Table 3 - uploaded by Yanhui Liao
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This cross-sectional study explored the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction, body dysmorphic disorder, social anxiety and depressive symptoms in first-year medical students in China.
A self-report survey design was employed, using the Body Shape Questionnaire, Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Dysmo...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... those who indicated that they were concerned about the appearance of some part of their body unrelated to weight, when asked to indicate their main area(s) of con- cern, most indicated several body parts. The most fre- quently mentioned body parts were the eyes, nose, mouth/ lips/teeth, face, hair, waist/stomach, buttocks/hips/thighs, legs and skin (see Table 3). For female students, the most frequently identified body parts were the waist/stomach/ legs (too much fat and too big), skin (dark or yellow), hair (quality and colour), chest/breast (too small), shoulders (too big) and too much body hair. ...
Similar publications
Background: Convincing evidence on Virtual Reality (VR) exposure for phobic anxiety disorders has been reported, however, the benchmark and golden standard for phobia treatment is in vivo exposure. For direct treatment comparisons, the control of confounding variables is essential. Therefore, the comparison of VR and in vivo exposure in studies app...
Interpersonal assessment may provide a clinically useful way to identify subtypes of social phobia. In this study, we examined evidence for interpersonal subtypes in a sample of 77 socially phobic outpatients. A cluster analysis based on the dimensions of dominance and love on the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex Scales (Alden, Wiggin...
Introduction: The modern world with rapid developments in various aspects of individual and social life has caused psychological disorders. This matter stresses more on stressful psychological and emotional issues. One of the most important psychological issues reflected more in the developments of the modern life is social anxiety disorder. In thi...
Citations
... This discovery is consistent with existing research that has highlighted a correlation between appearance-related concerns, symptoms of depression, and social anxiety, particularly in firstyear medical students. 12 Furthermore, our findings resonate with the established pattern of BDD onset, which commonly occurs during childhood or adolescence, with a mean age of 16.7 years. Notably, the disorder exhibits a higher prevalence among women. ...
Introduction: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect. It is an underrecognized part yet relatively common and is considered a severe mental disorder that occurs globally. BDD is more common than is realized and causes significant distress and occupational impairment. Hence, it is important to understand the magnitude of occupational impairment in college students with BDD. Before identifying the occupational impairment in college-going students, we need to understand the prevalence of BDD amongst them. Aim: To measure the prevalence of BDD in undergraduate Medical and Allied Health college-going students. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional quantitative study design was used to conduct the study. Medical and Allied Health Students of Goa Medical College, Goa. Methods and Material: A convenient sampling method was used. A self-report, body image questionnaire was used, which has a sensitivity of 95.1% and a specificity of 71.6%. Statistical Analysis used: Data obtained and entered in a Google Excel sheet and analyzed in IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Out of the 378 students surveyed, 72.5% were female. Among the student population, 6.9% were found to have BDD. The male-to-female ratio among those with BDD was 1:5. Additionally, it was observed that approximately 61.5% of students who were under 21 years of age were likely to have BDD. Furthermore, it was noted that 45.8% of the total students surveyed experienced slight distress due to their physical features, while approximately 47.1% of students reported that they always avoided certain situations or activities because their features caused them distress. Additionally, 44.4% of the total student population expressed being slightly preoccupied with their physical features and thinking about them frequently. Moreover, approximately 25.1% of the overall student population stated that their features slightly affected their ability to work or study, indicating interference with their academic or professional pursuits. Conclusion: The data suggests that a significant portion of the surveyed population, particularly females, are susceptible to BDD. The disorder appears to affect a substantial percentage of students, with a higher prevalence among those under 21 years of age. Additionally, a considerable number of students report experiencing distress, avoidance behaviors, preoccupation with their physical features, and interference with their work or study due to these concerns. These findings highlight the importance of addressing mental health and body image issues among students and may warrant further investigation and support for those affected by BDD.
... The Chinese version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BS-Q) with eight items was employed to evaluate body shape concerns related to EDs [35]. Respondents used a 6-point Likert scale ("Never-1" to "Always-6"). ...
... Respondents used a 6-point Likert scale ("Never-1" to "Always-6"). The questionnaire demonstrated high reliability, with a coefficient of 0.94 [35,36]. ...
Background:
Eating disorders (EDs) have become a global public health concern among adolescents and young adults. However, Chinese university students exhibit a high prevalence of eating disorders. This study aims to investigate the effects of self-esteem (SE) and body shape (BS) on ED behaviors among Chinese university students.
Methods:
Using random sampling, 946 Chinese university students (aged 18 to 24, M = 19.94, SD = 1.04) participated in a survey comprising the Sick, Control, One, Fat, and Food Questionnaire (SCOFF-Q), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BS-Q), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RS-S) to assess their eating disorder or non-eating disorder (NED) behavior.
Results:
There was a significant positive correlation between body shape and eating disorder behaviors (r = 0.19, p < 0.01), while there was a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and eating disorder behaviors (r = -0.14, p = 0.001 < 0.01). Gender was a moderating factor in the relationship between body shape and eating disorder behaviors (t = 3.14, p = 0.002 < 0.01), while parents' marital status was a moderating factor in the relationship between self-esteem and eating disorder behavior (t = 2.72, p = 0.007 < 0.01). Body shape (z = 6.47, p = 0.001 < 0.01), self-esteem (z = -2.81, p = 0.005 < 0.05), and gender (z = 3.06, p = 0.002 < 0.01) significantly influenced eating disorder behavior among Chinese university students aged 18-24 years.
Conclusions:
There was a direct effect between body shape and self-esteem and eating disorder behaviors among Chinese university students aged 18-24 years. Alarmingly, female university students are becoming susceptible to external influences on self-esteem and body shape, leading to eating disorder behaviors at an increasingly younger age in China.
... Liao et al. evaluated body dysmorphic disorder, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms in Chinese medical students. It was determined that social anxiety and depressive symptom levels were greater in participants with impaired body image (22). Aderka et al. studied body image in patients with social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder. ...
Objective: Psychiatric suitability is an important parameter that is evaluated together with anatomical suitability when deciding on rhinoplasty surgery. There is no matter how successful the treatment or surgery is, the results are not satisfactory in individuals with psychiatric symptoms. In order to make a broader assessment to determine psychiatric suitability, we aimed to evaluate the body perception, disability, depression and social phobia in individuals who applied for rhinoplasty surgery. Method: In this study, patients were planned to be included who applied to …………………… University Hospital Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic between 1/1/2019 - 1/1/2020. Among the patients, 50 volunteers who applied with the complaints of dissatisfaction with the aesthetic appearance of the nose and underwent septorhinoplasty were included in the case group. In the control group, 50 patients who applied to the Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic and had any complaints other than nasal deformity and were not planned for aesthetic any other operation were included. Results: There was no statistically significant difference found in terms of body image, disability, depression and social phobia. Conclusion: It has been confirmed that depression and body image do not show significant changes in patients who will undergo septorhinoplasty, and the information that disability and social phobia are not effective has been brought to the literature. Further studies with larger samples are needed on preoperative psychiatric evaluation.
... The scale also showed good validity, as attested by adequate patterns of correlations with distress, social impairment, and work [2]. Due to its relative shortness, simplicity, and low cost, the DCQ was widely used for clinical purposes and in large epidemiological studies [35,37]. In addition, several psychometric studies demonstrated the adequate reliability and validity of the DCQ in various countries and languages, including Persian [38], Spanish [8], Greek [39], and German [40]. ...
Background: Research on dysmorphic concerns (DC) in Arabic-speaking contexts is hampered by the lack of validated tools. Because DC are culturally-dependent, psychometrically sound measures are needed at the national level to closely and accurately investigate the construct in specific societies and populations. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the psychometric properties of Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ) in its Arabic translation in Lebanese adults.
Methods: The study involved 515 participants (69.9% females, mean age of 27.55 ± 10.92 years) who completed a self-report, web-based questionnaire.
Results: Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated excellent construct validity, as the one-factor structure of the Arabic DCQ fit well with the data. McDonald’s omega was .89 in our sample, evidencing an excellent level of internal consistency. Furthermore, the results from the multi-group analysis showed that the DCQ holds similar structural model between genders at the metric, configural, and scalar levels. Finally, DC levels correlated inversely with body appreciation and self-esteem and positively with disordered eating symptoms , thus supporting the concurrent and convergent validity of the Arabic DCQ.
Conclusion: The DCQ translated into Arabic appears to ve a valid self-assessment measure to capture the presence of DC manifestations. It is anticipated that the Arabic DCQ will be advantageous for healthcare professionals and researchers working with Arabic-speaking people around the world.
... The current findings showed that more than one third (38.7%) of the students' sample were preoccupied w the appearance of some body parts, and 21.7% were very preoccupied by those concerns. Results of Liao et al., (2010) (21) in China were almost consistent with our work as they found that about onethird of participants were highly concerned with aspects of appearance other than weight. Higher percentages were reported by other studies such as Alsaidan et al. (2020) (10) in Saudi Arabia who found 60.8% preoccupied about an aspect of their appearance, and 39.2% of these individuals preoccupied by this concern. ...
... The current findings showed that more than one third (38.7%) of the students' sample were preoccupied w the appearance of some body parts, and 21.7% were very preoccupied by those concerns. Results of Liao et al., (2010) (21) in China were almost consistent with our work as they found that about onethird of participants were highly concerned with aspects of appearance other than weight. Higher percentages were reported by other studies such as Alsaidan et al. (2020) (10) in Saudi Arabia who found 60.8% preoccupied about an aspect of their appearance, and 39.2% of these individuals preoccupied by this concern. ...
... Consistent with the present study, a previous study indicated that students who were concerned about their appearance (including those who did not test positive for BDD) had higher levels of social anxiety and depressive symptoms than those who were not. In addition, students who were concerned about the appearance of parts of their body unrelated to weight had higher SIAS scores (P < 0.001) (11). Furthermore, in the present study, a higher proportion of the students concerned about their body, hair, teeth, nose, obesity, and height experienced social anxiety. ...
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by significant distress or impaired thoughts. It is a common mental health disorder; however, it remains underdiagnosed in clinical settings. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of BDD and social anxiety among female students, which is important because both conditions may adversely affect academic performance. This cross-sectional study on female students was conducted at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between January and February 2023. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire distributed in electronic format on university electronic platforms (blackboard). Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire comprising three parts: 1) sociodemographic data, 2) BDD Symptomology Questionnaire, and 3) Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). In this study, among 437 female students, most were concerned about their body parts/flaws (80.5%, n = 352). The body features of major concern included skin (32.3%, n = 141), obesity (23.6%, n = 103), teeth (21.5%, n = 94), and hair (21.3%, n = 93). In addition, our results showed a significant association between SIAS and all reported symptoms of BDD (p < 0.001). Notably, a significantly higher number of those with social anxiety extremely/very often experienced symptoms of BDD than those without social anxiety.
... The SDS is a reliable and valid tool to screen for depression and is often used to assess the psychological and somatic symptoms of depression [17]. It has been widely used in various age groups in the Chinese [18][19][20][21]. The SDS includes 20 items and is scored on a Likert scale evaluated by 1-4 score (a little of the time, some of the time, a large part of the time, most of the time). ...
... Chinese version SDS was used in the current study. The reliability and validity of SDS have been confirmed in Liao Y's study [20]. The Cronbach's α was 0.805. ...
Objectives
The current study aimed at ascertaining the depression levels of medical students and their knowledge levels of depression, and exploring the relationship between the level of knowledge and coping styles of the medical students on depression.
Methods
An online-based survey was developed in Changzhi Medical College. The questionnaire included demographic and socioeconomic data, questions about depression knowledge and copying styles of depression, and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). A total of 1931 questionnaires were returned by respondents.
Results
The medical students produced a mean SDS score of 44.29 (SD = 11.67). The prevalence of depression was 29.7%. Sophomore, female, and poor family relationships were parameters associated with a higher SDS score. The total correct rate for knowledge of depression was 64.14%. There were statistical differences between with depression students and non-depression students on the rate of the correct answers in the following questions:"Female has more probability", "Depression can be adjusted by oneself", "Associated with one’s character", "Know cure method of depression", "Know drug use of depression", "Know depression influence for health", and "Know prevention method of depression". Depression students were more likely to have a lower rate of correct answer for above questions. Asking for help from psychological consultation was the primary coping mechanism among the medical students. The logistic regression analysis results found that depressed students who chose the coping way of no ways of coping were more likely to be females OR = 1.470 (1.078, 2.005), residents in rural area OR = 1.496 (1.038, 2.156), in poor family relationships OR = 2.428 (1.790, 3.293), and have lower cognitive level of depression knowledge OR = 1.920 (1.426, 3.226).
Conclusions
It is necessary to focus on mental health of medical students, especially in female, residents in rural area, in poor family relationships, and having lower cognitive level of depression knowledge. Medical students were insufficient on depression knowledge and coping styles, and efforts that train students know risk of impaired mental health could also improve diagnosis and treatment.
... Our findings suggest that gender norms of beauty in the Chinese context have a profound impact on Chinese academic women's choice of dress and appearance management, let alone women in other sectors. The recent decade has witnessed academic attention on Chinese women's appearance anxiety (such as Liao et al., 2010;Teng & Poon, 2020). University was seen as a place to disseminate the dominating societal discourse, should first consider breaking down the monolithic evaluation of academic women's appearance. ...
Through the use of photovoice interviews as a research method and drawing on Butler's performativity theory, this article investigates the performative constitution of the subjectivities of three academic women in Chinese non-elite universities by unpacking the multiple meanings of their aesthetic experiences. The study reveals that these women emphasized their bodily performance in the workplace, paying particular attention to their physical appearance, including dressing and using make-up, to explicitly perform their femininity. In this study, academic women's gendered subjectivities are produced by repetitive performative feminine bodies under the control of wider regulatory forces in terms of gender norms and institutional discourses. Our findings suggest that gender norms of beauty in the Chinese context have a profound impact on the three Chinese academic women's choice of dress and appearance management. We conclude that (i) femininity matters during the process of academic women's gendered subjectivity construction in the Chinese academic context; and ii) multiple and sometimes contradictory wider regulatory forces within and beyond the academia shape Chinese academic women's bodily performance and, therefore, produce academic women's gendered subjectivities.
... 229). Previous evidence highlighted the negative influence of a negative perception of one's body image on mental health, showing negative associations with depression [38], social anxiety [39], eating disorders [40], and exercise addiction [41], to name a few. Furthermore, recent research found relationships between body dissatisfaction and internet addiction [42], problematic smartphone use [43], and social media addiction [44], supporting the possibility that the use of the internet can represent a coping mechanism (maladaptive) aimed at temporary escape from unpleasant dysregulated feelings and negative perceptions of oneself, which in the long term may hesitate in addiction [45,46]. ...
Given the popularity of social media and the growing presence of these tools in the daily lives of individuals, research about the elements that can be linked to their problematic use appears to be of great importance. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that may contribute to the levels of social media addiction, by focusing on the role of alexithymia, body image concern, and self-esteem, controlled for age and gender. A sample of 437 social media users (32.5% men, 67.5% women; Mage = 33.44 years, SD = 13.284) completed an online survey, including the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Body Image Concern Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, together with a demographic questionnaire. Results showed a significant association between alexithymia and social media addiction, with the total mediation of body image concern (and more in detail, body dissatisfaction) and the significant moderation of self-esteem. Gender and age showed significant effects in these relationships. Such findings may offer further insights into the field of clinical research on social media addiction and may provide useful information for effective clinical practice.
... It is an obsessive-compulsive disorder and higher chance of recurrence. Studies have shown that these individuals have higher suicidal tendency and morbidity in terms of depression and social [17][18][19] anxiety. ...
Background and Objectives: Body Dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by preoccupation with an imagined flaw in appearance or slight defect in one's body. It is a disabling obsessive- compulsive spectrum disorder often goes unrecognized in clinical practice and found to be associated with social anxiety, distress and suicidal tendency. The aim of this study was to screen public sector college students for body dysmorphic disorder using a validated dysmorphic concern questionnaire® through an online survey and describing family, peers and media influences in relation to its occurrence. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was undertaken in two public sector medical colleges (Lahore and Sialkot) and one public sector general education college (Sialkot) during November 2019 to June 2022. Overall, 378 students completed a validated 7-items Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ)® online. Participants provided responses on a 4-point scale. They also responded to questions regarding social pressures and media influencing the dysmorphic concern. A BDD score was computed as per method described by Mancuso et al. and participants with score more than 14 were labelled as having BDD. Association between family, peers and media influences with BDD score was analyzed using logistic regression technique in SPSS version 25.® Results: Of 378 participants, 251 (66%) were medical students and 127 (34%) were general education students. About 1.3% medical students and 5.0 % non-medical students were classified having potential body dysmorphic disorder respectively. Adjusted odds ratio comparing medical and non-medical students for BDD is 4.4 (95% CI: 1.2-15.9; p=0.02) with higher odds of BDD observed for those aged 18-20 years (OR=3.3) and in females (OR=1.1, 95% CI=0.4-2.8; p=0.83). Conclusion: BDD is comparatively frequent in non-medical female students aged 18-20 years. Family and peer pressure alongside the influences from social, print and electronic media had considerable effect on non- medical students comparatively and may contribute the occurrence of body dysmorphic disorder.
