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Morphology of surface (A) and reverse (B) Anthostoma decipiens (anamorph: Cytospora decipiens) two-week-old colonies grown on CYA at 20°C.
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Carpinus betulus L. (European or common hornbeam) is well known for its rustic nature and adaptability, which make it a very important tree in private and public green areas. During the last few years, many cases of decline and death of these trees were reported in different Italian regions, and because of its lethal outcome, this disease was terme...
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... on PDA and CYA, and on MEA, respectively. On all media tested, the pathogen produced cream-white to hyaline, moderate to profusely branched multiseptate mycelia forming colonies with the surface covered by cottony aerial hyphae. Old mycelia (2-4 weeks) of 25 isolates turned to dark grey and produced grey diffusible pigments when grown on CYA (Fig. ...
Citations
... (Linaldeddu et al. 2016). Anthostoma decipiens was reported as pathogen on Carpinus betulus, another plant of the Betulaceae, in Italy (Saracchi et al. 2008;Rocchi et al. 2010) and Iran (Mirabolfathy et al. 2018). Moreover, it was found in association with grapevine trunk disease in Spain (Luque et al. 2012) and reported as pathogen of different plant hosts such as Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Castanea sativa, Corylus avellana, Vagus sylvatica and Ostrya carpinifolia (Saracchi et al. 2015). ...
Italy is the second largest hazelnut producer worldwide and Piedmont is one of the most productive regions in the country. The changing climatic condition and fungal trunk diseases (FTD) can have a severe impact on this crop. Particularly, the considerable spread of Cytospora cankers (‘Mal dello stacco’) and dieback represent a serious concern for producers. Thus, considering the limited studies on the causal agents, different surveys were conducted in seven hazelnut orchards during 2021 and 2022. Eight fungal species were identified: Anthostoma decipiens, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diaporthe eres, Dia. rudis, Diplodia seriata, Dip. subglobosa, Dothiorella parva and Nothophoma brennandiae . Species identification was achieved through multilocus phylogeny and morphology assessment. All the fungal species were pathogenic on healthy hazelnut plants (cultivar Tonda Gentile) and A. decipiens and Dia. eres were the most aggressive. The present study is the first report of B. dothidea and Dia. eres as causal agents of FTD on hazelnut in Italy and of Dia. rudis, Dip. subglobosa and N. brennandiae worldwide. Moreover, the study provides clarification of the fungal pathogens associated with FTD on this crop in Piedmont, thus laying the base for further studies on epidemiology, ecology and management strategies.
... Recently, a new Cryphonectria species has been described by Cornejo et al. (2021), which plays a role in the hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) decline in Europe, in addition to the pathogenic ascomycete, Anthostoma decipiens (DC.) Nitschke (Rocchi et al., 2010). The holotype of the recently described C. carpinicola D. Rigling, T. Cech, Cornejo & L. Beenken, was originally collected in Switzerland; however, subsequent investigations have revealed the pathogen's presence in Austria and Georgia (country), and its occurrence in Italy has been confirmed through ITS sequence analysis (Cornejo et al., 2021). ...
... The shape and size of the conidia can be used as a clear diagnostic feature to distinguish it from other species occurring on hornbeam with a similar appearance; as an example, Anthostoma decipiens (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales) has larger-sized and differently shaped, lunate conidia (Rocchi et al., 2010). Furthermore, this species develops thicker, darker, slightly orange-reddish-coloured conidiomata, reminiscent of resin flow. ...
Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is an economically significant tree species, serving as a valuable resource for timber and ornamental wood products. It plays a crucial ecological role within forest communities and exhibits wide distribution across Central Europe. During October 2022 and March 2023, we encountered instances of declining hornbeam trees in Hungary and Slovakia. In both cases, characteristic symptoms associated with Cryphonectria canker were observed. Subsequent morphological and molecular-genetic analyses of fungal samples and isolates confirmed their identification as the recently described species Cryphonectria carpinicola. This study represents the first documented report of this pathogen in Hungary and Slovakia, contributing to our understanding of its presence and impact in Central Europe.
... European hornbeam is also very popular in urban green spaces and parks, and it has excellent characteristics of cold resistance, drought resistance, and pruning resistance. European hornbeam has been selected as an important tree species in garden construction since the Italian Renaissance [3]. In addition, it has been reported that many anticancer substances can be extracted from the young stems and leaves of European hornbeam, such as pheophorbide A (PHA) and some triterpenoids [4,5]. ...
European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) is widely planted in landscaping. In October 2021 and August 2022, leaf spot was observed on C. betulus in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. To identify the causal agent of anthracnose disease on C. betulus, 23 isolates were obtained from the symptomatic leaves. Based on ITS sequences and colony morphology, these isolates were divided into four Colletotrichum groups. Koch’s postulates of four Colletotrichum species showed similar symptoms observed in the field. Combining the morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene, Apn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer (ApMat) gene, the calmodulin (CAL) gene, glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene, Glutamine synthetase (GS) gene, and beta-tubulin 2 (TUB2) genes, the four Colletotrichum groups were identified as C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. aenigma, and C. siamense. This study is the first report of four Colletotrichum species causing leaf spot on European hornbeam in China, and it provides clear pathogen information for the further evaluation of the disease control strategies.
... Affected plants showed conspicuous decays, subcortical discoloration and small cankers on stems, producing orange stromatic masses, one or few mm in size. These signs and symptoms led to the presence of Naemospora sp., subsequently re-identified as Anthostoma decipiens [15]. At the moment, Endothiella sp. ...
The cross-disciplinary approach provided in this work has been applied on a case study located in the province of Alessandria, within the ‘cultural landscape’ of Lower Monferrato, (Piemonte, NW Italy). From a methodological point of view, a comparison was achieved between the native design of the garden (dated back to the end of the sixties) and the actual one, as it developed along the time. For that purpose, a UAV-based survey was operated to define the present situation. A true color orthomosaic and a Digital Surface Model were derived and used for the comparison that occurred in a GIS environment. A botanical and phytopathological field survey was coupled to the UAV acquisition and a cross-reading analysis with historical sources (maps) achieved. As extensively documented in this essay, the interpretative tools provided by Geomatics made possible to quantify and locate the differences affecting the realization of the project and qualifying the present situation in terms of botanic content and phytopathological features. Some concerns were also provided about the potentiality that vegetation offers in protecting the private garden from external looks through some visibility analyses. A GIS project was finally structured to host all the obtained information, making possible a more effective management of the garden and improving consciousness in its evolution, aiming at the generation of scenarios useful for supporting conservation, planning and management choices and preventing the cancellation of such a valuable heritage over time.KeywordsGarden designPlant disease managementGISUAVPhotogrammetry
... Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data also supported these results (MP/ML/BI = 100/100/1) (Rocchi et al., 2010;Jaklitsch et al., 2014). Species of Anthostoma own dark brown to dark, globose to subglobose ascomata, cylindrical, prominent ostioles, cylindrical to clavate asci with apically rounded to truncate apices and a short pedicel and brown to black-brown ascospores (Nitschke, 1867 (Teodoro, 1937;Trouillas et al., 2015;Jayawardena et al., 2018;Moyo et al., 2019). ...
In this study, we investigated the diversity of diatrypaceous fungi from six regions in China based on morpho-molecular analyses of combined ITS and tub2 gene regions. We accept 23 genera in Diatrypaceae with 18 genera involved in the phylogram, and the other five genera are lacking living materials with sequences data. Eleven species included in four genera (viz. Allocryptovalsa, Diatrype, Diatrypella, and Eutypella) have been isolated from seven host species, of which nine novel species (viz. Allocryptovalsa castaneae, A. castaneicola, Diatrype betulae, D. castaneicola, D. quercicola, Diatrypella betulae, Da. betulicola, Da. hubeiensis, and Da. shennongensis), a known species of Diatrypella favacea, and a new record of Eutypella citricola from the host genus Morus are included. Current results show the high diversity of Diatrypaceae which are wood-inhabiting fungi in China.
... European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) has been used as an important ornamental species for urban landscaping since the Italian Renaissance (Rocchi et al. 2010). In May 2019, 15% of 3,000 C. betulus trees with wilted leaves and root rot were observed in a field (about 26 ha) in Pizhou, Jiangsu Province, China. ...
European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) has been used as an important ornamental species for urban landscaping since the Italian Renaissance (Rocchi et al. 2010). In May 2019, 15% of 3000 C. betulus trees with wilted leaves and root rot were observed in a field (about 26 ha) in Pizhou, Jiangsu Province, China. Internal discoloration of the stem began with brown to black discoloration of the vascular system and gradually spread to inward areas. Roots and stems from symptomatic plants were washed free of soil, surface sterilized with 0.8% NaOCl, rinsed three times in sterile H2O, and blotted dry with a paper towel. Small segments (0.5-cm-long) were cut from the discolored vascular tissues, and then put on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C in darkness. After 4 days, fungal colonies were observed on the PDA. Pure cultures were obtained by monosporic isolation, and 9 morphologically similar fungal isolates (EJ-1 to EJ-9) were obtained. All purified cultures were incubated on PDA at 25°C in darkness as the initial isolation. Colonies of the 9 isolates on PDA displayed entire margins and showed abundant pink aerial mycelia initially and turned to light violet with age. Microconidia were elliptical or oval in shape, 0 septate, (5.2–)8.7(–12.5) × (3.5–)3.6(–5.5) µm. Macroconidia were falciform, 0-4 septate, and straight to slightly curved with a notched foot cell, (17.1–)20.5(–28.4) × (3.8–)4.1(–4.6) µm. These morphological characteristics resemble Fusarium oxysporum (Leslie and Summerell 2006). Genomic DNA of each isolate was extracted from mycelia using a CTAB method (Mo¨ller et al. 1992). The RPB2, TEF1 and cmdA genes were amplified and sequenced with the primers 5f2/7c (Liu et al. 2000), EF-1Ha/EF-2Tb (Carbone and Kohn 1999) and Cal228F/CAL2Rd (Groenewald et al. 2013), respectively. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (Table 1). A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on RPB2, TEF1 and cmdA sequences using MEGA7 revealed that the isolates were placed in the F. oxysporum species complex with 98% bootstrap support. Based on the morphological and molecular characters, all 9 isolates were identified as F. oxysporum. A pathogenicity experiment was conducted using 30 2-year-old C. betulus seedlings potted in sterile peat, 27 for inoculation (3 replicate plants per isolate) and 3 for a negative control. The treated plants were planted in the peat mixed with 50 ml of a conidial suspension of each isolate respectively. The negative control was inoculated with sterilized water. Conidia were harvested from colonized plates of PDA using sterilized water and adjusted to a concentration of 1×107 conidia/ml. All 30 seedlings were incubated in a greenhouse at 25°C with a relative humidity of 80% and a 12-h photoperiod. The inoculated seedlings displayed wilt symptoms within 30 to 40 days, and eventually died within 75 to 85 days after inoculation. Control plants remained symptomless. F. oxysporum was successfully reisolated from the vascular tissues of symptomatic plants, and sequences of RPB2, TEF1 and cmdA of re-isolates matched those of the original isolates. No pathogen was isolated from the tissues of control plants. The experiment was repeat twice with the similar results, fulfilling Koch's postulates. F. oxysporum is an important soil-borne pathogen and can cause disease in many economic plants, such as yellowwood (Graney et al. 2016), hickory (Zhang et al. 2015) and larch (Rolim et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of wilt on C. betulus caused by F. oxysporum in China.
... Since the early 2000s, however, declining hornbeam trees have been repeatedly reported in Europedstarting from northern Italy (Dallavalle and Zambonelli, 1999;Ricca et al., 2008;Rocchi et al., 2010;Saracchi et al., 2007Saracchi et al., , 2008, followed later by several central European countries including Germany (Kehr et al., 2016(Kehr et al., , 2017Krauthausen and Fischer, 2018), Austria (Cech, 2019) and Switzerland (Queloz and Dubach, 2019)das well as from the most eastern distribution limit of Car. betulus in Iran (Mirabolfathy et al., 2018). ...
... One fungus produces large bark necrosis with red resin-like clumps on trunks and main branches, and could be clearly identified as Anthostoma decipiens based on morphological and molecular analyses . The second etiological agent has been reported to produce yellow stromata on the bark, which were assigned to an unknown Endothiella or Cryphonectriaceae species (Ricca et al., 2008;Rocchi et al., 2010;Saracchi et al., 2008Saracchi et al., , 2015. The term Endothiella refers to a historical generic name for the asexual form of Cryphonectria species and is considered here obsolete according to the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code;McNeill et al., 2012). ...
... Due to heavy dieback in the Lombardy and Piedmont at early 2000s, the disease affecting Car. betulus trees was called hornbeam decline in Italy (Ricca et al., 2008;Rocchi et al., 2010;Saracchi et al., 2007). In Torino, e.g., mortality increased by 11% from 2004 to 2007, and 54% of the 300 surveyed hornbeam trees were in 2007 symptomatic (Ricca et al., 2008). ...
Since the early 2000s, reports on declining hornbeam trees (Carpinus betulus) are spreading in Europe. Two fungi are involved in the decline phenomenon: One is Anthostoma decipiens, but the other etiological agent has not been identified yet. We examined the morphology, phylogenetic position, and pathogenicity of yellow fungal isolates obtained from hornbeam trees from Austria, Georgia and Switzerland, and compared data with disease reports from northern Italy documented since the early 2000s. Results demonstrate distinctive morphology and monophyletic status of Cryphonectria carpinicola sp. nov. as etiological agent of the European hornbeam decline. Interestingly, the genus Cryphonectria splits into two major clades. One includes Cry. carpinicola together with Cry. radicalis, Cry. decipiens and Cry. naterciae from Europe, while the other comprises species known from Asia—suggesting that the genus Cryphonectria has developed at two evolutionary centres, one in Europe and Asia Minor, the other in East Asia. Pathogenicity studies confirm that Car. betulus is a major host species of Cry. carpinicola. This clearly distinguished Cry. carpinicola from other Cryphonectria species, which mainly occur on Castanea and Quercus.
... C. betulus is long-lived and has strong wood, which can tolerant a wide range of soil conditions, from coarse sand to clay, as well as acidic or alkaline soil pH levels [13,14]. These trees are very important landscaping trees in private and public green areas due to their rustic nature, beautiful shapes and strong adaptability, and they can readily be found in urban parks, gardens and along roadsides [15,16]. The wood of C. betulus is suitable for making pianos, violins, joinery, flooring, batons, pulleys, wooden gears and so on [14]. ...
Carpinus betulus L. is a deciduous tree widely distributed in Europe with strong adaptation, and it plays a key role in landscaping and timbering because of its variety of colors and shapes. Recently introduced to China for similar purposes, this species needs further study as to its physiological adaptability under various soil salinity conditions. In this study, the growth and physicochemical changes of C. betulus seedlings cultivated in soil under six different levels of salinity stress (NaCl: 0, 17, 34, 51, 68, and 85 mM) were studied for 14, 28 and 42 days. The plant growth and gas exchange parameters were not changed much by 17 and 34 mM NaCl, but they were significantly affected after treatments with 51 ~ 85 mM NaCl. The chlorophyll content was not significantly affected at 17 and 34 mM salinity, and the relative water content, malondialdehyde content and cell membrane stability of C. betulus did not change obviously under the 17 and 34 mM treatments, indicating that C. betulus is able to adapt to low-salinity conditions. The amount of osmotic adjustment substances and the antioxidant enzyme activity of C. betulus increased after 14 and 28 days and then decreased with increasing salinity gradients, but the proline content was increased during the entire time for different salinities. The Na content of different organs increased in response to salinity, and the K/Na, Ca/Na, and Mg/Na ratios were significantly affected by salinity. These results suggest that the ability of C. betulus to synthesize osmotic substances and enzymatic antioxidants may be impaired under severe saline conditions (68 ~ 85 mM NaCl) but that it can tolerate and accumulate salt at low salinity concentrations (17 ~ 34 mM NaCl). Such information is useful for land managers considering introducing this species to sites with various soil salinity conditions.
... It is thought that the spread of hornbeam decline caused by A. decipiens has accelerated during the last few years due to drought conditions and the warmer summers experienced in the Golestan forest region. Indeed, it has been suggested that climate change has also played a critical role in the spread of hornbeam decline in the different regions of Italy (Rocchi et al., 2010;Saracchi et al., 2015). This is the first report of "Carpinus betulus decline" caused by A. decipiens in Iran. ...
... Several Aspergillus spp. have been isolated from plants of Ephedra (Bagheri-Gavkosh et al., 2009), Betulaceae (Joshi, 2008;Osono and Masuya, 2012), Carya (V azquez- Barrios et al., 2001) and Tsuga (Christensen et al., 1964); Cladosporium cladosporioides from Castanopsis hystrix (Kayini and Pandey, 2010), and Schizophyllum commune from Acer (Matavuly et al., 2013) and Carpinus (Rocchi et al., 2010). The correlation between endophytic or parasitic fungal occurrence and observations of plant fossils (Supporting Information Table S6) support the notion that fungi were co-deposited with plant-derived organic matter during initial depositional processes, rather than having colonized subseafloor sediments more recently, when surface sediments had become fully marine. ...
Although subseafloor sediments are known to harbour a vast number of microbial cells, the distribution, diversity, and origins of fungal populations remain largely unexplored. In this study, we cultivated fungi from 34 of 47 deep coal-associated sediment samples collected at depths ranging from 1,289 to 2,457 meters below the seafloor (mbsf) off the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan (1,118 m water depth). We obtained a total of 69 fungal isolates under strict contamination controls, representing 61 Ascomycota (14 genera, 23 species) and 8 Basidiomycota (4 genera, 4 species). Penicillium and Aspergillus relatives were the most dominant genera within the Ascomycetes, followed by the members of genera Cladosporium, Hamigera, Chaetomium, Eutypella, Acremonium, Aureobasidium, Candida, Eurotium, Exophiala, Nigrospora, Bionectria and Pseudocercosporella. Four Basidiomycota species were identified as genera Schizophyllum, Irpex, Bjerkandera and Termitomyces. Among these isolates, Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Aspergillus sydowii relatives were isolated from a thin lignite coal-sandstone formation at 2,457 mbsf. Our results indicate that these cultivable fungal populations are indigenous, originating from past terrigenous environments, which have persisted, possibly as spores, through ∼20 million years of depositional history. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
