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Morphology of Drosophila elegans brown morph. (a) Male habitus (lateral view). (b) Female habitus (lateral view). (c) Periphallic organs (caudolateral view). (d) Phallic organs (ventral view). (e) Ditto. (f) Female terminalia (lateral view). (g) Ditto (ventral view). (h) Spermatheca (lateral view). Diagnostic characters are indicated with red arrows: (i) aedeagus medially very narrow, apically expanded and truncate with nearly flat margin in ventral view; (ii) posterior elongation of pregonite apically slightly expanded triangularly; (iii) hypogynial valve (oviscapt) with teeth arranged in a single row on ventral margin; and (iv) spermathecal capsule as long as wide, with basal collar. Scales: 1 mm in a and b, 0.1 mm in c-h.
Source publication
Animals adapt to their environments in the course of evolution. One effective approach to elucidate mechanisms of adaptive evolution is to compare closely related species with model organisms in which knowledge of the molecular and physiological bases of various traits has been accumulated. Drosophila elegans and its close relatives, belonging to t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of D. elegans are well-distinguished by their wings with apical black patches (Figure 2 (a)), sex combs in transverse rows on the first 3 tarsal segments, and deep-orange testes conspicuous through the ventral abdominal wall [6]. In both sexes, Malpighian tubules are orange, also visible through the ventral abdominal wall. ...
Citations
... However, it is necessary to use several barcode genes to ensure the species' position further. Mitochondrial DNA shows recent gene flow across species boundaries (Revolson et al., 2019;Ishikawa et al., 2022). Using CO1 for reconstructing the Drosophila phylogeny resolves most of the basic relationships within the melanogaster species group and provides a framework that can be expanded to include more species (Jezovit et al., 2017). ...
Research on insect phylogenetics is intricated by their similar morphology and significant genetic diversity. The cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene is the most widely utilized mitochondrial DNA gene in the identification and study of animal molecular biodiversity. This study aims to identify and reconstruct the phylogeny of fruit flies from North Sulawesi using the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene. Fruit flies were obtained from 5 (five) areas in North Sulawesi, namely Siau (L1), North Minahasa (L2), Minahasa (L3), Southeast Minahasa (L4), and Bolaang Mongondow (L5). Fruit fly imago limbs were used as a tissue source for genomic DNA extraction. Genomic DNA extraction was carried out using the Quick-DNA™ Miniprep Kit manufacture protocol. The CO1 gene amplification was carried out by the PCR method, and the visualization of the amplicons was carried out by the 1.5% gel electrophoresis method. Nucleotide sequencing used a sequencing service at First BASE Singapore with a bidirectional sequencing method. CO1 gene amplification of each sample was visualized at 690 bp to 702 bp length. After analyzing the CO1 gene concession area using the MEGA XI program, it is found that Drosophila at L1 has 702 bp, L2 has 703 bp, L3 has 698 bp, L4 has 700 bp, and L5 has 697 bp. Based on alignment analysis using the BLAST method, it is found that the L1 fruit fly has a similarity rate of 99.29% (E=0.0) to Drosophila parapallidosa [MK659836.1]. The L2 fruit fly also has a similarity rate of 96.86% with Drosophila parapallidosa [MK659836.1]. The L3 fruit fly has a similarity level of 94.94% with Drosophila parapallidosa [MK659836.1]. The L4 fruit fly has a similarity rate of 94.43% with Drosophila parapallidosa [MK659836.1]. However, the L5 fruit fly shows a similarity rate of 96.86% with Drosophila rubida [EU493593.1]. The reconstruction results with the MEGA XI program using the Minimum Evolution model obtain two monophyletic groups where the fruit fly in Bolaang Mongondow is in a monophyletic group different from other fruit flies. The results of this study prove the variation in fruit fly species in North Sulawesi based on the identification of the CO1 gene.
... There were different patterns of the resources collected by the dominant flower-visiting insect. For example, Drosophila collected nectar and pollen as feed resources, as shown by the licking behavior of adult Drosophila in nectar or pollen-rich flower parts surfaces such as petals and anthers (Ishikawa et al. 2022). On the other hand, Dolichoderus sp. ...
Putra RE, Wibisana G, Kinasih I, Raffiudin R, Soesilohadi RCH, Purnobasuki H. 2023. Pollination biology of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa) at typical Indonesian small-scale farming. Biodiversitas 24: 2179-2188. Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa) has been considered one of the potential local fruits targeted as the export commodity of Indonesia. However, this fruit production level is relatively unstable, which lowers their potency as cash crops and makes them secondary fruits for small-scale farmers. One of the possible factors related to this condition is pollination success. This research aimed to study the pollination biology of yellow passion fruit in terms of flower interaction with insects and the morphological aspect of flowers. The observation was conducted in four sites at Kampung Organik Beji, Wonogiri Regency, between January-February 2022. Pollinators' census was done by scan sampling while flower-visiting insect activities were monitored by focal sampling. This study found 26 species of flower-visiting insects which can be grouped into 5 Ordo and 12 Families with moderate diversity index (H’=2.15), evenly distributed (J’=0.66), and low domination (D=0.32). Among identified insects, carpenter bees (Xylocopa latipes), stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps), and Asiatic honey bees (Apis cerana) were considered as pollinators in which X. latipes (Vt=11.81±7.44 second, Fvr=2.41±1.55) visited flower (Vt) on shorter times, and more flower visitation rate (Fvr) than T. laeviceps (Vt=12.36±8.32 second, Fvr=1.10±0.30). Furthermore, this study found that the benefit of natural pollination was better than hand cross-pollination. However, the benefit was hampered by a lack of plant protection and soil fertility management. This study may be applied as baseline information to create pollinator protection zones in the area near the plantation zone to ensure the pollination services for crops.
... Drosophila gunungcola is one of the five described species in the elegans species subgroup under the D. melanogaster species group of Sophophora subgenus in Drosophila (Sultana et al. 1999;Ishikawa et al. 2022). This species and its sibling species, D. elegans, breed on tubular flowers of species in Ipomoea (morning glories), Brugmansia (Angel's trumpet), and Hibiscus (Hirai and Kimura 1997;Sultana et al. 1999;Ishikawa et al. 2022). ...
... Drosophila gunungcola is one of the five described species in the elegans species subgroup under the D. melanogaster species group of Sophophora subgenus in Drosophila (Sultana et al. 1999;Ishikawa et al. 2022). This species and its sibling species, D. elegans, breed on tubular flowers of species in Ipomoea (morning glories), Brugmansia (Angel's trumpet), and Hibiscus (Hirai and Kimura 1997;Sultana et al. 1999;Ishikawa et al. 2022). Male and female adults of these two species visit flowers for mating and Significance A high-quality and well-annotated genome in Drosophila gunungcola is vital to comparative and population genomics studies on the evolution of morphology, behavior, diet, niche shift, and karyotypes that are unique in the Drosophila elegans species group. ...
... The unique characteristics of the elegans species subgroup go beyond its diet and habitat as this clade is nested within the D. melanogaster species group. Unlike the stereotypic karyotype of four chromosome pairs (2n = 8) in the D. melanogaster species group, the elegans species subgroup consists of five telocentric chromosome pairs and a subtelocentric sex chromosome pair (2n = 12) (Deng et al. 2007;Yeh and True 2014;Ishikawa et al. 2022). Each chromosome corresponding to a Muller element and the position of centromeres suggests the maintenance of the ancestral karyotype after divergence of the elegans species subgroup (Ferreri et al. 2005;Deng et al. 2007). ...
Drosophila gunungcola exhibits reproductive activities on the fresh flowers of several plant species and is an emerging model to study the co-option of morphological and behavioral traits in male courtship display. Here, we report a near-chromosome-level genome assembly that was constructed based on long-read Pac-Bio sequencing data (with ∼66x coverage) and annotated with the assistant from RNA-seq transcriptome data of whole organisms at various developmental stages. A nuclear genome of 189 Mb with 13,950 protein-coding genes and a mitogenome of 17.5 kb. Few inter-chromosomal rearrangements were found in the comparisons of synteny with D. elegans, its sister species, and D. melanogaster, suggesting that the gene compositions on each Muller element are evolutionarily conserved. Loss events of several OR and IR genes in D. gunungcola and D. elegans were revealed when orthologous genomic regions were compared across species in the D. melanogaster species group. This high-quality reference genome will facilitate further comparative studies on traits related to the evolution of sexual behavior and diet specialization.
Background:
Variations in body size and body melanization are thought to be important features for local adaptation of environmental stresses in many insects and latitudinal clines of such variation have been found many taxa. When two species share similar resource, ecological divergence and niche partitioning may further evolve as the consequence of competition. Here, we examined the distribution, host plant usage, and body size variation of two closely-related species, Drosophila elegans, which has two discrete body color morphs, and D. gunungcola on three islands.
Results:
The brown morph of D. elegans has a similar distribution to D. gunungcola in Java and Sumatra, whereas the black morph of D. elegans is exclusively found in Taiwan. A significant correlation between latitudes and altitudes was found in sites where D. gunungcola was found in Sumatra south of equator. The brown morph of D. elegans was found to be smaller in body size and tends to live in warmer habitat compared to the black morph of D. elegans and D. gunungcola. A significant genetic correlation between body color and body size was found in recombinant inbred lines derived from hybrids of brown and black morph strains.
Conclusions:
The restricted distribution of D. gunungcola in Southern hemisphere coincides with the lack of highland habitat near the equator. Four plant species were found to be exclusively utilized by D. elegans only in Taiwan whereas the same flower species are shared by both fly species in Java and Sumatra, suggesting the presence of inter-specific competition for breeding sites in overlapping zones. Darker body coloration with larger body size appears to have evolved twice in this lineage, reflecting similar patterns of natural selection in Indonesia and postglacial Taiwan.
