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Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem., a traditional medicinal plant reported remedies for diseases in rural India. However, proper justification and validation of their traditional practice are lacking. Hence this study was done to explore a comprehensive account of phytochemical profiling and antioxidant activities. The presence of phenols, tannins,...
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... coarsely serrate or sub-lobed, pubescent beneath, main nerves opposite, 8-10 pairs, very prominent; petioles 5-12 cm long, deeply striate, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, much branched, puberculous, corymbose cymes, up to 30 cm long, flower white. Berry globose, 6-8 cm in diameter, black, 3-6 celled, depressed globose, usually 3-6 lobed 5 (Fig. ...
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... n-Hexadecanoic acid has been shown to competitively inhibit phospholipase A 2 and thereby block the initiation of inflammatory cascade [40]. The antioxidant property of this compound has also been reported earlier [44]. Extract from Cousinia Table S4) thomsonii and Monotheca buxifolia containing n-hexadecanoic acid as one of the active ingredients could modulate the proinflammatory cascades in the albino Wistar rats stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and arthritis induced by Freund's adjuvant [45,46]. ...
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, alias “Vishnu Parijat,” is a medicinal plant used to treat various inflammation-associated ailments and to combat innumerable infections in the traditional system of medicine. In the present study, we collected the samples of N. arbor-tristis from the lower Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India, and carried out their molecular identification through DNA barcoding. To examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities, we prepared the ethanolic and aqueous extracts (from flowers and leaves) and performed their phytochemical analysis by using different qualitative and quantitative approaches. The phytoextracts showed marked antioxidant potential, as revealed by a comprehensive set of assays. The ethanolic leaf extract showed marked antioxidant potential towards DPPH, ABTS, and NO scavenging (IC50 = 30.75 ± 0.006, 30.83 ± 0.002, and 51.23 ± 0.009 μg/mL, respectively). We used TLC-bioautography assay to characterize different antioxidant constituents (based on their Rf values) in the chromatograms ran under different mobile phases. For one of the prominent antioxidant spots in TLC bioautography, GC-MS analysis identified cis-9-hexadecenal and n-hexadecanoic acid as the major constituents. Furthermore, in antibacterial study, the ethanolic leaf extract showed marked activity against Aeromonas salmonicida (113.40 mg/mL of extract was equivalent to 100 μg/mL of kanamycin). In contrast, the ethanolic flower extract showed considerable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (125.85 mg/mL of extract ≡100 μg/mL of kanamycin). This study presents the phylogenetic account and unravels the antioxidant-related properties and antibacterial potential of N. arbor-tristis.
... Moreover, plant-based chemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenols, saponins, and terpenes act as inhibitors of enzymes while also exhibiting regenerative, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activity. A diet rich in these phytochemicals positively correlates with lower degenerative and pathological diseases and improved well-being (Willcox et al., 2004;Mahato and Sharma, 2019). In the present study, the antioxidant activity and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory effects of 80% ethyl alcohol extract of some plant extracts were investigated. ...
The antioxidant activity capacities of some plants, and their inhibitory effects on the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, the rate-determining enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, were investigated in our study. Antioxidant activity capacity and inhibitory effect of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme were detected in all plant extracts used in our research. The results obtained determined that both antioxidant activity and % inhibition values of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme increased as the plant extracts concentration increased. The strongest ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were exhibited by pomegranate fruit extract (IC50= 1.07 ±0.04 mg/mL and IC50= 0.39 ±0.01 mg/mL, respectively). At the same time, lemon had the strongest DMPD radical scavenging activity (IC50= 9×10-4 ±6×10-5 mg/mL). The best HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity was observed in persimmon fruit extract (IC50= 0.71 ±0.18 µg/mL). The inhibitory power of this extract was much higher than that of the enzyme’s standard inhibitor, Atorvastatin (IC50 = 1.76 ±0.12 µg/mL). The extracts' potent antioxidant and inhibitory properties can be attributed to the rich phytochemical composition of plant extracts. Thus, it may be a potential source of new bioactive compounds effective against oxidative stress, hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular complications.
... Alam et al. (2014) estimated that 70% of the global population depended on plant-based formulations as herbal drugs. Plants are inexpensive sources of a plethora of bioactive compounds employed for the treatment/management of infectious, chronic, and degenerative diseases, as well as poisoning and envenomation (Willcox et al., 2004;Mahato and Sharma, 2019;Magaji et al., 2020). These forms of folk practice are also resorted to for treating snakebites due to the increasing difficulty in accessing conventional antivenom agents, especially in poor rural African communities. ...
Snakes are primarily venomous animals that bite when frightened, which can be lethal. This is because snake venom is one of the most active biological fluids containing a wide range of peptides and proteins that can induce several effects, including hemo-, neuro-, cyto-and myotoxic effects, consequently becoming deleterious to life if untreated. Although snakes are found on almost all continents, the rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa are the most affected by snakebites, mainly due to increased human-snake interactions forced by their socioeconomic status and agricultural or rural practices. Consequently, this recently prompted the World Health Organisation to enlist snakebites envenoming among the category-A neglected tropical diseases with an estimated annual death of 7,300 in sub-Saharan Africa. Aside from mortality, snakebite envenomation also causes permanent disabilities in humans and a heavy burden on livestock, creating economic hardship for the already impoverished communities. Several animal-derived antivenoms have been developed for treating snakebites and wounds; they effectively attenuate venom-related toxicity, tissue necrosis, and deaths. However, despite the efficacy of these antivenoms, several issues, such as problems in production and distribution, exorbitant prices, and adverse effects of the antivenoms, have challenged their practical use in sub-Saharan Africa. This review highlights the challenges that make conventional antivenoms unavailable to prone populations. We also discuss the plants used in the treatment of snake bites laying emphasis on Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean) and Allium sativum (Garlic) as the two most studied medicinal plants. The progress and bottlenecks of using herbal antivenoms as alternatives in treating snakebite envenomation in sub-Saharan Africa are also discussed.
... Studies have also shown that bromelain acts as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent; in fact, this enzyme was found to inhibit the first phases of the metastatic process [89]. As an example, a study was conducted that demonstrated that bromelain inhibited cell growth in tumor cell lines [90]; this also occurred in a study on gastric carcinoma cell lines, in which bromelain therapy caused to decrease significantly; and the inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells observed after an oral bromelain treatment [91]. ...
Pineapple is a highly demanded fruit in international markets due to its unique appearance and flavor, high fiber content, vitamins, folic acid, and minerals. It makes pineapple production and processing a significant source of income for producing countries, such as Costa Rica. This review collects bibliographic information dating back to the beginnings of pineapple production in Costa Rica to the state of the market today. It details the impacts of its production chain and proposes a biorefinery as a solution to environmental problems. Besides the potentiality of new sustainable markets to contribute to the post-COVID-19 economy in Costa Rica is highlighted. The general characteristics of pineapple by-products-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and other high-value products like bromelain y saponin-are described, as well as the primary processes for their extraction via biorefinery and main applications in the medical field. Finally, a brief description of the main works in the literature involving modeling and simulation studies of pineapple by-products properties is included.
... Studies have also shown that bromelain acts as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent; in fact, this enzyme was found to inhibit the first phases of the metastatic process [93]. As an example, a study was conducted that demonstrated that bromelain inhibited cell growth in tumor cell lines [94]; this also occurred in a study on gastric carcinoma cell lines, in which bromelain therapy caused to decrease significantly; and the inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells observed after an oral bromelain treatment [95]. ...
Pineapple is a highly demanded fruit in international markets, thanks to its unique appearance and flavor, high fiber content, vitamins, folic acid, and minerals. It makes the pineapple production and processing market a significant source of income for producing countries, such as Costa Rica. Nowadays, its processing produces a large amount of waste with negative consequences for the environment. However, pineapple waste is an essential source of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and other high-value products like enzymes (bromelain). These by-products can be obtained by pineapple waste biorefinery, generating an additional source of export goods and foreign currency , framing pineapple processing in the concept of the circular economy. This review discusses how incorporating biorefinery in the pineapple production processes can contribute to the post-COVID 19 economy in Costa Rica. Pineapple production in Costa Rica is explored, and the contamination of generated residues is delineated. Furthermore, the primary processes for by-product extraction via biorefinery, their general characteristics and applications in the medical field, and their contribution to the circular economy are presented.
... Studies have also shown that bromelain acts as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent; in fact, this enzyme was found to inhibit the first phases of the metastatic process [94]. As an example, a study was conducted that demonstrated that bromelain inhibited cell growth in tumor cell lines [95]; this also occurred in a study on gastric carcinoma cell lines, in which bromelain therapy caused to decrease significantly; and the inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells observed after an oral bromelain treatment [96]. ...
Pineapple is a highly demanded fruit in international markets, thanks to its unique appearance and flavor, high fiber content, vitamins, folic acid, and minerals. It makes the pineapple production and processing market a significant source of income for producing countries, such as Costa Rica. Nowadays, its processing produces a large amount of waste with negative consequences for the environment. However, pineapple waste is an essential source of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and other high-value products like enzymes (bromelain). These by-products can be obtained by pineapple waste biorefinery, generating an additional source of export goods and foreign currency , framing pineapple processing in the concept of the circular economy. This review discusses how incorporating biorefinery in the pineapple production processes can contribute to the post-COVID 19 economy in Costa Rica. Pineapple production in Costa Rica is explored, and the contamination of generated residues is delineated. Furthermore, the primary processes for by-product extraction via biorefinery, their general characteristics and applications in the medical field, and their contribution to the circular economy are presented.
... The crude ethanol extract, along with hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of ethanol extract obtained from the leaf of L. indica have been demonstrated to display antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, and reducing power assays 60 . In-vitro studies of different fractions L. macrophylla leaf have also shown strong free radical scavenging ability due to the presence of phenolics 34,61,62 . In an experimental study, administration of the L. macrophylla root to the STZ-induced diabetes animals has been shown to upregulate the expression profile of genes responsible for antioxidant enzymes suggesting the pancreas protecting effect of the plant that is mediated through an antioxidant dependent event 44 . ...
The genus Leea distributed majorly in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Madagascar, belongs to the family Leeaceae. It comprises 36 species that are used worldwide for different medicinal purposes. In this decade, research interests in the genus Leea have grown in the fields of systematics, phylogenetic studies, analytical chemistry, identification and isolation of active metabolites, pharmacology, and phytochemistry. A wide range of phytochemicals with a variety of pharmacological activities were found to be possessed by different species of the Leea family, flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, and tannins being the major ones. Different plant parts are claimed to be used for the treatment of human and animal ailments. Unlike members of Vitaceae, Leeaceae members (Leea species) do not form tendrils and include erect herbs, shrubs and trees but have shared features such as raphides, minute droplets of plant sap called pearl glands, phloem plastids, common corolla-stamen primordia, as well as similar wood and testa anatomy similar to Vitaceae family. This review reveals new insights on the genus Leea and the potential use of species in the genus as medicinal plants, with Leea indica and Leea macrophylla being the most important species, whose roots, leaves, and whole plants possess various pharmacological actions as they are rich in flavonoids, triterpenoids, and tannins.
... STZ treatment also creates oxidative stress estimated by anti-oxidant activity like SOD, GSH and MDA levels. The two major causes of oxidative stress are either excessive production of ROS or decreased cellular anti-oxidant levels like SOD and GSH 45 . SOD and reduced glutathione (GSH) plays a significant role in a physiological antioxidant and are important free radical scavenger to protect the cells. ...
Amyloid aggregation and neurofibrillary pathology is the characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Streptozotocin (STZ) is a glucosamine nitrosourea compound that is toxic to the cells, impairs insulin signaling in the brain. STZ induces DNA damage and oxidative stress, which leads to cognitive impairments. In this experimental study, STZ treatment induces Alzheimer's pathology in mouse neuroblastoma (N2A) cells. The study also explored the protection of cellular damage by pre-treatment with test drugs Apple cider vinegar (ACV), chrysin and rivastigmine. This study had been concentrated mainly on the cellular mechanism of neuromodulation and anti-oxidant potency of test drugs to attenuate cellular toxicity induced by STZ treatment. The 100 µM concentration of STZ was used for treatment in N2A cells for 24 h and 48 h and multiple studies were performed. The STZ causes tau phosphorylation, amyloid aggregation and increased acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity. Along with STZ at a concentration of 100 µM, the cells were pre-treated with ACV, chrysin and rivastigmine at a concentration of 2, 10, 50 µM each. The results show that 2 µM test drug concentration presented considerable protection, against STZ generated neurocytotoxicity via. restoration of anti-oxidant enzymes, MDA and AChE level, compared to the other two concentrations.
The proposed work on Leea macrophyla Roxb (family: Leeaceae) is mainly focused on two different streams, first towards the pharmacognostic profile and second on pharmacological evaluation. The pharmacognostic profile involves the study of both macroscopy and microscopy of leaf, stem, and tuberous roots. Secondly, extract of adventitious tuberous roots of the plant was used for pharmacological screening of anti-inflammatory (in-vivo), antimicrobial (in-vitro), and antioxidant (in-vitro) potential. Morphologically, it is observed that L. macrophyla is an herb with erect stem, broadly ovate leaf with greenish-white inflorescence. Microscopically, the leaf can be characterized by anisocytic stomata, calcium oxalate crystals, and the absence of trichomes. The typical characteristics of the stem include outer thick ridges, secondary phloem, medullary rays, and pith. The rhizomes contain the outer epidermis is replaced with dark crushed cells, central pith, and disintegrated parenchymatous cells.The extract exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory potency in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Antimicrobial activity was involved cup plate technique against gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal organisms. The study observed good inhibitory activity against S. aureus (15 ± 0.15 mm), B. subtilis (14 ± 0.13 mm), and E.coli (15 ± 0.16 mm). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging method was used to explore antioxidant potential against ascorbic acid as standard. The IC50 values obtained from the antioxidant potency were observed to be 18 ± 0.33, 12 ± 0.66% for DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay respectively. As L. macrophyla with assumption on the traditional curative assurance, it shows significant anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant potency.
Pancreatic lipase is critical for the catabolism of lipids in the intestine, making it a prime target for obesity management. Acetylcholinesterase is an important enzyme that hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It inhibition is paramount in enhancing systemic acetylcholine level. Side effects of conventional drugs lead to continued search for alternative anti-obesity and anticholinesterase agents. The present study assessed lipase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition, as well as antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera extracts. The inhibitory activities of the extracts on lipase and acetylcholinesterase were dose dependent. Aqueous leaf extract (IC 50 = 3.26 ± 0.26 mg/ml) and hexane root extract (IC 50 = 0.08 ± 0.00 mg/ml) exhibited the highest antilipase and antiacetylcholinesterase activity respectively. Aqueous extracts of root and leaf (IC 50 of 1.43 ± 0.03 mg/ml and 1.86 ± 0.10 mg/ml respectively) had the highest N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine dihydrochloride radical scavenging activity, while ethyl acetate leaf extract had the highest nitrite scavenging activity (IC 50 = 2.20 ± 0.06 mg/ml). Compared to other extracts, methanol leaf extract exhibited the highest ferric reducing power. These findings suggest that M. oleifera possess promising antilipase, antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. Therefore, may be employed as food additive for the management of obesity, Alzheimer and other degenerative diseases.
