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This paper presents a generalized state space average model (GSSAM) for multi-phase interleaved buck, boost and buck-boost converters. The GSSAM can model the switching behavior of the current and voltage waveforms, unlike the conventional average model which can model only the average value. The GSSAM is used for the converters with dominant oscil...
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... sin(wst) and the DC values, the GSSAM of the m-phase buck converter is obtained in Fig. 2. The GSSAM in Fig. 2 is divided into several inner matrices which depend on the number of phases, m of the buck converter. The exact location of these inner matrices is defined by the row and column numbers which are function of the number of phases, m. Fig. 3 shows an m-phase boost converter, and it can be described as: ...
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Rangkaian konverter arus searah dibutuhkan untuk mengatur arah aliran daya yang mengalir pada baterai dengan tegangan yang lebih tinggi dan baterai dengan tegangan yang lebih rendah. Pengaturan ini diperlukan untuk menyesuaikan arah aliran daya dengan kebutuhan beban. Dalam penelitian ini telah dirancang Two Phase Interleaved Bidirectional DC-DC Co...
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... However, the analysis and design of the controller are generally referred by the transfer function approach in the classical method and by the state-space the model in modern control method. 56,57 The demerit of the transfer function approach is because of pole-zero cancelation, which has occurred due to uncontrollable or unobservable modes. 48,51,58,59 Furthermore, the demerits of modern control methods are due to the parameters or weighting functions which are based on the trial-and-error method or past experiences. ...
... 13 Hence, incorporating non-linear control techniques into the construction of PID controllers has been the subject of numerous control studies for many years by many researchers. 57,71 Furthermore, such non-linear model-based controllers may be implemented as PI or PID controllers for first and second-order systems respectively as detailed in literature. 22,36,37,57 Table 2 concentrates on the important features of each control technique, which help to select controllers based on application requirements. ...
... 57,71 Furthermore, such non-linear model-based controllers may be implemented as PI or PID controllers for first and second-order systems respectively as detailed in literature. 22,36,37,57 Table 2 concentrates on the important features of each control technique, which help to select controllers based on application requirements. Although, among the various available approaches, IMC based tuning of PID controllers has been quite popular in handling first-order plus time delay and second-order plus time delay plants, as well as integral process with dead time because of its good robustness on uncertain plants. ...
This paper provides an overview of various control strategies for DC–DC converters along with a brief discussion on various performance indices for evaluating the reliability of designed controller. DC–DC converters are emerging as the fastest‐growing interfacing devices in the world because of their emergent applications in almost all domains of engineering. Notably, the non‐linear behavior of DC–DC converters offers a perplexing problem in designing a robust controller. A robust controller must ensure proper closed‐loop stability with desired performance and reliable control for output voltage regulation in the event of various possible perturbations. This creates the requirement for practically implementable non‐linear controllers that can effectively overlook the drawbacks of linear controllers. The prominence of this composition is based on the expansion in tuning techniques of proportional‐integral‐derivative controller gain parameters using linear strategies and heading towards non‐linear strategies by reviewing 196 research papers. The modification in non‐linear control strategies in terms of their fundamental features associated with key benefits and limitations are comprehensively reviewed. This study mostly revolves around non‐linear internal model control (IMC) strategies for parameter tuning of IMC‐based controllers for various order of plants with an improved degree of freedom.
... The stability analysis of non-parasitic half-bridge IBC is performed using the averaging technique [12]. In [13], a generalized SSA model for a multi-phase IBC is presented, but the various parasitic variables have been ignored. For a precise performance analysis, the impact of the parasitic component should be considered. ...
The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in all segments of the transport sector increases the charging requirements for various kinds and ratings of EVs. A low-cost, high-efficiency interleaved converter can play a vital role for low-power charging requirements. This paper presents the characterization of an n-phase interleaved buck converter (nPIBC). A state space analysis of a three-phase interleaved buck converter (TPIBC) with circuit parasitic is presented, which is further generalized for an nPIBC with circuit parasitic. The state space averaging (SSA) technique has been used to develop a small signal model for the TPIBC. The analytical solution for TPIBC is presented, along with the comparison with respect to single-phase and two-phase interleaved buck converter (IBC) and consideration of circuit parasitic variables and their effects on TPIBC for variable output power up to 600W for a fixed input voltage of 200 V and different output voltages of 48 V, 8 A to 60 V, 10 A at different duty cycles. A TPIBC prototype is developed in the laboratory and the analytical results are verified with respect to per unit values in real time.
... Power electronic converters play a vital in photovoltaic (PV) applications by aiding efficient conversion, control, and management of the electrical energy produced by solar panels [1,2]. Solar modules generate different voltage and current levels depending on environmental conditions such as sunlight and temperature. ...
In recent decades, environmental issues have become an area of greatest concern due to changes in global climate conditions. The transportation sector is a major contributor to carbon dioxide emissions, accounting for more than 22.9% of total carbon dioxide emissions. At present, most vehicles run on gasoline/diesel as fuel which is unsustainable and unviable as fossil fuels produce carbon emissions and fuel costs are rising. To address these issues, electric vehicles (EVs) offer an attractive solution as alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles that use electricity as an energy source. It is logical to use renewable energy to charge vehicles, which makes renewable energy an end-to-end clean energy source. In electric vehicles, energy conversion plays an important role. In the energy conversion process, alternating current (AC) can be converted to direct current (DC), or direct current can be converted to alternating current. In EV fast charging applications, DC-to-DC conversion is used, which requires DC-to-DC converters. In this paper, a detailed evaluation of the Buck-Boost and Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converters (SEPIC) with PV as input is analyzed for EV charging applications to make it end-to-end clean energy. For this purpose, a 5-by-5 PV system with a Buck-Boost, SEPIC converters with particle swarm optimization technique is considered, which is simulated in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The simulation results showed that the ripples in output are minimal in SEPIC which supports the smooth and efficient charging of EV battery.
... The output voltage produced by fuel cells or photovoltaic arrays has a low value, which causes their requirements to power electronic devices. The DC-DC converters are important in renewable energy resources to get the demanded value [6][7][8]. ...
This paper proposes a new transformerless buck‐boost converter with an extended voltage conversion ratio. This converter has semi‐quadratic voltage gain, which provides more gain with lower duty cycles. This converter has a simple structure and easy implementation, which reduces the cost and increases efficiency. The proposed converter operates in continuous conduction mode and provides two operation modes by turning on and off the switches. The suggested converter has continuous input current and low input current ripple, which is important when utilizing renewable energy sources. The calculation of the proposed converter includes ideal and practical voltage gain, current calculations, voltage stresses of the switches and diodes, current stress of the switches, parameter design, efficiency, and a brief analysis of discontinuous conduction mode and boundary conditions. The proposed converter provides efficiency of about 93.1% in boost mode and 92.14% in buck mode at 50 W output power. The suggested converter varies the input voltage from 20 to 48 V in boost mode and changes the input voltage from 20 to 10.4 V in buck mode. Finally, a laboratory prototype has been built to prove and evaluate the simulation results and theoretical analysis of the proposed converter.
... The DC-DC buck-boost converter is widely used in many applications for providing a regulated DC supply. In the buck-boost converter, the output voltage is the opposite polarity of the input voltage [24,25]. The basic circuit of the buck-boost converter is depicted in Fig. 2. ...
The multi-level inverter (MLI) plays an emergent role in high and medium-power applications. Due to the numerous advantages like lower power loss, switching loss and harmonics, the MLI is used in various applications. The major drawbacks of MLI are a higher number of switches and complex modulation strategies, thus increasing the voltage stress. Therefore, this paper proposed a novel single-phase cascaded 51-level inverter topology with fewer switches and DC sources to improve system performance. In this proposed topology, 8 IGBT switches along with 2 DC voltage sources are considered for producing 51 levels of voltage. This 51-level inverter is tuned with the help of an EPDB controller, which is a combination of Emperor Penguin Optimization (EPO) and Deep Belief Network (DBN). The EPO is used to optimize the DBN procedure to handle the MLI switches easily. Thus, it generates low harmonics voltage and error-free output voltage. The proposed inverter topology is compared with existing inverter topologies regarding the number of voltage sources, switches, and total harmonics distortion (THD). The comparative analysis demonstrates that the suggested inverter topology provides higher voltages, thereby reducing the THD of voltage to 1.17% and current to 0.10%, which are relatively lower than the existing inverter topologies; moreover, the efficiency of the proposed converter is 99.18%.
... This problem can be tackled by resorting to methods for fast analysis of power electronic converters recently proposed in literature [11][12][13][14][15][16]. For the case of DC-DC converters, the use of averaged diode-transistor switch models is particularly attractive. ...
The design of modern power electronics converters requires accurate electrothermal device models allowing for a straightforward parameter estimation and for fast, yet accurate, circuit simulations. In this paper, a novel electrothermal averaged model of a diode–MOSFET switch for fast analysis of DC–DC converters is proposed. The model has the form of a SPICE-compatible subcircuit and allows the DC characteristics of the converter, the waveforms of the terminal voltages and currents of the semiconductor devices, as well as their junction temperatures, to be computed in a very short simulation time, both in CCM and DCM. All the input data required by the parameter estimation procedure can be taken from the datasheets of components. The correctness of the proposed approach is experimentally verified for a buck converter chosen as a case-study. A generally good agreement between measurements and simulations is obtained; as an example, the absolute error in assessing the MOSFET junction temperature does not exceed 12 °C within the whole range of switching frequency of the converter, while the commonly used PLECS model considerably underestimates it.
... Then, using the state space averaging method with equations (28), (29), (30), and (31), the matrices , , , and are calculated. The duty cycle of the ON and OFF time phases is indicated by the terms "d" and "(1-d)", respectively, [37], [38], [39]. ...
... Based on the buck converter state space model given in (36) and (37) and its component values from Table 1, a systematic procedure to examine the buck converter stability. Initially, the characteristic equation was formulated using (38). Subsequently, the system matrix A was substituted with the relevant coefficients, leading to the expression (39). ...
The present paper introduces the design and simulation of an op-amp-based PID-controlled DC-DC buck converter to regulate a DC voltage of 12 V to 5 V and support load currents ranging from 1 A to 5 A for automotive applications using LTspice software. The converter operates at a switching frequency of 550 kHz, delivering a regulated output voltage of 5 V for load currents ranging from 1 A to 5 A, with a maximum output voltage ripple of 47.56 mV. The proposed buck converter settles to its regulated value within 943.4 µs at a load current of 1 A, with a peak efficiency of 92.83%. The simulation results of the proposed buck converter response to load current fluctuations show that the buck converter settles to its regulated value in 83.36 µs during a load current change from 1 A to 5 A with an undershoot of 92.62 mV. Conversely, during a load change from 5 A to 1 A, the proposed buck converter recovers from an overshoot of 52.04 mV within 46.32 µs.
... The inherent nature of the dc-dc converters renders the switched modeling technique a poor choice for carrying out the steady-state input-output converter relationships directly or for extracting authentic information for the modeling of linear regulators [24]. State-space averaging is now significantly utilized to model dc-dc converters and has proven to be the most realistic approach for building small-signal models [12,25,26]. Various extensions have been introduced in this method, such as designing converters that work under variable conditions [27]. ...
Small-signal models of dc-dc converters are often designed using a state-space averaging approach. This design can help discuss and derive the control-oriented and other frequency-domain attributes, such as input or output impedance parameters. This paper aims to model the dc-dc converters for PV application by employing a capacitor on the input side. The modeling, design, and analysis of the dc-dc converters regarding the input capacitor is limited in the literature. Five dc-dc converters, including buck, boost, buck-boost, ĆUK, and SEPIC converters, are designed and implemented using the state-space average modeling approach in MATLAB/Simulink. The circuit topology of each converter and the state-space matrices are derived considering every constraint. A rigorous and compelling analysis of the dc-dc converters is carried out to compare system stability and, ultimately, the dynamic performance. The output of the resulting small-signal models has been demonstrated in the time-domain against topology simulations. All the converters are exposed to unpredictable weather conditions and the simulations are carried out in the PSIM software. The perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is applied in all the converters to ensure maximum power point (MPP) achievement. The results showcase that the boost converter outperforms all other converters in terms of stability, settling time, and overshoot.
... The transfer function model of the desired buck converter is obtained through the application of the dynamic (AC small signal) state-space methodology [20][21][22]. In this procedure, the Laplace transform (with an initial condition of zero) is applied to both the state and output equations within the state-space representation of the buck converter [23,24]. ...
In this paper, a comprehensive investigation into discretization, effective sample time selection considering delays in the system, and time and frequency domain analysis of a DC-DC buck converter, which plays a vital role in photovoltaic (PV) systems, is conducted to enhance the understanding of their dynamic behavior, optimize control algorithms, improve system efficiency, and ensure reliable power conversion in photovoltaic applications. To effectively address the non-linear behavior and enhance digital control of a buck converter by selecting the best sample time, several approaches can be employed. These include accurate modeling and identification of non-linear elements, development of advanced control algorithms that account for non-linearities, implementation of adaptive control techniques, and utilization of feedback mechanisms to compensate for deviations from linearity. By considering and mitigating the non-linear behavior, digital control systems can achieve improved accuracy, stability, and transient behavior in regulating the buck converter's output waveforms (voltage or current). The results of the study demonstrated that the trapezoidal integration method which is also known as bilinear approximation, or Tustin's approach outperformed other commonly used discretization methods, such as first-order hold (FOH), zero-order hold (ZOH), impulse response matching (impulse invariant), and matched pole-zero (MPZ) technique, in dual-domain (both time and frequency) analysis. The key finding highlighting the superiority of the bilinear approximation was its ability to achieve the closest match in the frequency domain bridging the continuous-time and discrete systems. This finding emphasizes the significance of the bilinear approach in preserving the frequency characteristics of the original continuous-time system during discretization. By employing this method, the discrete system closely approximated the behavior of its continuous-time counterpart, ensuring accurate frequency-domain representation.
... Penggunaan konverter buck sangat umum dalam perangkat elektronik portabel, kendaraan listrik, dan peralatan daya baterai. Konverter buck menjadi pilihan utama karena efisiensinya yang tinggi dalam mengubah energi listrik, membuatnya ideal untuk aplikasi yang membutuhkan pengelolaan daya yang efisien dan hemat energi [13]- [15]. Namun, sebagian besar konverter konvensional dan teknik pengendalian memiliki berbagai kelemahan yang terlihat dari keberhasilannya. ...
Konverter DC-DC umumnya dikategorikan ke dalam dua kategori, yaitu: isolated dan non-isolated. Topologi konverter non-isolated tidak memiliki isolasi galvanik antara masukan dan keluaran, variasi pada masukan secara langsung mempengaruhi keluaran konverter. Jumlah komponen pada rangkaian non-isolated adalah kurang secara jumlah jika dibandingkan dengan konverter isolated. Namun, permasalahan yang muncul dan perlu ditangain adalah rasio duty cycle, penguatan tegangan yang buruk, dan sirkuit tambahan untuk operasi yang optimal. Pada penelitian ini dibahas secara singkat mengenai model switching dari two state buck boost converter dibandingkan dengan manual buck-boost converter berdasarkan metode eksperimen yang dilakukan untuk melihat tegangan masukan dan keluaran apakah terjadi perubahan kenaikan atau penurunan tegangan DC. Pada penelitian ini, rangkaian konverter tipe buck dapat menurunkan tegangan dari 4-12V ke 3,2-3,5V dan tipe boost dapat menaikkan tegangan dari 2-12V ke 2V-16,5V. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, rangkaian osilator mampu membangkitkan modulasi lebar pulsa dan mengatur duty cycle dari 79% hingga 94% karena keterbatasan penggunaan komponen dan terjadi drop tegangan pada rangkaian buck-boost dengan beban rheostat 330Ohm/2,5A. Rangkaian konverter two state buck-boost dapat bekerja sesuai dengan fungsinya dengan pengaturan parameter duty cycle dan juga manual buck-boost bekerja sesuai prinsip kerjanya untuk pebandingan penurunan dan kenaikan tegangan berdasarkan frekuensi yang berbeda. Pengembangan selanjutnya adalah variasi beban dan fungsi buck-boost yang berbeda, seperti tegangan keluaran konstan terhadap perubahan masukan dan juga duty cycle dengan range yang lebih besar.
