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![Multi‐functionality of the nanofiber‐based sensors. a) Photographs showing the excellent flexibility and superior stretchability of the fabricated nanofiber‐based sensors. Adapted with permission.[122] Copyright 2018, Carbon. b) Testing results showing that the fabricated nanofiber‐based sensors have similar air permeability as the commonly used fabric textiles such as Nylon and Band Aid Tape and the air permeability can be tuned upon composition. c) Optical microscopic images showing the hydrophobicity of the fabricated nanofiber‐based sensor with a large contact angle with the aqueous droplets, which provides sweat inertness when wearing on skin. Adapted with permission.[60] Copyright 2022, Nano Energy. d) Photograph and testing result showing that the photoactive polystyrene nanoparticle from the sulfonated polystyrene nanofiber material have strong antibacterial and antiviral properties. Adapted with permission.[125] Copyright 2016, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. e) Schematic diagram and testing data demonstrating the effective oil and water separation by the nanofiber membrane for various oil and water mixtures. Adapted with permission.[126] Copyright 2020, Journal of Membrane Science.](publication/368875154/figure/fig12/AS:11431281179464734@1691192166797/Multi-functionality-of-thenanofiber-based-sensors-a-Photographs-showing-the-excellent.png)
Multi‐functionality of the nanofiber‐based sensors. a) Photographs showing the excellent flexibility and superior stretchability of the fabricated nanofiber‐based sensors. Adapted with permission.[122] Copyright 2018, Carbon. b) Testing results showing that the fabricated nanofiber‐based sensors have similar air permeability as the commonly used fabric textiles such as Nylon and Band Aid Tape and the air permeability can be tuned upon composition. c) Optical microscopic images showing the hydrophobicity of the fabricated nanofiber‐based sensor with a large contact angle with the aqueous droplets, which provides sweat inertness when wearing on skin. Adapted with permission.[60] Copyright 2022, Nano Energy. d) Photograph and testing result showing that the photoactive polystyrene nanoparticle from the sulfonated polystyrene nanofiber material have strong antibacterial and antiviral properties. Adapted with permission.[125] Copyright 2016, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. e) Schematic diagram and testing data demonstrating the effective oil and water separation by the nanofiber membrane for various oil and water mixtures. Adapted with permission.[126] Copyright 2020, Journal of Membrane Science.
Source publication
Wearable electronics have triggered the great development of flexible tactile sensors for promising applications such as healthcare monitoring, motion detection, and human‐machine interaction. However, most of the flexible sensors are constructed on compact and airtight polymer films with inferior flexibility and no breathability, hindering the wea...
Citations
... However, the pyroelectric performance of heattreatment PAN has not been discovered and studied. It has been reported that a flexible hightemperature piezoelectric film has been prepared from electrospun [33,34] polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membranes [35]. After heat treatment, the six-membered ring and more stable conjugate structure are formed by oxidation cyclization of PAN, which can be used at higher temperatures, but its flexibility is poor and single function. ...
High-temperature sensors are critical in petrochemical, aerospace, and automotive industries. However, the inorganic piezoelectric materials for high-temperature sensors are usually rigid and only can work in low temperatures due to their low Curie temperature (< 200 °C), which restricts these sensors for high-temperature application. Herein, we report a high-temperature piezoelectric sensor based on PAN/Zn(Ac)2 composite nanofiber mat created via electrospinning and thermal-oxidative stabilization process, which can continuously work over 500 °C. Moreover, the heat-treatment PAN is first found to be pyroelectric. The effects of the different heat-treatment temperatures on the mechanical and electrical performance of PAN/Zn(Ac)2 composite nanofiber mats are studied systematically. The maximum voltage output of the PAN/Zn(Ac)2 composite film sensor is 14.13 V at room temperature, and the voltage output of the composite film (450 ℃ heat-treated) sensor is about 14.86 V at high temperature. Besides, it has durability for over 10000 cycles (room temperature), and it has durability for over 5000 cycles and stability after 60 days (400 ℃). The PAN/Zn(Ac)2 composite nanofiber film also showed a linear voltage response to the thermal gradient, but the pyroelectric output of the PAN/Zn(Ac)2 composite nanofiber film is independent of the heat J o u r n a l P r e-p r o o f 2 treatment temperature. The PAN/Zn(Ac)2 composite film sensor can charge a capacitor and can instantly drive small electronic devices when the capacitor discharges, and the PAN/Zn(Ac)2 composite film sensor can be applied to fire safety. Overall, good flexibility, high-temperature resistance, and bifunctional sensing ability make PAN/Zn(Ac)2-type sensors expected to be widely used in the high-temperature field of fire safety, the automotive industry, and other harsh environment.
... Wearable pressure sensors with antibacterial properties based on electrospun nanofibers containing piezoelectric materials have also been developed by many research groups [155][156][157][158][159][160]. For instance, a pressure sensor with good antibacterial performances was fabricated based on electrospun PVDF incorporating Ba(Ti 0.8 Zr 0.2 )O 3 -0.5(Ba ...
Electrospun nanofibrous membranes have garnered significant attention in antimicrobial applications, owing to their intricate three-dimensional network that confers an interconnected porous structure, high specific surface area, and tunable physicochemical properties, as well as their notable capacity for loading and sustained release of antimicrobial agents. Tailoring polymer or hybrid-based nanofibrous membranes with stimuli-responsive characteristics further enhances their versatility, enabling them to exhibit broad-spectrum or specific activity against diverse microorganisms. In this review, we elucidate the pivotal advancements achieved in the realm of stimuli-responsive antimicrobial electrospun nanofibers operating by light, temperature, pH, humidity, and electric field, among others. We provide a concise introduction to the strategies employed to design smart electrospun nanofibers with antimicrobial properties. The core section of our review spotlights recent progress in electrospun nanofiber-based systems triggered by single- and multi-stimuli. Within each stimulus category, we explore recent examples of nanofibers based on different polymers and antimicrobial agents. Finally, we delve into the constraints and future directions of stimuli-responsive nanofibrous materials, paving the way for their wider application spectrum and catalyzing progress toward industrial utilization.
... There are two types of high-voltage power supplies commonly used in electrospinning: (i) direct current (DC) power supply and (ii) alternating current (AC) power supply [64,65]. The DC power supply is the most basic type of high-voltage power supply used in electrospinning. ...
Citation: Zhang, J.; Sun, X.; Wang, H.; Li, J.; Guo, X.; Li, S.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, W.; Qiu, H.; Shi, Y.; et al. From 1D to 2D to 3D: Electrospun Microstructures towards Wearable Sensing. Chemosensors 2023, 11, 295. Abstract: Wearable sensors open unprecedented opportunities for long-term health monitoring and human-machine interaction. Electrospinning is considered to be an ideal technology to produce functional structures for wearable sensors because of its unique merits to endow devices with highly designable functional microstructures, outstanding breathability, biocompatibility, and comfort, as well as its low cost, simple process flow, and high productivity. Recent advances in wearable sensors with one-, two-, or three-dimensional (1D, 2D, or 3D) electrospun microstructures have promoted various applications in healthcare, action monitoring, and physiological information recognition. Particularly, the development of various novel electrospun microstructures different from conventional micro/nanofibrous structures further enhances the electrical, mechanical, thermal, and optical performances of wearable sensors and provides them with multiple detection functions and superior practicality. In this review, we discuss (i) the principle and typical apparatus of electrospinning, (ii) 1D, 2D, and 3D electrospun microstructures for wearable sensing and their construction strategies and physical properties, (iii) applications of microstructured electrospun wearable devices in sensing pressure, temperature, humidity, gas, biochemical molecules, and light, and (iv) challenges of future electrospun wearable sensors for physiological signal recognition, behavior monitoring, personal protection, and health diagnosis.
Electrospinning is an economical, efficient, and versatile process for the preparation of continuous nanofibers with desired patterns, tailored fiber diameters, and orientations. Since its invention, electrospinning has been utilized to prepare nanofibers from several natural polymers and synthetic polymers for use as scaffolds in tissue engineering, regeneration, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, complex scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning complex polymer solutions formulated by blending natural and synthetic organic polymers with bioceramics and other inorganic molecules. Lately, coaxial electrospinning has emerged as a promising technology in the preparation of drug‐loaded biodegradable core‐shell structured micro/nanofibers for sustained drug delivery applications. This paper will discuss the basic mechanism of electrospinning, parameters governing the electrospinning process, various materials investigated for use in the electrospinning process, and its recent advances.
