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Mycologic characteristics. (a) Direct microscopic examination revealed branching black hyphae (KOH preparation, original magnification ×400). (b) Septate black hyphae in the nail plate (periodic acid-Schiff staining ×400). (c, d) Plate culture showed a greyish-white woolly colony with a coal-black pigmentation on the reverse. (e) Slide culture showed pigmented broad and unpigmented narrow hyphae and chlamydoconidia. (Lactophenol Cotton Blue staining ×400).
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... microscopy revealed branching brown septate hyphae (Fig. 2a), and haematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed black septate hyphae in the nail plate. The thick cell wall appeared to be double contoured (Fig. 2b). Plate culture on potato dextrose agar after 7 days at 30°C showed a greyish-white woolly colony with coal-black pigmentation on the reverse (Fig. 2c, d). Slide ...
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... microscopy revealed branching brown septate hyphae (Fig. 2a), and haematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed black septate hyphae in the nail plate. The thick cell wall appeared to be double contoured (Fig. 2b). Plate culture on potato dextrose agar after 7 days at 30°C showed a greyish-white woolly colony with coal-black pigmentation on the reverse (Fig. 2c, d). Slide culture showed pigmented broad and unpigmented narrow branching hyphae and intercalary and acropetal chlamydoconidia measuring up to 40 μm (Fig. 2e). The sequence of the ...
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... brown septate hyphae (Fig. 2a), and haematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed black septate hyphae in the nail plate. The thick cell wall appeared to be double contoured (Fig. 2b). Plate culture on potato dextrose agar after 7 days at 30°C showed a greyish-white woolly colony with coal-black pigmentation on the reverse (Fig. 2c, d). Slide culture showed pigmented broad and unpigmented narrow branching hyphae and intercalary and acropetal chlamydoconidia measuring up to 40 μm (Fig. 2e). The sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region of the ribosomal RNA gene from the nail and isolate had 99% homology to the Botryosphaeria dothidea type strain CBS 115476 ...
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... wall appeared to be double contoured (Fig. 2b). Plate culture on potato dextrose agar after 7 days at 30°C showed a greyish-white woolly colony with coal-black pigmentation on the reverse (Fig. 2c, d). Slide culture showed pigmented broad and unpigmented narrow branching hyphae and intercalary and acropetal chlamydoconidia measuring up to 40 μm (Fig. 2e). The sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region of the ribosomal RNA gene from the nail and isolate had 99% homology to the Botryosphaeria dothidea type strain CBS 115476 (accession: KF766151) (4). Based on the morphological characteristics and gene analysis results, we diagnosed the patient with ungual phaeohyphomycosis due ...
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... Furthermore, B. dothidea have occasionally infected humans. For instance, Noguchi et al. [4] showed that the causal agent of ungual phaeohyphomycosis was B. dothidea. A recent study also demonstrated that B. dothidea tended to accumulate compounds toxic to mammalian cells [5]. ...
Pear ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea severely affects the quality and storage life of pear fruit. Plant endophytes are potential new sources of biocontrol agents due to their abilities to produce novel bioactive products. In this work, we focused on an endophytic strain B1, which was isolated from roots of Dendrobium huoshanense. Notably, strain B1 exhibited strongly inhibitory effects against the growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea with an inhibition rate of 73.2% after 1 week of co-cultivation. Furthermore, it displayed a broad-spectrum inhibitory activity. Strain B1 also effectively delayed the onset of ring rot caused by B. dothidea in pear fruit and reduced the lesion diameter by 73.4%. Strain B1 was identified as Bacillus velezensis based on core-genome phylogeny. Genome mining with antiSMASH revealed 13 potential gene clusters involved in antimicrobial metabolites. Three main groups of lipopeptides (surfactin, iturin and fengycin) were identified with MALDI-TOF-MS, and the lipopeptides in the inhibition zone were greatly upregulated by B. dothidea; especially, fengycin isoforms were detected with higher abundance. These results proved that lipopeptides produced by strain B1 had significant antagonistic effect on B. dothidea. In conclusion, our results suggest that strain B1 has potential applications in the biocontrol of B. dothidea in postharvest fruit.
... This is the case of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Kindo et al., 2010;Saha et al., 2012aSaha et al., , 2012bSummerbell et al., 2004;Thew and Todd, 2008;Woo et al., 2008) and Macrophomina phaseolina (Arora et al., 2012;Tan et al., 2008). Recently, B. dothidea a common plant pathogen has been associated with a case of ungual phaeohyphomycosis (Noguchi et al., 2017). A recent study revealed that the secretome of L. theobromae is cytotoxic to mammalian cells, supporting its ability to infect humans (F elix et al., 2016). ...
... Our data shows that B. dothidea is highly cytotoxic to mammalian cells when grown at 37 C, suggesting that it could be able to adapt to human body temperature, and potentially become able to infect human hosts. In fact, B. dothidea has been reported on a (single, up to now) case of phaeohyphomycosis infection in a human patient (Noguchi et al., 2017). ...
Botryosphaeriaceae fungi are phytopathogens and human opportunists. The influence of temperature on the phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of culture filtrates of five Botryosphaeriaceae species was investigated. All culture filtrates of fungi grown at 25 °C were phytotoxic: symptoms were evaluated based on visual inspection of necrosis areas and on the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, Fv/Fm. Diplodiacorticola and Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense were the most phytotoxic, followed by Neofusicoccum parvum CAA704 and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Phytotoxicity dramatically decreased when strains were grown at 37 °C, except for B. dothidea. All strains, except N. parvum CAA366 and Neofusicoccum eucalyptorum, grown either at 25 °C or 37 °C, were toxic to mammalian cells; at 25 °C and at 37°C, D. corticola and B. dothidea were the most cytotoxic, respectively. Although the toxicity of B. dothidea to both cell lines and of N. kwambonambiense to Vero cells increased with temperature, the opposite was found for the other species tested. Our results suggest that temperature modulates the expression of toxic compounds that, in a scenario of a global increase of temperature, may contribute to new plant infections but also human infections, especially in the case of B. dothidea.
... This developed in 27% (3/11) of Caucasians patients and 89% (17/19) of non-Caucasian patients 29) . We reported the case of an 82-year-old retired Japanese farmer with melanonychia on his right thumbnail caused by a plant-pathogenic fungus, Botryosphaeria dothidea, which is closely related phylogenetically to N. dimidiatum (Fig. 4a) 30) . The sequence of the ITS 1 region of the rRNA gene from the isolate had 95% homology to the N. dimidiatum-type strain CBS 499. 66 (accession: FM211432). ...
... Efinaconazole shows broad-spectrum antifungal activities in vitro and is expected to be effective for non-dermatophyte onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus species, Fusarium species, and S. brevicaulis 32) . We reported that topical treatment with 10% efinaconazole solution cured nondermatophyte onychomycoses caused by Aspergillus species 9,15) , Fusarium species 21,23) , and B. dothidea 30) . Luliconazole also showed an excellent in vitro activity against nondermatophyte fungi including Aspergillus species, Fusarium species, N. dimidiatum, N. hyalinum, and Alternaria alternata 33) . ...
The incidence of non-dermatophyte mould onychomycosis has been increasing worldwide for the past several decades, but it is not well recognized in Japan. Recent molecular techniques and phylogenetic analyses contributed to the identification of uncommon and emerging species. We came across 13 (0.5%) cases of non-dermatophyte onychomycosis among a total of 2,591 onychomycosis cases in 106,703 outpatients during the past 5 years (January 2015-December 2019). The cases included 5 patients with Aspergillus species, 4 patients with Fusarium species, and one patient each with Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Botryosphaeria dothidea, respectively. Botryosphaeria dothidea is closely related phylogenetically to Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. In Japan, at the time of writing this report, there are 26 reported cases of ungual aspergillosis and 18 cases of hyalohyphomycosis caused by Fusarium species. We summarize these cases and report the symptoms and mycological features.
Fungal melanonychia is an uncommon condition, most typically caused by opportunistic melanin-producing pigmented filamentous fungi in the nail plate. In the present study, the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with fungal melanonychia were analyzed through a systematic review of cases reported in the literature. The MESH terms used for the search were “melanonychia” AND “fungal” OR “fungi” through four databases: PubMed, SciELO, Google scholar and SCOPUS. After discarding inadequate articles using the exclusion criteria, 33 articles with 133 cases were analyzed, of which 44% were women, 56% were men and the age range was between 9 and 87 years. The majority of cases were reported in Turkey followed by Korea and Italy. Frequent causal agents detected were Trichophyton rubrum as non-dematiaceous in 55% and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum as dematiaceous in 8%. Predisposing factors included nail trauma, migration history, employment and/or outdoor activities. Involvement in a single nail was presented in 45% of the cases, while more than one affected nail was identified in 21%, with a range of 2 to 10 nails. Regarding the clinical classification, 41% evidenced more than one type of melanonychia, 21% corresponded to the longitudinal pattern and 13% was of total diffuse type. Likewise, the usual dermoscopic pattern was multicolor pigmentation. It is concluded that fungal melanonychia is an uncommon variant of onychomycosis and the differential diagnosis is broad, which highlights the complexity of this disease.
American continent concentrates important endemic mycoses, both systemic and subcutaneous, such as coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and sporotrichosis. The common factor among these mycoses is the dimorphic nature of their etiologic agents, like Coccidioides spp., Blastomyces spp., Histoplasma spp., Paracoccidioides spp. and Sporothrix spp., respectively. Human and animal coccidioidomycoses are found in the USA (states of California, Texas, Arizona and New Mexico), Brazil (states of Piauí and Ceará) and Argentina (states of Catamarca, Santiago del Estero, San Luis and Córdoba). Blastomycosis is restricted to North America, mainly in the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers of the USA, and is predominantly observed in dogs. Cases of classical histoplasmosis in humans and animals occur mainly in the USA (Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio River valley), Canada (Ontario and Montreal) and in some regions of Latin America (Colombia and Brazil). Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in Latin American countries, highlighting Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and Argentina. It predominantly affects humans, despite some cases of animal disease being recently reported. In Brazil, there was a special situation concerning sporotrichosis, where thousands of cases of human disease were transmitted due to cat scratches, characterizing a great epidemic of zoonotic transmission. The most prevalent species reported was Sporothrix brasiliensis which is considered to be one of the most virulent species of Sporothrix species complex.
Dematiaceous (melanized or phaeoid) fungi are common in the environment. However, clinical diseases caused by them are uncommon. Despite their rarity, they are being increasingly recognized as causal agents of disease in man and animal. There is growing awareness among medical fraternity about the clinical significance of these melanized fungi in medical practice. In this article, we have reviewed some clinically significant publications reporting some emerging phaeoid genera up to 2017. The genera reviewed are Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Bipolaris, Exserohilum, Curvularia, Ochroconis, Exophiala, Phialophora, Chaetomium, Neoscytalidium, Leptosphaeria, Microascus, Lecythophora, Phaeoacremonium, Scedosporium, Veronaea, Fonsecaea, Wallemia sebi, Verruconis, etc. In addition, laboratory diagnosis and future areas of research have also been dealt along with conclusion.
Pythiosis is a granulomatous disease that affects subcutaneous, vascular, ocular, and gastrointestinal tissues of many humans and animals. The disease is caused by the fungus-like pathogen Pythium insidiosum, an oomycete found predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Pythiosis in animals (horses and dogs) has been more prevalent in the American continent, while the disease in humans has been mostly reported from Thailand. Susceptibility according to age, sex, and breed of the animals is not considered as determinants for infection. Continuous stay in stagnant water with the presence of abundant plant material is the most important factor responsible for the infection, since the disease is acquired in aquatic environment due to the penetration of motile biflagellate zoospores into injured skin. Diagnosis of pythiosis is often difficult, delayed, and time-consuming due to the lack of clinical experience and diagnostic techniques. Treatment of choice is frequently relied upon extensive surgery, which, however, is not always possible due to the great extension of the lesions. Frequently, the disease has a poor prognosis, leading animals to death or euthanasia. In humans, removal of the infected organ or death is the common outcome. Therefore, new diagnosis methodologies and treatment approaches against pythiosis and its etiological agent would be among the most studied fields in the near future.
