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A ten-year study of the lichens of Kangaroo Island, South Australia, based on extensive fieldwork and a review of more than 1500 herbarium specimens, revealed a remarkable flora of 366 taxa. Fourteen appear to be restricted to the island, although they could be expected to occur on the southern Australian mainland, which is most similar to Kangaroo...
Citations
... A sampling expedition in late 2019 sought novel isolates of lactic acid bacteria in remote Australian regions. Kangaroo Island in South Australia was selected due to its unique microclimates, undisturbed and biodiverse plant life and the beekeeping industry with intact biosecurity protocols [28][29][30]. Native flowers, insects, cultivated honey bees and honey samples were aseptically collected. Samples were either put directly into saline, de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth (Oxoid), MRS broth supplemented with 20 % (v/v) preservative free apple juice, (Golden Circle or Coles brand; MRSAJ), MRS broth supplemented with 20 g l −1 d-fructose (ChemSupply) and 0.1 % (w/v) l-cysteine (MRSFC) or in empty tubes [15]. ...
Six strains, KI11_D11T, KI4_B1, KI11_C11T, KI16_H9T, KI4_A6T and KI3_B9T, were isolated from insects and flowers on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, strains KI11_D11T, KI4_B1, KI11_C11T, KI16_H9T, KI4_A6T were found to be closely related to Fructilactobacillus ixorae Ru20-1T. Due to the lack of a whole genome sequence for this species, whole genome sequencing of Fructilactobacillus ixorae Ru20-1T was undertaken. KI3_B9T was found to be closely related to Fructobacillus tropaeoli F214-1T. Utilizing core gene phylogenetics and whole genome analyses, such as determination of AAI, ANI and dDDH, we propose that these six isolates represent five novel species with the names Fructilactobacillus cliffordii (KI11_D11T= LMG 32130T = NBRC 114988T), Fructilactobacillus hinvesii (KI11_C11T = LMG 32129T = NBRC 114987T), Fructilactobacillus myrtifloralis (KI16_H9T= LMG 32131T = NBRC 114989T) Fructilactobacillus carniphilus (KI4_A6T = LMG 32127T = NBRC 114985T) and Fructobacillus americanaquae (KI3_B9T = LMG 32124T = NBRC 114983T). Chemotaxonomic analyses detected no fructophilic characters for these strains of member of the genus Fructilactobacillus. KI3_B9T was found to be obligately fructophilic, similarly to its phylogenetic neighbours in the genus Fructobacillus. This study represents the first isolation, to our knowledge, of novel species in the family Lactobacillaceae from the Australian wild.
... The thallus contains atranorin, stictic acid, hypostictic acid, menegazziaic acid and norstictic acid (Spielmann & Marcelli 2009). Parmotrema perlatum is a widespread species in temperate regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: Asia (Hale 1965;Kurokawa 1991;Kurokawa & Lai 2001), Europe (Hale 1965), Africa (Hale 1965;Swinscow & Krog 1988), North America (Hale 1965;Brodo et al. 2001;Nash & Elix 2002), Central America (Hale 1965), South America (Hale 1965), Australia (Kantvilas 2019) and New Zealand (Blanchon 2013). ...
... Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that the samples in clade B (nos 10 and 12 in Fig. 2) differ chemically from the samples of Parmotrema perlatum grouped in clade A. Several studies have shown that environmental factors, such as light, temperature, pH and culture media, can influence the secondary metabolism in lichens (BeGora & Fahselt 2001). However, we have samples from the same localities and same conditions as the samples in clade A. Furthermore, ABGD, PTP and genetic distance analyses supported clade B as a new sister group to clade A (Fig. 3), suggesting polyphyly, a common phenomenon in Parmeliaceae in general (Lumbsch & Leavitt 2011;Leavitt et al. 2016) and Parmotrema in particular (Divakar et al. 2005b;Del-Prado et al. 2016, 2019Widhelm et al. 2016). ...
The widespread species Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy and Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy are mainly distinguished by their reproductive strategies. While P. crinitum propagates by isidia, P. perlatum produces soredia. In this study, we aim to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship between both species and to critically examine their species boundaries. To this purpose, 46 samples belonging to P. crinitum and P. perlatum were used in our analysis, including 22 for which we studied the morphology and chemistry, before extracting their DNA. We used 35 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) of Parmotrema perlatum from Europe and Africa (20 of which were newly generated), and 11 of Parmotrema crinitum from Europe, North America and North Africa (two newly generated). Additionally, 28 sequences of several species from Parmotrema were included in the ITS dataset. The ITS data matrix was analyzed using different approaches, such as traditional phylogeny (maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses), genetic distances, automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and the coalescent-based method poisson tree processes (PTP), in order to test congruence among results. Our results indicate that all samples referred to P. crinitum and P. perlatum nested in a well-supported monophyletic clade, but phylogenetic relationships among them remain unresolved. Delimitations inferred from PTP, ABGD and genetic distance analyses were comparable and suggested that P. crinitum and P. perlatum belong to the same lineage. Interestingly, two samples of P. perlatum separate in a different monophyletic clade, which is supported as a different lineage by all the analyses.
... At present, the state of Kerala represents a total of 810 species of lichens which were compiled through various publications and contributions (Vohra et al. 1982;Patwardhan 1983;Kumar 2000;Easa 2003;Sequiera 2003Sequiera , 2007Singh and Sinha 2010;Biju et al. 2010Biju et al. , 2014aBiju et al. , b, 2021Pandit et al. 2012;Joshi et al. 2016Joshi et al. , 2018Zachariah et al. 2018, 2019, Purushothaman et al. 2021. Thus, the floristic account of lichens available from the montane forests of Kerala will be helpful for the identification of the different lichen taxa, assessment of biological resources, and baseline for monitoring which in turn creates awareness among the students, common people, forest officials and authorities regarding the importance of lichens and actions to be taken to conserve their diversity. ...
The present paper deals with 11 new records of lichens under 7 genera and 6 families, for the state of Kerala in India. The species are Bacidia personata, Chrysothrix chlorina, Cryptothecia candida, Cryptothecia emergens, Cryptothecia nilghiriensis, Letrouitia aureola, Ochrolechia africana, Pertusaria coronata, P. quassiae, P. subdepressa, and Phyllopsora manipurensis. Brief descriptions of these taxa were provided to facilitate their identification.
... The thallus contains atranorin, stictic acid, hypostictic acid, menegazziaic acid and norstictic acid (Spielmann & Marcelli 2009). Parmotrema perlatum is a widespread species in temperate regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: Asia (Hale 1965;Kurokawa 1991;Kurokawa & Lai 2001), Europe (Hale 1965), Africa (Hale 1965;Swinscow & Krog 1988), North America (Hale 1965;Brodo et al. 2001;Nash & Elix 2002), Central America (Hale 1965), South America (Hale 1965), Australia (Kantvilas 2019) and New Zealand (Blanchon 2013). ...
... Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that the samples in clade B (nos 10 and 12 in Fig. 2) differ chemically from the samples of Parmotrema perlatum grouped in clade A. Several studies have shown that environmental factors, such as light, temperature, pH and culture media, can influence the secondary metabolism in lichens (BeGora & Fahselt 2001). However, we have samples from the same localities and same conditions as the samples in clade A. Furthermore, ABGD, PTP and genetic distance analyses supported clade B as a new sister group to clade A (Fig. 3), suggesting polyphyly, a common phenomenon in Parmeliaceae in general (Lumbsch & Leavitt 2011;Leavitt et al. 2016) and Parmotrema in particular (Divakar et al. 2005b;Del-Prado et al. 2016, 2019Widhelm et al. 2016). ...
The widespread species Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy and Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy are mainly distinguished by their reproductive strategies. While P. crinitum propagates by isidia, P. perlatum produces soredia. In this study, we aim to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship between both species and to critically examine their species boundaries. To this purpose, 46 samples belonging to P. crinitum and P. perlatum were used in our analysis, including 22 for which we studied the morphology and chemistry, before extracting their DNA. We used 35 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) of Parmotrema perlatum from Europe and Africa (20 of which were newly generated), and 11 of Parmotrema crinitum from Europe, North America and North Africa (two newly generated). Additionally, 28 sequences of several species from Parmotrema were included in the ITS dataset. The ITS data matrix was analyzed using different approaches, such as traditional phylogeny (maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses), genetic distances, automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and the coalescent-based method poisson tree processes (PTP), in order to test congruence among results. Our results indicate that all samples referred to P. crinitum and P. perlatum nested in a well-supported monophyletic clade, but phylogenetic relationships among them remain unresolved. Delimitations inferred from PTP, ABGD and genetic distance analyses were comparable and suggested that P. crinitum and P. perlatum belong to the same lineage. Interestingly, two samples of P. perlatum separate in a different monophyletic clade, which is supported as a different lineage by all the analyses.
... Characterised by simple, straight or curved lirellae, 0.4-1 mm long, with a black, K+ olive exciple (in section), and (3-)7septate, acicular ascospores, 22-40 × 3.5-4 µm, with all cells ± equal in size (Pentecost & James 2009, Kantvilas 2019. In Tasmania, this ± cosmopolitan species has been collected mainly on Melaleuca ericifolia and appears to have a widely scattered distribution in the State. ...
... wide, mostly elongate but sometimes approximately as long as wide; exciple usually highly convoluted, contorted and sulcate, closed or gaping at the apex, invariably open at the base, in section K+ olivegreenish; hymenium inspersed with oil droplets, with a brown, K+ pale olive epihymenial layer; ascospores (4-)5-6(-7)septate, 20-26(-30) × 4-6 µm, with a gelatinous perispore that swells in KOH and becomes roughened with age; conidia rodshaped, 4-6 × 0.5-1 µm (plate 2B). Originally described from New Zealand, this species was recently recorded from Kangaroo Island, South Australia (Kantvilas 2019). It is widespread along the coastlines of Tasmania, occurring on a wide variety of rock types including dolerite, quartzite, granite, serpentinite and mudstone. ...
Nineteen lichen species are recorded for the first time from Tasmania: Amandinea conranensis Elix & P.M.McCarthy, Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Zahlbr., Buellia extenuatella Elix & Kantvilas, Catinaria atropurpurea (Schaer.) Vězda & Poelt, Collema crispum (Huds.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg., Diploschistes euganeus (A.Massal.) J.Steiner, D. gyrophoricus Lumbsch & Elix, Endocarpon crassisporum P.M.McCarthy & Filson, Gyalecta pellucida (Coppins & Malcolm) Baloch & Lücking, Lecanora pseudogangaleoides Lumbsch subsp. pseudogangaleoides, L. strobilina (Spreng.) Kieff., Opegrapha niveoatra (Borrer) J.R.Laundon, O. spodopolia Nyl., O. varia Pers., Physcia austrostellaris Elix, Ramonia absconsa (Tuck.) Vězda, Trapelia concentrica Elix & P.M.McCarthy and Xanthoparmelia xerica (Elix) Elix. The new combination Austroparmelina corrugativa (Kurok. & Filson) Elix & Kantvilas is proposed and Austroparmelina euplectina (Kurok. ex Elix). A.Crespo et al. is reduced to synonymy. The salient morphological and anatomical features, ecology and distribution are discussed for each species.
... Thus, in Tasmania, whilst it can be compared to superficially similar lignicolous species such as M. contexta and M. intersociella, from which it differs mainly by its simple ascospores, M. deminuta is more likely to be confused with the terricolous M. melaenida with which it may occur, and which differs by having generally larger apothecia, red-brown to purple-brown, N+ orange-brown apothecial pigment and 1-septate ascospores. Micarea denigrata is a widespread, chiefly lignicolous species throughout the Northern Hemisphere (Czarnota 2007;Coppins 2009) and is also known from mainland Australia (McCarthy 2018) and Kangaroo Island (Kantvilas 2019). It was first recorded for Tasmania by Kantvilas et al. (2008). ...
Thirty-five species of Micarea are recorded for Tasmania. Ten are described as new to science: M. ceracea Coppins & Kantvilas (also known from Victoria and New South Wales), characterized by a thallus containing perlatolic and didymic acids, pallid apothecia and 3(-4)-septate ascospores, 10-21 × 3·5-6 µm; M. cinereopallida Coppins & Kantvilas (also known from Chile), with a granular to coralloid, goniocyst-like thallus containing superlatolic acid, pallid to piebald apothecia and (0-)1-septate ascospores, 8-15 × 2·5-5 µm; M. micromelaena Kantvilas & Coppins, similar to the widespread M. melaena but with markedly smaller, 0-1-septate ascospores, 8-12·5 × 2·5-4 µm; M. oreina Kantvilas & Coppins, characterized by a thallus of globose areoles containing gyrophoric acid, black, subglobose apothecia, and 1-septate ascospores, 11-16·5 × 4·5-6·5 µm; M. pallida Coppins & Kantvilas, similar to M. ceracea but distinguished by the presence of porphyrilic acid and relatively small, 3-septate ascos-pores, 9·5-15 × 2·5-4 µm; M. prasinastra Coppins & Kantvilas (also known from New Zealand), a member of the M. prasina group with a finely granular-sorediose thallus containing gyrophoric acid, unpigmented apothecia and (0-)1-septate ascospores, 7-11·5 × 1·8-3·5 µm; M. rubiginosa Coppins & Kantvilas (also known from Chile), likewise allied to M. prasina but with apothecia containing Rubella-orange pigment and ascospores 0-1-septate, 9·5-17 × 3·5-5·5 µm; M. sandyana Kantvilas, related to M. ternaria (Nyl.) Vĕ zda but differing by smaller ascospores, 7-13·5 × 3·5-6 µm; M. saxicola Coppins & Kantvilas, characterized by a relatively thick, grey-brown, areolate thallus, convex, black apothecia and 0(-1)-septate ascospores, 7-18 × 4·5-7 µm; and M. tubaeformis Coppins & Kantvilas, related to M. flagellispora and with filiform ascospores, 45-100 × 1-2 µm, but differing by containing 2 ′-O-methylperlatolic acid and having funnel-shaped pycnidia. Ten species of Micarea are reported for Tasmania for the first time: M. almbornii Coppins, M. argopsinosa P. M. McCarthy & Elix, M. byssa-cea (Th. Fr.) Czarnota et al., M. contexta Hedl., M. farinosa Coppins & Aptroot, M. humilis P. M. McCarthy & Elix, M. incrassata Hedl., M. myriocarpa V. Wirth & Vě zda ex Coppins, M. nowakii Czarnota & Coppins and M. pseudocoppinsii Brand et al. Also recorded for the first time for Victoria are M. alabastrites (Nyl.) Coppins and M. cinerea (Schaer.) Hedl. A key to Micarea-like lichens in Tasmania, which includes Micarea itself as well as Brianaria, Psilolechia and Leimonis, is presented. Leimonis erratica (Körb.) R. C. Harris & Lendemer and Brianaria tuberculata (Sommerf.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson are recorded for Tasmania for the first time.
... ), and in Australia from South Australia(Kantvilas 2019). SPECIMENS EXAMINED Western Australia. ...
Seven lichen species, Arthonia vinosa Leight., Caloplaca chalybaea (Fr.) Müll.Arg., Pertusaria
alboatra Zahlbr., P. labuensis A.W.Archer & Elix, P. neilgherrensis (Müll.Arg.) D.D.Awasthi
& P.Srivast., Rhizocarpon ridescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. and Varicellaria hemisphaerica (Flörke)
I.Schmitt & Lumbsch, are reported from Australia for the first time. New state, territory and
oceanic island records are provided for 50 other taxa.
Five species of Enterographa Fée from Tasmania are treated: the foliicolous E. bella R.Sant., the corticolous E. divergens (Müll.Arg.) Redinger, and three saxicolous species, E. cretacea P.M.McCarthy & Elix, E. subgelatinosa (Stirt.) Redinger, and E. ophiolithica Kantvilas, the last being new to science. The new species is known only from Tasmania and is characterised by a whitish thallus that lacks lichen substances, black apothecia, 0.15-0.4 mm long, and by the (3-)5-7(-8)-septate ascospores, 20-30 x 4-6 µm.
