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Mortality of poultry red mite in three bioassays (contact, fumigant and spray) comparing the methanol extract and (Z)-ligustilide after 24 and 48 h of treatment
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The acaricidal activity of a methanolic extract and fractions from the rhizome of Cnidium officinale against Dermanyssus gallinae adults was investigated. The C. officinale methanolic extract exhibited 100% acaricidal activity after 48 h of treatment at a dose of 4000 ppm. The acaricidal constituents of the plant were sequentially partitioned with...
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Ligustilide (LIG), a main lipophilic component isolated from Cnidii Rhizoma (Cnidium officinale, rhizome) and Angelicae Gigantis Radix (Angelica gigas Nakai, root), has been shown to alleviate cerebral ischemia injury and paly a neuroprotective role. We investigated mechanisms underlying the antiapoptotic effects of LIG in vitro and in vivo, respec...
Citations
... In the fight against and prevention of avian diseases, a wide range of strategies has been employed, including the help of nanotechnology, vaccination, and improved poultry hygiene in poultry farms 82,83 .The development of vaccines against arthropods is extremely challenging due to the time requirement and the possibility of inducing new immune reactions in the host 54 . It has been shown in several studies that both native (autogenous) and recombinant antigens may be effective for vaccination 84 . ...
Despite being an ectoparasite of birds, Dermanyssus gallinae (D. gallinae) has no specific host range. Without a natural host, the mite can feed on mammals, including humans, due to its lack of specificity. As a result of red mite infestations, poultry industry economies have been negatively affected, egg production has declined, and chickens’ welfare has been compromised. Several in vitro studies have demonstratedthe effectiveness of diesel, petroleum, mineral, and plant oils (orange and rapeseed) in controlling poultry red mites. It is possible to develop vaccines against arthropods; however, this process takes a long time because of the complexity of the process and the possibility of inducing stronger and long-lasting immune responses in the host. This review paper aimed to comprehensively understand the morphology, the factorscontributing to red mite infestation, and the life cycle. It also provided an overview of various methods for preventing and controlling the infestation of red mites in poultry farming, including several chemical and non-chemical approaches that can be used. Chemical interventions, such as acaricides, exhibit immediate efficacy in red mite control, but their long-term sustainability and potential resistance development aresignificant concerns. Non-chemical methods, including enhanced biosecurity measures and natural predators, demonstrate promise in reducing red mite populations, offering environmentally friendly alternatives with potential long-term benefits. In order to minimize the negative impact of red mites on poultry flocks, poultry producers must understand the biology of these parasites and implement effectivemanagement strategies.
... Measuring the activity of a repellent on insects and mites using behavioral tests has been reported by several researchers [31][32][33][34][35][36]. These researchers studied the repellency effects of volatile organic compounds and essential oils of plant origin on different species of mites using different types of choice-behavioral test strategies, namely Y-tubes [37], T-tubes [35], four-way olfactometers [38,39], two pieces of repellent-impregnated filter paper in a Petri dish [34], or cardboard traps impregnated with the repellent chemical [31]. ...
Simple Summary
Pests such as mites have been contaminating food products, including pet food, over the years. Mite-infested pet food, apart from causing allergies in pet animals and degrading food quality, can also cause illnesses like asthma in humans as they are often handled by pet owners and children at home. In this study, we evaluated liquid smoke as a natural and clean label additive in semi-moist pet food to protect against mite infestation. Our results indicated that while liquid smoke did not kill or inhibit the mite growth, some liquid smoke fractions provided a repellency effect to retard mite infestation in semi-moist pet food.
Abstract
The storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae infests a wide range of food products including pet food. Control of this mite depends on chemical methods such as fumigation and spraying with insecticides. Methyl bromide was used as a fumigant for high-value stored products, especially to control mite infestation in dry-cured hams and cheeses, but it is now banned for most uses in many countries because of its atmospheric ozone-depleting effects. Effective alternatives to methyl bromide are needed to develop integrated pest management programs for this pest. Liquid smoke is a naturally derived flavoring and preservative with known antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of liquid smoke preparations, with varying phenol and carbonyl concentrations and pH, on the survivability and orientation behavior of T. putrescentiae in a model semi-moist pet food. The mite survivability assays using liquid smoke-treated and untreated semi-moist pet food samples indicated that there was no difference among treatments (p > 0.05) for mite infestation and survival. Two-choice behavioral assays using semi-moist pet food cubes dipped in varying concentrations (0%, 0.3%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, or 100% v/v) of liquid smoke preparations found that some of the liquid smoke preparations containing medium to high carbonyl content repelled the mites. In conclusion, liquid smoke did not kill or inhibit the mite population growth in semi-moist pet food. However, some liquid smoke fractions containing medium to high carbonyl content were repellent to mites and may retard mite infestation in stored semi-moist foods.
... Common mites include Dermanyssus gallinae (D. gallinae), Posroptes cuniculi (P. cuniculi), Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei), demodex, etc. D. gallinae (chicken mite), a bloodsucking ectoparasite, infests poultry worldwide, and its infestation leads to reduced food intake, weakened immune response, and, in severe cases, death of chickens [1]. Moreover, D. gallinae infestation causes a decline in laying percentage and reduces egg weights [2]. ...
... The A. sieberi EO contains α-thujone ( [37]. Kim et al. [1] evaluated the efficacy of methanolic extract (ME) from Cnidium officinale (C. officinale) against D. gallinae adults. ...
Mites have been a persistent infectious disease affecting both humans and animals since ancient times. In veterinary clinics, the primary approach for treating and managing mite infestations has long been the use of chemical acaricides. However, the widespread use of these chemicals has resulted in significant problems, including drug resistance, drug residues, and environmental pollution, limiting their effectiveness. To address these challenges, researchers have shifted their focus towards natural products that have shown promise both in the laboratory and real-world settings against mite infestations. Natural products have a wide variety of chemical structures and biological activities, including acaricidal properties. This article offers a comprehensive review of the acaricidal capabilities and mechanisms of action of natural products like plant extracts, natural compounds, algae, and microbial metabolites against common animal mites.
... A REVIEW OF YOKUKANSAN 5 water [17]. Cnidium rhizome has multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory [26], antioxidant [27], antimicrobial [28], antifungal [29], acaricidal [30], antitumor [31], and analgesic [32] activities. It also exerts vascular [33], nerve [34], and renal protective effects [35]. ...
Background
The source of yokukansan (YKS) is thought to be Baoying‐Jinjiang (Hoeikinkyōroku in Japanese) by Xue Ji. YKS was originally designed for children and indicated for spasms, clenching of teeth, digestive dysfunction due to mental instability, and insomnia.
Key Findings
YKS formula consists of seven types of crude drugs. Clinical studies have revealed that YKS exerts physiological effects including the treatment of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD), preoperative sedation and anxiety, and postoperative delirium. A meta‐analysis showed that YKS could improve BPSD and daily living activities; however, no improvement in cognitive function was observed. Preclinical studies have also reported that YKS modulates neuronal pathways in the central nervous system, including the serotonergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and other neurotransmitter pathways. The incidence of adverse events associated with YKS was 5.17%, with the major adverse effect being pseudoaldosteronism. Routine blood sampling is considered for hypokalemia prevention.
Conclusion
YKS is useful for BPSD and perioperative mental instability. The modulation of the serotonergic and glutamatergic neural pathways is one of mechanisms. Pseudoaldosteronism is one of the side effects.
... Regarding the overall LC 50 value, AgNPs achieved the death of 50% of mites at a quite low concentration of only 26.5 ppm. The overall LC 90 and LC 99 values were higher (58.8 ppm and 112.3 ppm, respectively), but they are on the very low end of the spectrum of effective acaricidal concentrations compared with other compounds [15,[47][48][49]. Per farm, LC 99 values (78.3-124.5 ppm) ranged more than the respective LC 90 values (42.8-68.0 ...
Background: Dermanyssus gallinae, also known as the Poultry Red Mite (PRM), is the most common blood-sucking arthropod in the commercial laying hen industry. Its haematophagous action causes stress, anaemia and mortality in hens. Simultaneously, egg production drops and the weight, mass, and overall quality of eggs are reduced, thus leading to substantial production and economic losses. Furthermore, the PRM can serve as a vector of pathogens with zoonotic potential, including bacteria and viruses. The control of PRM is based on chemical acaricides, but several compounds have been banned due to drug metabolite residues in eggs and hen tissues or removed from the market due to low ef- ficacy/resistance reports. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent an innovative and promising solution for controlling
D. gallinae without the risk of PRM developing resistance against them. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the in vitro acaricidal activity of AgNPs against D. gallinae adults and describe their potential mechanism of action. Experimental design and methods: AgNPs were produced using a wet chemistry approach, and their physicochemical properties (size, surface charge and shape) were characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering, High-Resolution Tran- smission Electron Microscopy and Laser Doppler Electrophoresis. Live D. gallinae mites were collected using AviVet Red Mite Traps, from 18 commercial and backyard laying hen farms located in different regions of Greece during the summer of 2022. There was no acaricide application/treatment in all 18 farms during the last three months before placing the traps. Mites from all 18 laying hen farms were identified as D. gallinae after examination under a stereo- microscope. Contact toxicity bioassays were carried out using Whatman Grade 1 filter paper (5.5 cm diameter) that was placed at the bottom of plastic Petri dishes (6 cm diameter). Each paper was sprayed 1 time either with 20, 40, 60, or 80 ppm AgNPs, while negative controls with deionized water were also used. Mites were separated into groups of 10 PRM adults and after placing them inside the Petri dishes, they were sprayed 1 time with AgNPs/distilled water of the same concentration (ppm) as the paper before closing the lid of each dish. A total of 3 biological replicates were performed for each concentration. After 24 hours, the mites were checked to assess how many were still alive and how many were dead (mortality) using a stereomicroscope. Mites were considered alive if they showed any form of repetitive movement, either spontaneously or in response to a gentle touch with a fine brush. In order to elucidate the potential mechanism of action of AgNPs against PRM, live mites were separated into 3 different groups. Group A com- prised mites killed via freezing inside the freezer (-20 °C) for 1 day. Group B consisted of mites drowned in Ethanol 99% for 1 day. Finally, Group C contained mites killed in the bioassays with AgNPs at 80 ppm concentration. Consequently, mites from the three different groups were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine any morphological differences among them. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mortality rates of PRM between the control and treatment groups, while LC50, LC90, and LC99 values were estimated using probit regression analysis for the total of farms jointly and separately. Results: AgNPs were spherical, had an average size of approxi- mately 5 nm and a surface charge of 14,8 mV. Furthermore, AgNPs displayed strong acaricidal activity, and mortality rates were significantly different between groups and increased by AgNPs concentration. Overall mean values of AgNPs LC50, LC90, and LC99 were 26.5, 58.8, and 112.3 ppm in the studied farms, while the respective values varied from 20.4 to 32.4, 42.8 to 68.0, and 78.3 to 124.5 ppm among farms. Scanning Electron Microscopy on mites treated with 80 ppm AgNPs revealed cracks in their exoskeleton and limb detachments, presumably resulting from the interaction between AgNPs and the mites’ chitin. Conclusions: In the bioassays with PRM from all 18 farms tested, AgNPs displayed strong acaricidal activity at 60 and 80 ppm concentrations. Overall LC90 and LC99 values were low and comparable with other acaricides used in today’s market, and moving into field trials is recommended.
... Kim et al. [20] investigated that the effects of essential oils extracted from 56 plants using contact and fumigation methods were mainly due to the action of their volatile compounds in the vapor phase, indicated that the acaricidal activities of essential oils, were mainly reliant on the fumigant effect. In accordance with our findings, the acaricidal activity of Cnidium officinale extract against D. gallinae was investigated using spray, fumigation and contact bioassays and the spraying bioassay was the most effective method with over 97% mortality rates [35]. In addition, [21] investigated acaricidal activity of essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi against D. gallinae using contact and spraying bioassays. ...
The present study deals with the toxicity of Pinus sylvestris essential oil against red poultry mites Dermanyssus gallinae and Hyalomma scupense cattle ticks in laboratory condition. Individual essential oil components identified using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, namely α-pinene (44.92%), β-pinene (17.51%), δ-3 carene (16.18%) and D-Limonene (9.21%) were tested as well as. For this purpose, different doses (0.31; 0.62; 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) of essential oil and four monoterpenes using mites contact and spraying in vitro bioassays were carried out. Amitraz and thymol (positive controls), and ethanol and distilled water (negative controls) were also tested each with three replications. Tick larvicidal and ovicidal assays were done testing 0.5; 1; 2 and 4 mg/mL of the P. sylvestris essential oil and its main components. The experiment results from mites revealed that the spraying application method was more effective than the contact bioassay for acaricidal property when P. sylvestris essential oil was toxic to D. gallinae with LC50 values of 0.68 mg/mL. Larvicidal and ovicidal assays revealed the promising activity of the essential oil against tick larvae and eggs. Among all the tested compounds, D-Limonene appears as the most toxic essential oil constituent for both ticks and mites, showing LC50 values lower than the whole essential oil. δ-3-carene was slightly toxic, with LC50 values higher than the whole essential oil, whereas α-pinene and β-pinene showed weak acaricidal activity even at high concentration. On the other hand, P. sylvestris essential oil and its principal components were tested for acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitory activity using Ellman’s colorimetric method and compared to a reference galantamine. Interestingly the monoterpene D-Limonene was found the most active AchE inhibitor (IC50 = 27.22 µg/mL), almost comparable to that of positive control. Overall, our research pointed out the importance of the traditional use of P. sylvestris as an ecofriendly alternative against ectoparasites of veterinary importance; D. gallinae and H. scupense. In vivo trials should also be conducted to assure the safe use of natural plants.
Graphical Abstract
... Regarding the overall LC 50 value, AgNPs achieved the death of 50% of mites at a quite low concentration of only 26.5 ppm. The overall LC 90 and LC 99 values were higher (58.8 ppm and 112.3 ppm, respectively), but they are on the very low end of the spectrum of effective acaricidal concentrations compared with other compounds [15,[47][48][49]. Per farm, LC 99 values (78.3-124.5 ppm) ranged more than the respective LC 90 values (42.8-68.0 ...
Introduction: In recent years there have been increasing reports of the development of resistance to commonly used drugs to combat ectoparasites, such as the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to control ticks is an alternative solution, while their particular mechanism of action reduces the risk of developing resistance. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of AgNPs against R. sanguineus (larvae and adults).
Materials and methods: Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae were divided into groups (n=10). They were placed in Petri dishes with Whatman paper and each paper was sprayed with different concentrations of AgNPs, while negative controls with deionized water were also used. A total of 3 biological replicates were performed for each concentration. In addition, assays for adult R. sanguineus ticks were carried out using AgNPs at 60 ppm concentration.
Results: Mean efficacy (mortality) of AgNPs against tick larvae reached 95.5%. In the assays against adults, the mean efficacy (mortality) was lower at 27.7%.
Conclusions: There is strong evidence for the effectiveness of AgNPs against the larvae of the dog tick R. sanguineus, while in the assays for the adult R. sanguineus ticks, the use of AgNPs had comparatively lower efficacy.
... Regarding the overall LC 50 value, AgNPs achieved the death of 50% of mites at a quite low concentration of only 26.5 ppm. The overall LC 90 and LC 99 values were higher (58.8 ppm and 112.3 ppm, respectively), but they are on the very low end of the spectrum of effective acaricidal concentrations compared with other compounds [15,[47][48][49]. Per farm, LC 99 values (78.3-124.5 ppm) ranged more than the respective LC 90 values (42.8-68.0 ...
Dermanyssus gallinae (PRM) is the most common blood-sucking ectoparasite in laying hens and is resistant against numerous acaricides. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent an innovative solution against PRM. The current study aimed to assess the in vitro acaricidal activity of AgNPs against PRM and describe their potential mechanism of action. Nanoparticles were produced using a wet chemistry approach. Mites were collected using AviVet traps from 18 poultry farms in Greece. Contact toxicity bioassays were carried out for 24 h with negative controls, 20, 40, 60, or 80 ppm AgNPs. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mortality rates of PRM between the control and treatment groups, while LC 50 , LC 90 , and LC 99 values were estimated using probit regression analysis for the total farms jointly and separately. Nanoparticles displayed strong acaricidal activity, and mortality rates were significantly different between groups and increased by AgNPs concentration. Overall mean LC 50 , LC 90 , and LC 99 values were 26.5, 58.8, and 112.3 ppm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy on mites treated with 80 ppm AgNPs revealed cracks in their exoskeleton and limb detachments, presumably resulting from the interaction between AgNPs and the mites' chitin. Future studies should focus on assessing AgNPs residues in chicken tissues before moving into field trials.
... This could be the case of the use of the phytoextracts with acaricidal activities. As an example, the use of different plant extracts, essential oils, and related compounds derived from plants such as Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinnamomum camphora, Asarum heterotropoides, and Cnidium officinale or some vegetable oils, including Neem oil, Cassia and Cinnamon essential oil, containing the active ingredient cinnamaldehyde, were effective against D. gallinae [40,41]. However, efficacy, low toxicity, and the absence of residues in food of natural products must be further tested. ...
The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is the most important blood-sucking ectoparasite in egg-laying hen facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricidal activity of different concentration of authorized (phoxim, ByeMite®, 500 mg/mL) and unauthorized (fipronil, Frontline® 250 mg/100 mL spray) molecules on 14 field isolates of D. gallinae collected from different ornamental poultry farms from different Italian regions. The sensitivity test was performed by contact exposure to four concentrations of each insecticide diluted at 1:5 (10,000-2000-400-80 ppm for phoxim, 500-100-20-4 ppm for fipronil) on a filter paper. The effectiveness of the treatment was significantly (p < 0.0001) associated with the dose of the pesticide used. Considering the mean lethality, phoxim has greater efficacy compared to fipronil (p < 0.001). A great variability of lethality rate was observed with the increase in fipronil dilution; conversely, for phoxim, some outliers were observed, particularly in one farm, suggesting the hypothesis that a certain degree of resistance in the mite population could occur possibly as a consequence of the continual contact with the molecule. This underlines the importance of the use of licensed products administered at correct dosages and the need for alternative molecules to avoid the onset of drug resistance phenomena.
... The resin of Commiphora holtziana spp. holtziana (gum haggar), extracts of Conocarpus erectus, methanolic extracts and fractions of Cnidium officinale (Kim et al. 2018), and several essential oils, including thyme (Thymus vulgaris), have shown significant repellency during in vitro tests (Table 1). It is worth noting that some of these plantderived sub stances are also known for their toxic properties to D. gallinae (C. ...
The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is a strict hematophagous parasite of birds, causing major health and economic problems in poultry farms worldwide. The use of plantderived repellents against this pest could be an alternative control method as part of Integrated Pest Management strategies. In this review, the different types of repellents and the testing methods used to explore them in arthropods are synthesized. Stateoftheart knowledge on the repellent properties of natural plant-derived substances against D. gallinae is established. Studies reporting repellent properties exerted by plant-derived substances against D. gallinae are reviewed, and the level of discrimination between the different types of properties achieved by the experimental designs implemented is examined. Factors that may modulate repellent activity in arthropods are reviewed, and the available evidence for D. gallinae is highlighted. A framework is proposed for the rational use of knowledge from experiments for the implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In addition, to optimize the implementation of IPM strategies for D. gallinae, the current knowledge related to the risk of emergence of resistance to natural repellents is documented. This phenomenon has not been explored in D. gallinae to date, but resistance to several repellent substances has been reported in insects, with some crossresistance between repellents and neurotoxic insecticides.
