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Citations
... Istraživanja pokazuju da je upotreba psihoaktivnih supstanci uobičajena u zatvorskim okruženjima (Stover & Weilandt, 2007;Strang et al., 2006). Iako većina korisnika psihoaktivnih supstanci obično smanjuje njihovu upotrebu tokom boravka u zatvoru (Stover et al., 2008), više od polovine osuđenih lica u zatvoru ima nelečeni poremećaj zloupotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci (Bronson et al., 2020). ...
... Najčešće korišćene psihoaktivne supstance su kanabis, kokain i heroin (EMCDDA, 2012). Vrsta i obim upotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci u zatvorima proizilazi iz kompleksne interakcije faktora kao što su dostupnost, strategije kontrole psihoaktivnih supstanci i psihofarmakološka svojstva (Bullock, 2003;Penfold et al, 2005;Stover et al., 2008). Upotreba psihoaktivnih supstanci među osuđenim licima je povezana s nepovoljnim ishodima nakon puštanja iz zatvora, uključujući niže stope zaposlenosti, veće probleme sa stanovanjem, lošije fizičko zdravlje i povećan rizik od smrti u poređenju sa osuđenim licima koji ne koriste psihoaktivne supstance (Bukten et al., 2020;Keyser et al., 2002). ...
Problem istraživanja: Tretman zavisnosti osuđenih lica od psihoaktivnih supstanci obuhvata različite intervencije, od terapijskih alternativa zatvaranju, tretmana u zatvorima i zatvorske programe reintegracije. Iako se mnogo naučne pažnje posvećuje programima za tretman zavisnosti u zajednici, znatno manje istraživanja posvećeno je programima u zatvorima. Osuđena lica koja nisu podvrgnuta tretmanu zavisnosti imaju veći rizik od smrtnosti nakon puštanja iz zatvora, ponovljenog vršenja krivičnih dela, niže stope zaposlenosti, probleme sa stanovanjem i loše fizičko zdravlje. Cilj: Rad je sproveden sa ciljem da se sveobuhvatno prikažu teorijska i empirijska uporišta pri proučavanju tretmana zavisnosti osuđenih lica od psihoaktivnih supstanci u zatvoru, njihovih karakteristika, motiva i drugih faktora koji održavaju zloupotrebu psihoaktivnih supstanci u zatvoru, kao i nastojanja u vezi sa unapređenjem tretmana, ali i prikaz rezultata istraživanja i podataka o prevalenci. Metode: Istraživanje se bazira na kritičkom pregledu literature. Primenjena je teorijska analiza i sinteza empirijskih nalaza. Diskusija: Analizirani rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je prevalencija zloupotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci u zatvorima visoka, od 2% do 63%. Ukoliko se zavisničko ponašanje ne leči, visoka je verovatnoća da će se osuđeni vratiti kriminalnim ponašanjima. Neki od najefikasnijih metoda tretmana osuđenih lica zavisnih od psihoaktivnih supstanci su kognitivno-bihejvioralna terapija i terapijska zajednica. Zaključak: Pregledom empirijskih istraživanja i teorijskih modela ustanovljeno je da je potrebno posvetiti veću pažnju povećanju kvalitetu nege i kreiranju podržavajućih sistema, od ulaska osuđenih lica u zatvor do njihovog otpusta i prihvata u zajednicu. Preporuka je da svim novim osuđenih licima koji zloupotrebljavaju psihoaktivne supstance treba pružiti simptomatsko lečenje i tretman.
... Therapeutische gemeenschappen hebben al jaren hun plaats in verschillende gevangenissen (Stöver et al., 2008;de Andrade et al., 2018;Vandevelde et al., 2004 Verschillende studies omtrent TG's in gevangenissen hebben bemoedigende resultaten opgeleverd, zoals een daling in druggebruik en recidive, zeker als deze vorm van behandeling gevolgd wordt door nazorg (Belenko, Hiller & Hamilton, 2013;Dolan et al., 2018;Fazel et al., 2016;Field, 1998;Galassi, Mpofu & Athanasou, 2015;Kouyoumdjian and al., 2015;Mitchell et al., 2007;Wexler & Prendergast, 2010). Deze resultaten werden bevestigd door verschillende meta-analyses. ...
In Belgium, the care offered to prisoners who use drugs is being in development. Based on this observation, the Federal Public Service for Public Health, in collaboration with the Federal Public Service for Justice, have set up a pilot project since December 2017 aiming at the care of this specific population in three prisons of the country. The objective of this pilot project was to develop a care model, an instrument for a common screening procedure with the aim of ultimately extending the specific care offer to other prisons in the country in the coming years. After two years of existence, this pilot project was evaluated in order to identify the strengths of the programme and those that needed to be adjusted. This evaluation was carried out by a team of researchers affiliated with Ghent University (Ugent) and the National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology in Brussels (NICC). As a result, recommendations for policy, the project and prisons were formulated. Our contribution will discuss these recommendations and at the same time identify some preconditions for the implementation of such a project in other prisons.
... Confirming previous research (see e.g. Stöver et al., 2008;Crewe, 2005), the impacts of the criminal justice system on drug use are multiple. We identified three main types of patterns, which included, in order of frequency, decreasing, persisting, and quitting. ...
... This could be attributed to the unavailability of desirable drugs at a particular time (Tompkins, 2015), making it difficult for prisoners to maintain problematic level of use (Bullock, 2003). Thus, the extent of drug use in prison is dependent on the interaction between drug control strategies, availability, and the psychopharmacological properties of a drug (Bullock, 2003;Penfold et al., 2005;Stover et al., 2008). This is consistent with Seddon's (2006) position that a number of variables (e.g., drug supply and availability) come to play when explaining the reasons why offenders use drugs. ...
... All things being equal, offenders within a particular cell are more likely to establish some form of social network different from those within other cells. This goes to buttress the assertion that drug use within prison entails the interaction of different factors (see Bullock, 2003;Penfold et al., 2005;Stover et al., 2008). Moreover, there could be a social network among those who were being convicted of the possession of marijuana for the first time, different from that of those who are recidivist for the possession of marijuana. ...
Among others, the study sought to find out whether being convicted of the possession
of marijuana for personal use for the first time or multiple times, would predict
marijuana, and other drug use within the past 30 days. Using a cross-sectional survey,
two hundred and fifty three (253) male offenders were conveniently sampled from
three prisons in Ghana. The average age of participants was 31.26 (SD = 10.19). It
was established that those who had been convicted of the possession of marijuana
for personal use for the first time were likely to have used marijuana within the past
30 days (OR = 4.15, 95% CI = 2.00, 8.58), and other drugs within the past 30 days
(OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.09, 5.47). Also, those who were recidivist robbers were
likely to have used other drugs within the past 30 days (OR = 6.63, 95% CI = 2.55,
17.25). These, and other findings are discussed.
... These initiatives focus on continuity of care and support between the prison and the community, and vice versa (MacDonald, Williams & Kane, 2012;. Throughcare is reported to lead to less relapse into drug abuse or criminal offenses among former detainees Stöver, Weilandt, Zurhold, Hartwig & Thane, 2008;. Aftercare, the last element in throughcare, is described as a rehabilitation or reintegration scheme that actively supports prisoners (UNODC, 2008). ...
... These initiatives focus on continuity of care and support between the prison and the community, and vice versa(MacDonald, Williams & Kane, 2012;. Throughcare is reported to lead to less relapse into drug abuse or criminal offenses among former detaineesStöver, Weilandt, Zurhold, Hartwig & Thane, 2008;. Aftercare, the last element in throughcare, is described as a rehabilitation or reintegration scheme that actively supports prisoners ...
Purpose
This paper aims to report the findings of an evaluation study concerning the Central Registration Points (CRPs) for drug users in Belgian prisons. CRPs support drug users to link with community-based services.
Design/methodology/approach
The study applied a multi-method approach that involved an exploratory literature review; a secondary analysis of the CRPs’ databases; a qualitative study of the perceptions of a diverse sample of stakeholders with regard to the functioning of CRPs; and a prospective registration study.
Findings
One-third of the clients never attended an outpatient or residential substance abuse service before prison entry. This illustrates that the CRPs managed to reach clients who were not previously reached by (substance abuse) treatment services. All interviewed actors emphasized the added value of the CRPs in terms of informing, contacting, motivating and referring prisoners with a substance abuse problem.
Practical implications
Based on the research findings, two issues seem to be of paramount importance in the successful practice of CRPs: the confidentiality and specific expertise on (substance abuse) treatment. Given the complex situation of drug users in prison, an independent positioning and categorical assistance with drug-specific expertise seem to be essential.
Originality/value
CRPs can be considered to be one of the “building blocks” that contribute to high-quality care and continuity of care for drugs users in detention.
... Dit impliceert ook dat de helft van de respondenten stopt met gebruik. Drugsgebruikers kunnen namelijk de gevangenis ervaren als een omgeving om hun gebruik stop te zetten, of tenminste een time-out te hebben van de drugsgeoriënteerde levenswijze die ze buiten hebben (Stöver et al. 2008). Anderzijds geeft 14 % van de personen aan dat zij één of meer (il)legale drugs hebben gebruikt gedurende hun detentie, terwijl zij geen drugsgebruik melden een jaar voorafgaand aan hun opsluiting. ...
Psychotropic medication and drug use in Flemish prisons—The current study reports on findings from a large sample of 1326 prisoners in Flanders, Belgium. During their current incarceration, one-third of all inmates report illicit drug use (34.8%) and the use of psychotropic medication on prescription (36.4%). One in four prisoners report a formal diagnosis of a substance use disorder in their lifetime (25.3%) and a history of substance abuse treatment prior to their incarceration (26.1%). Prevalence rates do not significantly differ between sexes, except for psychotropic medication, which was twice as high for women, compared to men. Despite these high prevalence rates, an integrated treatment approach in Flemish prisons is lacking to date.
... In many prisons, the most commonly used drug besides tobacco is cannabis, which is used for relaxation purposes. Some studies have shown that more than 50% of the prisoners use cannabis while in prison: prevalence at entry vary be- tween 38% in France and 81% in Scotland ( Stöver et al. 2008). Studies indicate that both prison staff and inmates believe that cannabis gives psychological relief and has a positive impact on the social ambiance in the particular setting of prison. ...
... This may be due to the reduced supply of drugs or it may reflect the ability of drug-using inmates to re- duce or stop drug use while in prison. However, according to various studies un- dertaken in Europe, between 16% and 60% of people who injected on the outside continue to inject in prison ( Stöver et al. 2008). Although injecting less frequently than outside, prisoners are much more likely to share injecting equipment than drug injectors in the community and with a greater number of people (Jürgens, Ball & Verster 2009). ...
... After release, many injecting drug users continue with their habit. A study indicates that 63% of those who injected before prison inject again in the first three months after release ( Stöver et al. 2008). Prison, therefore, cannot be seen as providing a short-or longer-term solution to individuals' problems with drugs. ...
A wide range of drug services should be available to prisoners, based on local and individual needs. Interdisciplinary staff and multi-professional teams should offer psycho-social as well as pharmacological treatment, stimulating and enhancing self-help potential of prisoners.
... Condoms and vaccinations against hepatitis are provided. The latter is provided free of charge and on request, and offered to risk groups in a minority of prisons 62 . The mental health care is provided in the prisons' psychiatric sections by a psycho-medical care-team, which has to be composed of psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, occupational therapists, educators and psychomotor therapists 5 . ...
... EMCDDA (2012, p. 23) emphasizes "the importance of establishing a liaison between prison and community-based programmes in order to achieve continuity of treatment and longer-term benefits". The availability of throughcare is reported to lead to less relapse into drug abuse or criminal offenses among former detainees (Stöver, Weilandt, Zurhold, Hartwig & Thane, 2008;Belenko, Hiller & Hamilton, 2013). The UNODC (2008) states that aftercare is basically the last element in effective throughcare. ...
The project Process and outcome study on prison based registration points in Belgium (PROSPER) aimed at the evaluation of Central Registration Points (CRPs) for substance users in Flemish, Brussels and Walloon prisons. The study was carried out on behalf of the Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy (BELSPO) and was made possible by the co-financing of the Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment and the Federal Public Service of Justice. The study ran from 1 December 2014 to 31 October 2016 and was conducted by Ghent University, Department of Special Needs Education and Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law and the National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC).
... In Norway, 60-70% of prisoners report illicit drug use in the month prior to imprisonment (Friestad & Hansen, 2005), and approximately 50% of prisoners are considered to have a serious drug problem (Ødegård, 2008). Although most drug users tend to reduce their drug taking behaviour while incarcerated (Stöver, Weilandt, Zurhold, Hartwig, & Thane, 2008), a comprehensive body of research shows that drug use is common in prison settings (e.g. Boys et al., 2002;Stöver & Weilandt, 2007;Strang et al., 2006). ...
... There is a tendency that individuals, who use stimulants such as amphetamines prior to imprisonment, use drugs with sedative and calming effects, such as heroin, tranquilisers or cannabis, during imprisonment (Boys et al., 2002;Bullock, 2003;Plugge, Yudkin, & Douglas, 2009). More generally, it is argued that the extent of drug use in prisons derives from a complex interaction between factors such as availability, drug control strategies and the drugs psychopharmacological properties (Bullock, 2003;Penfold, Turnbull, & Webster, 2005;Stöver et al., 2008). Imprisonment as such does not appear to motivate prisoners to reduce their drug taking behaviour in prison (Stöver et al., 2008, p. 53). ...
... The importance of availability on the extent of drug use in prisons is well documented in the literature (e.g. Penfold et al., 2005;Stöver et al., 2008). What Siri implies in the quote above, however, is that the availability of drugs is a particularly important explanation for drug use in a drug rehabilitation unit. ...
Aims: The research on motivations and meanings associated with drug use in prisons has received little scholarly attention. Particularly, there are few studies analysing drug use in prisons from the perspective of both prisoners and prison officers, and in the context of prison-based drug rehabilitation. This article explores prisoners and prison staffs perceptions on why drug use occurs in prison. Methods: The data is derived from participant observation and qualitative interviews (N = 35) conducted during eight months of ethnographic fieldwork in two drug rehabilitation programmes in a closed Norwegian prison. Findings: Prison staff emphasises drug addiction and prisoners troubled life trajectories when explaining in-prison drug use. Prisoners, on the other hand, explain that drug use can be (a) a way to alleviate some of the pains of imprisonment; (b) an integral part of social life in prison; (c) a route to status in the prisoner community and (d) a defiant way to subvert institutional rules and expectations. Conclusions: Prison staff tends to privilege pre-prison characteristics when explaining prisoners’ drug use, whereas prisoners tend to privilege how the prison context motivates and give meaning to their drug use. Implications for penal policy and practice are discussed.
