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Morphology of Mortierella horticola CNUFC-PTS103-1. A, D colony on potato dextrose agar; B, E colony on oatmeal agar; C, F colony on water agar; (A-C: observed view, D-F: reverse view); G, H sporangiophores with different shapes of sporangia; I, J young and mature sporangia; K sporangiospores (scale bars: G-K ¼ 20 lm).
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Three fungal isolates designated as CNUFC-YR329-1, CNUFC-PTS103-1, and CNUFC-PTS2-1 were discovered during a survey of fungal diversity of the order Mortierellales from freshwater and pine tree rhizosphere soil samples in Korea. The strains were analyzed morphologically and phylogenetically based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large s...
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... Vandepol and Bonito 2020) [39]-had never been reported in caves until now. This species was frequently isolated from soil, decaying plant and animal tissues, or fecal matter; however, due to its psychrotolerant nature, it could be adapted to the cold cave environment [101,102]. ...
Soil and sediment host microorganisms are able to survive in extremely resource-limited environments. Therefore, more and more attention is being paid to cave sediments as a reservoir of microbiota. The aim of this study is the speleomycological evaluation of the culturable soil and sediment fungal communities in the Brestovská Cave. To explore the origins of fungi, speleomycological studies were conducted both inside and outside the cave under investigation. Additionally, two incubation temperatures (5 and 24 °C) were used to increase the species spectrum of isolated fungi. To achieve the most accurate species identification, we combined an assessment of morphological characteristics of the isolates with molecular sequencing (ITS, internal transcribed spacer). Twenty different species were found and the most frequent was Penicillium commune, fol-lowed by Trichosporiella cerebriformis and Pseudogymnoascus pannorum. To our knowledge, our study has enabled the first identification of fungal species such as Penicillium swiecicki, Cephalotrichum hinnuleum, Cosmpospora berkeleyana, Lecythophora hoffmannii, Ambomucor seriatoinflatus, and Mortierella minutissima in underground sites. Our data showed that the abundance and composition of the fungal community varied between the indoor and outdoor samples and thus from the entrance and less visited sites deeper in the cave.
... The retention of chloroplasts, the spread of intracellular hyphae, and the retention of turgor pressure in P. patens with L. elongata WT indicate a less intrusive interaction. L. elongata CU uniquely inhabits its environment compared to all other samples by producing a high abundance of chlamydospores ( Figure 2d) (Nguyen et al., 2019). Because of this unique environmental colonization, it is possible that L. elongata CU induces a different and unique P. patens response compared to the other fungal cocultures. ...
The model moss species Physcomitrium patens has long been used for studying divergence of land plants spanning from bryophytes to angiosperms. In addition to its phylogenetic relationships, the limited number of differential tissues, and comparable morphology to the earliest embryophytes provide a system to represent basic plant architecture. Based on plant–fungal interactions today, it is hypothesized these kingdoms have a long‐standing relationship, predating plant terrestrialization. Mortierellaceae have origins diverging from other land fungi paralleling bryophyte divergence, are related to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi but are free‐living, observed to interact with plants, and can be found in moss microbiomes globally. Due to their parallel origins, we assess here how two Mortierellaceae species, Linnemannia elongata and Benniella erionia , interact with P. patens in coculture. We also assess how Mollicute ‐related or Burkholderia ‐related endobacterial symbionts (MRE or BRE) of these fungi impact plant response. Coculture interactions are investigated through high‐throughput phenomics, microscopy, RNA‐sequencing, differential expression profiling, gene ontology enrichment, and comparisons among 99 other P. patens transcriptomic studies. Here we present new high‐throughput approaches for measuring P. patens growth, identify novel expression of over 800 genes that are not expressed on traditional agar media, identify subtle interactions between P. patens and Mortierellaceae, and observe changes to plant–fungal interactions dependent on whether MRE or BRE are present. Our study provides insights into how plants and fungal partners may have interacted based on their communications observed today as well as identifying L. elongata and B. erionia as modern fungal endophytes with P. patens .
... For example, Mortierella was the dominant genus in three samples (CQRh, GZRh, and HNRh) ( Figure 6A). Mortierella is a common genus of beneficial agricultural fungi in the soil that is commonly used to improve nutrient absorption efficiency, protect crops from adverse conditions, and reduce the application of fertilizers and pesticides (Nguyen et al., 2019;Ozimek and Hanaka, 2021). The abundance of Mortierella is positively correlated with Frontiers in Microbiology frontiersin.org . ...
Golden buckwheat ( Fagopyrum dibotrys , also known as F. acutatum ) is a traditional edible herbal medicinal plant with a large number of secondary metabolites and is considered to be a source of therapeutic compounds. Different ecological environments have a significant impact on their compound content and medicinal effects. However, little is known about the interactions between soil physicochemical properties, the rhizosphere, endophytic fungal communities, and secondary metabolites in F. dibotrys . In this study, the rhizosphere soil and endophytic fungal communities of F. dibotrys in five different ecological regions in China were identified based on high-throughput sequencing methods. The correlations between soil physicochemical properties, active components (total saponins, total flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, and epicatechin), and endophytic and rhizosphere soil fungi of F. dibotrys were analyzed. The results showed that soil pH, soil N, OM, and P were significantly correlated with the active components of F. dibotrys . Among them, epicatechin, proanthocyanidin, and total saponins were significantly positively correlated with soil pH, while proanthocyanidin content was significantly positively correlated with STN, SAN, and OM in soil, and total flavone content was significantly positively correlated with P in soil. In soil microbes, Mortierella, Trechispora, Exophiala , Ascomycota_unclassified, Auricularia, Plectosphaerella, Mycena , Fungi_unclassified, Agaricomycetes_unclassified, Coprinellus , and Pseudaleuria were significantly related to key secondary metabolites of F. dibotrys . Diaporthe and Meripilaceae_unclassified were significantly related to key secondary metabolites in the rhizome. This study presents a new opportunity to deeply understand soil-plant-fungal symbioses and secondary metabolites in F. dibotrys , as well as provides a scientific basis for using biological fertilization strategies to improve the quality of F. dibotrys .
... Over the last two decades, numerous studies had indicated the occurrence of various types of fungal genera in diversified environments [51][52][53][54][55] and most of them had actively participated in removing a number of pollutant compounds [56,57]. Determination of the correlation between the abundance of the identified fungal genera and pollutant concentrations should thus be of high value for comprehending the functions of fungi in the established CW treatment systems. ...
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between wetland plants and fungal communities with a focus on their combined functions to remove organic pollutants. Two constructed wetland (CW) systems, covering a total area of 4.24 hm2, were established to treat the agricultural non-point source pollution using, respectively, Zizania latifolia (CW1) and Phragmites communis (CW2) as the dominant plant species. The obtained results showed that CW1 performed much better than CW2 in terms of promoting the abundance and diversity of the sediment fungal community identified by high-throughput sequencing technology. The enhanced fungal activity was shown to be one of the main factors that raised the pollutant removal rates and reduced the contents of the target pollutants (COD, TN, TP and NH4+-N) to levels below the stipulated national standards. Significant differences in abundant fungi were observed between the CW units and their inlet and outlet sampling sites, indicating that the plant species and pollutant concentrations were the key factors affecting the diversity and activity of the sediment fungal community. The findings of the study provided not only a better understanding of the plant–fungi symbiotic system but also useful information for the development of CW technology.
... Members of the family have a widespread distribution in the temperate zone, where they are almost cosmopolitan, and occur in a wide range of habitats: Mortierella spp. has been reported from bat dung (Degawa & Gams 2004), arthropods , Werner et al. 2016, freshwater (Nguyen et al. 2019), and from the recently deglaciated barren ground in glacier forefields (Kuhnert et al. 2012, Dresch et al. 2019. Recent studies on the soil microbiota on a global scale reported Mortierella spp. to be important members of the soil core microbial community (Tedersoo et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2019. ...
Fungi are incredibly diverse, but they are unexplored, especially in the subalpine and alpine zone. Mortierellaceae are certainly one of the most abundant, species-rich, and widely distributed cultivable soil fungal families in terrestrial habitats, including subalpine and alpine zones. The phylogeny of Mortierellaceae was recently resolved based on current state of the art molecular techniques, and the paraphyletic genus Mortierella sensu lato (s.l.) was divided into 13 monophyletic genera. Our extensive sampling campaigns in the Austrian Alps resulted in 139 different Mortierellaceae pure culture isolates representing 13 new species. For the definition of taxa, we applied both classical morphological criteria, as well as modern DNA-based methods. Phylogenetic relationships were resolved based on the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA ITS), the large subunit (LSU), and the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest subunit 1 (RPB1). In this study, we proposed a new genus and described 13 new species belonging to the genera Entomortierella, Linnemannia, Mortierella and Podila. In addition, we proposed eight new combinations, re-defined E. jenkinii at species level, defined a neotype for M. alpina and lecto- as well as epitypes for M. fatshederae, M. jenkinii, and M. longigemmata. The rDNA ITS region is generally applied as classical barcoding gene for fungi. However, the obtained phylogenetic resolution is often too low for an accurate identification of closely related species of Mortierellaceae, especially for small sampling sizes. In such cases, unambiguous identification can be obtained based on morphological characters of pure culture isolates. Therefore, we also provide dichotomous keys for species identification within phylogenetic lineages.
Taxonomic novelties: new genus: Tyroliella Telagathoti, Probst & Peintner; New species: Entomortierella galaxiae Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia bainierella Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia stellaris Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia nimbosa Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia mannui Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia friederikiana Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia scordiella Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia solitaria Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Mortierella triangularis Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Mortierella lapis Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Podila himami Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Podila occulta Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Tyroliella animus-liberi Telagathoti, Probst & Peintner; New combinations: Entomortierella basiparvispora (W. Gams & Grinb.) Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Entomortierella jenkinii (A.L. Sm.) Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner; Entomortierella sugadairana (Y. Takash. et al.) Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia zonata (Linnem. ex W. Gams) Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia fluviae (Hyang B. Lee et al.) Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia biramosa (Tiegh.) Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Linnemannia cogitans (Degawa) Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, Tyroliella pseudozygospora (W. Gams & Carreiro) Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner; Epitypifications (basionyms): Mortierella bainieri var. jenkinii A.L. Sm., Mortierella fatshederae Linnem., Mortierella longigemmata Linnem. Neotypification (basionym): Mortierella alpina Peyronel.
Citation: Telagathoti A, Probst M, Mandolini E, Peintner U (2022). Mortierellaceae from subalpine and alpine habitats: new species of Entomortierella, Linnemannia, Mortierella, Podila and Tyroliella gen. nov. Studies in Mycology 103: 25–58. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.103.02
... Regarding the differentially abundant fungal species in the entire mycobiota among the three sites, a group of eleven species was found as significantly more abundant in INR soils. The predominant species of this fungal community was Podila humilis, which is a little studied fungus previously known as Mortierella humilis and isolated from forest soils in different areas of the world, such as China, Mexico, North Carolina, Norway, and Korea [123][124][125]. It is active in the degradation of plant remnants thanks to its cellulolytic and ligninolytic action, contributing to the forest C cycle [100,126]. ...
Plastic pollution is a growing environmental issue that results in its accumulation and persistence in soil for many decades, with possible effects on soil quality and ecosystem services. Microorganisms, and especially fungi, are a keystone of soil biodiversity and soil metabolic capacity. The aim of this research was to study soil fungal biodiversity and soil microbial metabolic profiles in three different sites in northern Italy, where macro- and microplastic concentration in soil was measured. The metabolic analyses of soil microorganisms were performed by Biolog EcoPlates, while the ITS1 fragment of the 18S ribosomal cDNA was used as a target for the metabarcoding of fungal communities. The results showed an intense and significant decrease in soil microbial metabolic ability in the site with the highest concentration of microplastics. Moreover, the soil fungal community composition was significantly different in the most pristine site when compared with the other two sites. The metabarcoding of soil samples revealed a general dominance of Mortierellomycota followed by Ascomycota in all sampled soils. Moreover, a dominance of fungi involved in the degradation of plant residues was observed in all three sites. In conclusion, this study lays the foundation for further research into the effect of plastics on soil microbial communities and their activities.
... Consequently, M. wolfii was reclassified in Actinomortierella. Nguyen et al. [21] also reported that A. wolfii (as M. wolfii) formed a genealogically distinct lineage within the Mortierellales. Vandepol et al. [6] noted that ITS rDNA was too variable to be aligned across the Mortierellaceae and LSU rDNA was too conserved; however, a comparative phylogenomic analysis revealed multiple phylogenetically distinct clades within Mortierella sensu lato. ...
Actinomortierella wolfii (Mortierellales), formerly Mortierella wolfii, is a causative agent of bovine systemic infection and abortion. Human infections caused by this species are extremely rare. Here, we present a case of a patient with B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) who was diagnosed with a rhinocerebral infection caused by this fungus. Amphotericin treatment of the patient proved unsuccessful. This type of disease is otherwise nearly exclusively limited to members of the order Mucorales. The taxonomy of the causative agent is discussed.
... Consequently, M. wolfii was reclassified in Actinomortierella. Nguyen et al. [21] also reported that A. wolfii (as M. wolfii) formed a genealogically distinct lineage within the Mortierellales. Vandepol et al. [6] noted that ITS rDNA was too variable to be aligned across the Mortierellaceae and LSU rDNA was too conserved; however, a comparative phylogenomic analysis revealed multiple phylogenetically distinct clades within Mortierella sensu lato. ...
Actinomortierella wolfii (Mortierellales), formerly Mortierella wolfii, is a causative agent of bovine systemic infec�tion and abortion. Human infections caused by this species are extremely rare. Here, we present a case of a
patient with B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) who was diagnosed with a rhinocerebral infection
caused by this fungus. Amphotericin treatment of the patient proved unsuccessful. This type of disease is
otherwise nearly exclusively limited to members of the order Mucorales. The taxonomy of the causative agent is
discussed.
... Table 1 presents different microbial lipid sources and their most common use. References (Barth and Gaillardin, 1997;Mlí cková et al., 2004;Morin et al., 2011;Ramon et al., 1999) (Manocha, 1984;Nguyen et al., 2019) (Bernaerts et al., 2018;Honda et al., 1998) (D. Lloyd and Turner, 1966;Kano, 2020;Smith, 1980) ( Karthikeyan and Prathima, 2017;Rashidi and Trindade, 2018;Sun et al., 2014) ( Acosta and Gross, 1995;Baudelet et al., 2017;da Jesus et al., 2021;Li et al., 2013;Yamamoto et al., 2005) (Giraldo Calderó n et al., Tasi c et al., 2016;Weiss et al., 2012) Apart from the high lipid content in the cells, oleaginous microorganisms can be quite diverse. ...
Microbial lipids can be used as food, feed, and nutraceuticals products. Their recovery from fermentation broths or microalgal cultivation requires dewatering and further extraction, followed by purification using processes similar to those applied for other fats and oils. The initial downstream steps are critical for the economical production of biofuel-based lipids, a likely reason for its still scarce production. Nutritional lipids, however, have a higher aggregated value and are currently marked for their high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. This chapter focuses on the downstream processing steps for nutritional microbial lipids and briefly discusses formulation, for its essential role in product applications and shelf life. Still far from commercial use, Lipid-based microbial biofuels are also discussed, as well as new developments aimed at process improvement, novel solvents or extraction conditions, and integrated, zero-waste processing.
... In addition, they can decompose plant debris and degrade polyaromatic hydrocarbons [83]. Mortierella humilis has been isolated from plant tissues, the rhizosphere and roots in different tropical and temperate ecosystems and is reported as a producer of fatty acids useful in medicine, pharmacology, cosmetics, agriculture and in the food industry [84]. In addition, M. humilis produces enzymes capable of degrading xylans, sugars (such as sucrose, galactose, fructose, mannose and maltose), paraffin, chitin, cellulose and lignin [85][86][87]. ...
Located 1140 km from the South American coastline in the South Atlantic Ocean and with an age of 4 million years, Trindade Island is the most recent volcanic component of Brazilian territory. Its original native vegetation has been severely damaged by human influence, in particular through the introduction of exotic grazing animals such as goats. However, since the complete eradication of goats and other feral animals in the late 1990s, the island’s vegetation has been recovering, and even some endemic species that had been considered extinct have been rediscovered. In this study, we set out to characterize the contemporary cryptic diversity in soils of the recovering native forest of Trindade Island using metabarcoding by high throughput sequencing (HTS). The sequence diversity obtained was dominated by microorganisms, including three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) and five kingdoms (Fungi, Metazoa, Protozoa, Chromista, and Viridiplantae). Bacteria were represented by 20 phyla and 116 taxa, with Archaea by only one taxon. Fungi were represented by seven phyla and 250 taxa, Viridiplantae by five phyla and six taxa, Protozoa by five phyla and six taxa, Metazoa by three phyla and four taxa and Chromista by two phyla and two taxa. Even after the considerable anthropogenic impacts and devastation of the island’s natural forest, our sequence data reveal the presence of a rich and complex diversity of microorganisms, invertebrates, and plants and provide important baseline biodiversity information that will contribute to ecological restoration efforts on the island.
