygii: Acanthuriformes: Acanthuridae), from the natural water around western Japan. The plasmodia were filamentous, localized in pseudocysts in the myofibers of the trunk muscles. The occurrence of plasmodia in the trunk muscle showed no site preference. Its myxospores were spheroid, measuring 6.6–7.6 (7.0) µm by 5.8–6.9 (6.3) µm in apical view (width) and 5.7–6.6 (6.2) in length (n = 30), with four shell valves and a corresponding number of spheroid polar capsules. Shell valves lacked apical protrusions, but scanning electron microscopy revealed that one of the four shell valves had two semi-lunar flaps at its apical terminus. Nucleotide sequencing of the small and large subunit ribosomal RNA genes of the present isolate showed phylogenetic affinities to kudoid species characterized by spheroid myxospores, such as K. musculoliquefaciens, K. hemiscylli, and K. carcharhini, but was molecularly and morphometrically distinct from these and other kudoid species. For direct comparison, Kudoa hemiscylli was collected from the Pacific spadenose shark, Scoliodon macrorhynchos (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae), in the South China Sea off Guangdong Province, China, and the myxospore surface of the species was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Our study describes the new host and distribution record of this kudoid species originally described from a variety of elasmobranchs in the Australian Coral Sea.
... form plasmodia on the body surface of fish hosts and can cause severe disfigurement in farmed ornamental goldfish (Caffara et al., 2009;Zhang et al., 2018). Although over 2,500 myxosporean species have been described and known to infect freshwater and marine hosts (Okamura et al., 2018), the species richness and regularity with which myxozoan infections occur in imported fish in the ornamental fish trade remain largely unexplored, with few studies reporting myxozoan infections in imported freshwater (Caffara et al., 2009;Baska et al., 2009;Trujillo-Gonzaĺez et al., 2018a) and marine (Sanil et al., 2016;Surendran et al., 2021) ornamental species. As such, the relative risk of myxozoan parasites being co-introduced through the ornamental trade remains poorly assessed. ...
The ornamental fish trade provides a pathway for the global translocation of aquatic parasites. Myxozoa is comprised of highly specialized metazoan parasites of aquatic hosts with a wide host range. Interest in the group has intensified along with the development of aquaculture due to emergent pathogenic myxozoan species in both freshwater and marine environments. However, little is known on myxozoan diversity in the ornamental fish trade. We examined 630 ornamental fish imported from Asia to Australia (representing 24 fish populations, including freshwater and wild caught marine fish species) for myxozoan parasites during 2015. Fish were sampled under Australian quarantine following veterinary certification that they showed no clinical signs of pests and diseases from the exporting country and visual inspection at Australian border control. Myxozoan parasites infected 8 of 12 freshwater populations and 8 of 12 marine fish populations. A total of 12 morphologically distinct Myxobolus spores were detected amongst all goldfish, Carassius auratus populations. Myxidium spores were detected in kissing gourami, Helostoma temminckii, and Ceratomyxa sp. spores were detected in cardinal fishes, Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus, Pterapogon kauderni, and Zoramia leptocantha. Kudoa sp. spores were detected in C. quinquelineatus, Sphaeramia nematoptera and Z. leptocantha. Results of this study show that Australian pre-export health requirements and visual inspections do not reliably detect myxozoan infections. Inspection prior to exportation and at border control should account for the highly cryptic nature of myxozoan parasites and consider alternative detection methods to complement inspections at border control.
... The new species C. binhthuanensis n. sp. was compared with other Ceratomyxa species based on our careful examination of the literature (e.g., in Eiras 2006;Eiras et al. 2018;Garbouj et al. 2018;Zatti et al. 2018;Qiao et al. 2019;Zhang et al. 2019;Bouderbala et al. 2020;Surendran et al. 2021). The result of the comparison indicated that the new species Ceratomyxa binhthuanensis n. sp. was most similar morphometrically and morphologically to nine species of Ceratomyxa, listed in Table 1. ...
A new myxozoan species, Ceratomyxa binhthuanensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Ceratomyxidae), was found in the gall bladder of blacktip grouper Epinephelus fasciatus (Perciformes: Serranidae) in the East Sea of Vietnam. Myxospores were observed floating free in the gall bladder of 3 out of 20 fish examined (15%). Mature myxospores were elongate and slightly crescent-shaped and measured 12.2 ± 1.3 (10.8-16.0) μm in thickness and 5.8 ± 0.6 (4.8-6.9) μm in length, with two smooth equal shell valves. The two polar capsules were spherical and equal in size, measuring 2.6 ± 0.3 (2.3-2.9) μm in diameter. The posterior angle was slightly concave, 153.7° ± 5.6° (148.9°-166.0°). Molecular analysis of SSU rDNA sequence showed that Ceratomyxa binhthuanensis n. sp. differs from other Ceratomyxa spp. available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. binhthuanensis n. sp. was closely related to three species, Ceratomyxa nolani, Ceratomyxa yokoyamai, and Ceratomyxa cutmorei, which also infect fish hosts of the genus Epinephelus.
A synopsis of Myxosporea (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) species described in about the last 14 years in Indian fish is provided. The synopsis include a total of 97 new species, and 18 species redescribed including significant new data, namely molecular characterization, distributed by 19 genera. For each species are indicated, in tabulated format, the morphological characteristics and the Gen Bank Accession Number whenever possible. Data about the type host and type locality are included also, and a complete list of references is provided. The information presented, combined with former synopsis, allow an update general view about these parasites infecting Indian fish hosts.
