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Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) Scales
Source publication
Personality and competence were examined in a community sample of 205 children ages 8-12 who were followed up 10 years later in emerging adulthood (ages 17-23). Adult Positive Emotionality (PEM), Negative Emotionality (NEM), and Constraint (CON) were presaged by childhood personality. PEM was associated with current success in social and romantic r...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... lower order dimensions were derived through an iterative process that involved both conceptual elaboration and empirical refinement through factor analysis. The item clusters making up the 10 lower order traits used in this study are described in Table 1. Previous studies of the MPQ with samples of late adolescents and adults have demonstrated that these lower order scales are internally consistent, stable over time, and relatively independent of one another (Caspi & Silva, 1995;McGue, Bacon, & Lykken, 1993;Patrick, Curtin, & Tellegen, 2002;Tellegen et al., 1988;Tellegen & Waller, 1992). ...
Citations
... Another domain of protective factors that emerged in this review were personality and dispositional factors, which are wellestablished as important drivers of positive adaptation following childhood adversity. Personality is especially influential because there tends to be high similarity between adulthood and childhood personality, 65 so the effects seen in the included studies likely describe the differences in responses to adversity based on personality, rather than a protective effect necessarily. Personality itself is also likely shaped by childhood adversity, as it emerges from an interaction of temperamental factors with environmental effects. ...
Background
The long-term cumulative impact of exposure to childhood adversity is well documented. There is an increasing body of literature examining protective factors following childhood adversity. However, no known reviews have summarised studies examining protective factors for broad psychosocial outcomes following childhood adversity.
Aims
To summarise the current evidence from longitudinal studies of protective factors for adult psychosocial outcomes following cumulative exposure to childhood adversity.
Method
We conducted a formal systematic review of studies that were longitudinal; were published in a peer-reviewed journal; examined social, environmental or psychological factors that were measured following a cumulative measure of childhood adversity; and resulted in more positive adult psychosocial outcomes.
Results
A total of 28 studies from 23 cohorts were included. Because of significant heterogeneity and conceptual differences in the final sample of articles, a meta-analysis was not conducted. The narrative review identified that social support is a protective factor specifically for mental health outcomes following childhood adversity. Findings also suggest that aspects of education are protective factors to adult socioeconomic, mental health and social outcomes following childhood adversity. Personality factors were protective for a variety of outcomes, particularly mental health. The personality factors were too various to summarise into meaningful combined effects. Overall GRADE quality assessments were low and very low, although these scores mostly reflect that all observational studies are low quality by default.
Conclusions
These findings support strategies that improve connection and access to education following childhood adversity exposure. Further research is needed for the roles of personality and dispositional factors, romantic relationship factors and the combined influences of multiple protective factors.
... This distinction may be particularly valuable because bidirectional influences between these person-characteristics and the environmental context may change with developmental phases (Rutter & Sroufe, 2000). Dispositions and adaptations may alternate as driving forces of personality development through self-stabilizing or -destabilizing processes, as key developmental milestones in specific phases emphasize either opportunities for adaptation or risks for maladaptation (Asendorpf & Motti-Stefanidi, 2018, p. 168;Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002;Shiner et al., 2002). Adolescence is a particularly important phase to examine personality at the interface of adaptive and maladaptive development and, therefore, potential pathways towards personality pathology. ...
This study aimed to examine Dispositional, Adaptational, and Environmental (DAE) variables at the intersection of adaptive and maladaptive personality development as a conceptual replication of the DAE-model (Asendorpf & Motti-Stefanidi, European Journal of Personality, 32(3), 167-185, 2018). In a community sample of adolescents (N = 463; Mage = 13.6 years; 51% female) hypotheses-driven cross-lagged panel models were tested. Longitudinal associations between Dispositional (i.e., neuroticism, disagreeableness and unconscientiousness), Adaptational (i.e., social problems), and Environmental (i.e., perceived quality of the parent-child relationship) variables were investigated. The results partially support the DAE hypotheses. High levels of neuroticism, disagreeableness and social problems were found to predict the perceived quality of the parent-child relationship. In turn, the perceived quality of the parent-child relationship was found to predict levels of unconscientiousness and social problems. No mediation effects were found and, in contrast to DAE hypotheses, results did not indicate bidirectional influences between dispositions and adaptations. The results shed light on differential person-environment interactions that shape personality development and the importance of the perceived quality of the parent-child relationship. These findings provide insight in pathways of personality development, that may lead to personality pathology, and demonstrate the value of the DAE model as a structured guideline that provides testable hypotheses.
... Individuals who are score high on conscientiousness are self-disciplined and persevering (Devaraj et al. 2008;O'Neill et al. 2014). Conscientious individuals are less likely to engage in criminal (Wiebe 2004), antisocial (Shiner et al. 2002) or deviant workplace behaviors (Salgado 2002). Further, they have high levels of commitment to their organizations and are more likely to follow rules and standards of their workplace (Tepper, Duffy, and Shaw 2001). ...
Employees' nonwork use of information technology (IT), or cyberslacking, is of growing concern due to its erosion of job performance and other negative organizational consequences. Research on cyberslacking antecedents has drawn on diverse theoretical perspectives, resulting in a lack of cohesive explanation of cyberslacking. Further, prior studies generally overlooked IT-specific variables. To address the cyberslacking problems in organizations and research gaps in the literature, we used a combination of a literature-based approach and a qualitative inquiry to develop a model of cyberslacking that includes a 2x2 typology of antecedents. The proposed model was tested and supported in a three-wave field study of 395 employees in a Fortune-100 US organization. For research, this work organizes antecedents from diverse research streams and validates their relative impact on cyberslacking, thus providing a cohesive theoretical explanation of cyberslacking. This work also incorporates contextualization (i.e., IT-specific factors) into theory development and enriches IS literature by examining the nonwork aspects of IT use and their negative consequences to organizations. For practice, the results provide practitioners with insights into nonwork use of IT in organizations, particularly on how they can take organizational action to mitigate cyberslacking and maintain employee productivity.
... Resilience, originally introduced from the observation that some children grow up surprisingly well despite chronic poverty and parental abuse, refers to an individual's ability to successfully recover from adversity or crisis [21]. Positive psychological resources, such as positive emotions, optimism, autonomy, patience, and spirituality, are representative protective factors that affect resilience [22][23][24]. ...
... Individuals with high positive emotionality are predisposed to be actively engaged with their environments and to experience positive emotions such as enthusiasm and zest. In contrast, individuals with high negative emotionality tend to experience more negative emotions, such as anxiety and resentment (Shiner et al., 2002). Overall, the constructs in this category were linked to a wide (2003) variety of outcomes including marital dissatisfaction (e.g. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to systematically examine and classify the multitude of personality traits that have emerged in the literature beyond the Big Five (Five Factor Model) since the turn of the 21st century. The authors argue that this represents a new phase of personality research that is characterized both by construct proliferation and a movement away from the Big Five and demonstrates how personality as a construct has substantially evolved in the 21st century.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of personality research from 2000 to 2020 across 17 management and psychology journals. This search yielded 1,901 articles, of which 440 were relevant and subsequently coded for this review.
Findings
The review presented in this study uncovers 155 traits, beyond the Big Five, that have been explored, which the authors organize and analyze into 10 distinct categories. Each category comprises a definition, lists the included traits and highlights an exemplar construct. The authors also specify the significant research outcomes associated with each trait category.
Originality/value
This review categorizes the 155 personality traits that have emerged in the management and psychology literature that describe personality beyond the Big Five. Based on these findings, this study proposes new avenues for future research and offers insights into the future of the field as the concept of personality has shifted in the 21st century.
... We also measured a variety of prosocial personality traits including honestyhumility, agreeableness, and altruism (Ashton et al., 2014). Moral personality traits are a strong indicator of a person's prosocial behavior (McAdams, 2009), and adults' personality traits are influenced in part by childhood experiences (Shiner et al., 2002). For example, children exposed to childhood adversity go on as adults to become more aggressive and neurotic, and less agreeable and conscientious, relative to children who were exposed to less adversity (Carver et al., 2014;Chen et al., 2017). ...
What features of people’s childhood environments go on to shape their prosocial behavior during adulthood? Past studies linking childhood environment to adult prosocial behavior have focused primarily on adverse features, thereby neglecting the possible influence of exposure to enriched environments (e.g., access to material resources, experiences with rich cooperative relationships, and interactions with morally exemplary role models). Here, we expand the investigation of childhood environmental quality to include consideration of enriching childhood experiences and their relation to adult prosociality. In two cross-sectional studies, we found promising evidence that enriched childhood environments are associated with adult moral behavior. In study 1 ( N = 1,084 MTurk workers), we adapted an existing measure of enriched childhood environmental quality for retrospective recall of childhood experiences and found that subjects’ recollections of their enriched childhood experiences are distinct from their recollections of adverse childhood experiences. In Study 2 ( N = 2,208 MTurk workers), we found that a formative composite of subjects’ recollections of enriched childhood experiences is positively associated with a variety of morally relevant traits in adulthood, including agreeableness, honesty-humility, altruism, endorsement of the principle of care, empathic responding to the plights of needy others, and charitable donations in an experimental setting, and that these associations held after controlling for childhood environmental adversity, childhood socioeconomic status, sex, and age. We also found evidence suggesting that some, but not all, of the relationship between enrichment and adult prosociality can be explained by a shared genetic correlation. We include a new seven-item measure as an appendix.
... The second model, complication/scar, suggests that experiencing a certain form of psychopathology causes some changes in personality. For instance, childhood antisocial behavior problems predict increased neuroticism in adulthood (Shiner et al., 2002). The third model, pathoplasty/exacerbation, indicates that premorbid personality is considered to have an effect on the expression, course, and severity of disorders, and also on treatment response, but they might have independent causes. ...
The study of the bifactor structure of psychopathology, which includes a general factor of psychopathology (or p factor) in addition to the internalizing and externalizing factors, has gained attention. However, its associations with the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality has been addressed in few studies, and none has examined different plausible etiological models (i.e., continuity, pathoplasty, complication) to explain its relationship, which is the aim of the present research. Additionally, the longitudinal association of the General Factor of Personality (GFP) and the p factor will be also explored. Personality and psychopathological symptoms of high school students were assessed at three time points (once a year) (n = 655; M = 13.79, SD = 1.24; 49.8% girls). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (and measurement invariance across waves) were tested for the traits, the GFP and the bifactor model of psychopathology. While the bifactor model and the one-factor solution for each personality trait displayed good fit to the data and remained invariant over time, the structure of the GFP was adequate and invariant in two of the three waves. The resulting factors were included in cross-lagged panel models and showed that the FFM traits and the psychopathology factors influenced each other reciprocally. Most associations fell in line with the continuity model, but minor pathoplastic and complication effects were also reported. Similar associations were found between the GFP and the p factor. These results suggest that interventions in riskier personality profiles might prevent the development of general and more specific psychopathology spectra.
... There is now some agreement that exposure to stress during pregnancy and the early postpartum may shape child temperament (Gartstein & Skinner, 2018;Huizink, 2008), with prenatal stress showing consistent, albeit modest, links with negative emotionality and regulatory difficulties (Hartman & Belsky, 2018;Korja et al., 2017). Furthermore, some evidence suggests that these enduring alterations to temperament and personality may likewise occur as a result of exposure to childhood stress (Hopkins et al., 2013;Kiff et al., 2011) and distress (Davies & Windle, 2001;Shiner et al., 2002). ...
Although childhood depressive disorders are relatively rare, the experience of depression in children's lives is not. Developmental contextual perspectives denote the importance of considering both depressive disorder and the experience of subclinical depressive symptoms in the child and the family to fully understand the implications of depressive experience for children's developmental well-being. This Element draws on basic emotion development and developmental psychopathology perspectives to address the nature of depressive experience in childhood, both symptoms and disorder, focusing on seminal and recent research that details critical issues regarding its phenomenology, epidemiology, continuity, etiology, consequences, and interventions to ameliorate the developmental challenges inherent in the experience. These issues are addressed within the context of the child's own experience and from the perspective of parent depression as a critical context that influences children's developmental well-being. Conclusions include suggestions for new directions in research on children's lives that focus on more systemic processes.
... Techniques include case-studies, cluster analysis, or discriminant function analysis. While patterns of good vs. poor outcomes among groups of people can be identified, the explanatory mechanisms behind such outcomes are largely inexplicable with this approach (Shiner, Masten, & Tellegen, 2002). Generalisability of these findings are also often difficult (Masten & O'Connor, 1989). ...
Background: The mental health and well-being of university students has been deemed a global concern due to the rising prevalence of poor mental health and psychosocial functioning. The thesis's impetus was drawn from the increased advocacy for resilience promotion in university students by higher education-based policies. A review of resilience literature within the higher education context illuminated several discrepancies in the conceptual and operational enquiry of resilience for this specific population. Specifically, the study of resilience within the higher education setting has primarily been individual-focused which has discounted the risk or protective role of family and social factors. Additionally, a review of the resilience-based interventions for university students indicated the need for a systematic theoretical and empirical delineation of the complex construct. Objective: The thesis proposed and examined the prospective validity of a socio-ecological model of resilience. The influence of a within-individual (i.e., perceived stress), familial (i.e., dysfunctional parenting styles), and social (i.e., perceived social support) risk and protective factors on a multidimensional construct of resilience (i.e., psychological, social, and emotional resilience) were examined. The underlying mechanism of cognitive reappraisal and the potential variations in this mechanism due to the gender and ethnic identities of the university students were also examined. Methods: A two-phase study design with baseline and 5-month follow-up assessments were conducted. A sample of undergraduate students (79.72% female students, 81.44% While/White British students, mean age = 20.74 years) from all years of study completed a self-report survey at the start of their first term (baseline, n = 775) and again at the end of their second term (follow-up, n = 376). Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to establish longitudinal measurement invariance of the measures used in the self-report survey. Path analyses examined the direct associations, mediation effects, and moderated mediation effects on the data from a final matched sample (n = 362). Results: Longitudinal path models indicated that perceived stress was a significant predictor of psychological (i.e., mental well-being and psychological distress), social (campus connectedness), and emotional (i.e., positive and negative affect) resilience. Cognitive reappraisal partly conveyed the causal relationships between perceived stress and mental well-being, psychological distress, and positive affect across time. Perceived social support from friends was associated with mental well-being and campus connectedness, and these relationships were partly conveyed by cognitive reappraisal. Perceived social support from significant others was associated with mental well-being, psychological distress, and positive affect. Experiences of maternal dysfunctional parenting styles had direct relationships with mental well-being, psychological distress, campus connectedness, and negative affect. Perceived social support from family and paternal dysfunctional parenting styles were not associated with the outcomes of resilience. Gender and ethnicity did not moderate the underlying mechanism of cognitive reappraisal in the pathways of resilience in the longitudinal models. Discussion: This thesis's findings support the need to examine social and family-based factors as predictors of resilience. Specifically, the results suggest that early adverse experiences of poor family functioning can have a cascading effect on psychological, social, and emotional adaptation later in life. The partial support for cognitive reappraisal suggests that the ability to downregulate emotional responses in the face of stressors can be beneficial when perceived social support is low, and perceived stress is high. These findings have significant implications on the development of resilience-based interventions that provide opportunities for the formation of long-lasting social support networks and cultivating stress-management skills. Overall, the findings offer a useful socio-ecological framework for the conceptualisation and operationalisation of university students' resilience within the higher education context.
... In contrast, NEM-15 and PEM-20 do not include that same content as a consequence of the original MPQ development efforts centered away from overt psychopathology. Furthermore, NEM and PEM correlations were generally small within the present study samples, which suggests a meaningful parceling of the general risks, vulnerabilities, and/or features associated with internalizing psychopathology (Masten et al., 1999;Shiner et al., 2002). With regard to externalizing markers in the present study, the joint associations of NEM and CON with externalizing traits were consistent with the general factor proposed within the Externalizing Spectrum Model (Patrick et al., 2013). ...
The Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) is a normal range inventory for assessing a variety of empirically derived primary traits. These trait scores can be differentially weighted to estimate higher-order broad dimensions such as Positive Emotionality (PEM), Negative Emotionality (NEM), and Constraint (CON). However, broad trait scores are estimated using proprietary regression equations and necessitate near complete administration of the inventory. We aimed to increase measurement efficiency by creating abbreviated item-based approximations of these weighted scores. To parsimoniously delineate and differentiate the broad traits, classical test theory and item response theory approaches were used to identify five items from each primary trait scale approximating the weighted estimates while also maintaining the breadth of MPQ content coverage. Initial scale development relied on the MPQ-276 (standard form) normative sample (n = 1,237), which was followed by cross-validation using two samples of twins and cotwins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study (n = 1,304, n = 1,305). Additional validation was conducted using a third sample of undergraduate students (n = 201).The resulting item-based scales (PEM-20, NEM-15, CON-15) demonstrated strong convergence with the established proprietary broad trait estimates. Furthermore, these abbreviated scales exhibited similar associations with the external measures of personality and psychopathology. Abbreviated item-based scales may have utility for efficient estimation of the same broadband personality dimensions assessed by longer forms of the MPQ. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
