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Morphology of Curvularia lunata (from ex-neotype). a. Colony on CMA after 6 day at 27 °C, b – d. Conidiophores and conidia, e. Conidiophore with a bulbous base and a swollen terminal conidiogenous
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Three genera, Cochliobolus, Bipolaris and Curvularia form a complex that contains many plant pathogens,
mostly on grasses (Poaceae) with a worldwide distribution.
The taxonomy of this complex is confusing as frequent
nomenclatural changes and refinements have occurred.
There is no clear morphological boundary between the
asexual genera Bipolaris an...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... in 7 days at 27 °C, funiculose to cottony, olivaceous black, with a fimbriate margin; reverse black. Colonies on MEA attaining 70 mm at the same tem- perature and time of incubation, cottony and grey at the center, tan and velvety towards the periphery, with a fimbriate mar- gin; reverse brown at the center, cream-coloured towards the periphery (Fig. 4) NEOTYPE designated here: USA, Florida, from human lung biopsy specimen, 1975, collectors unknown, exneotype (CBS 730.96) Notes: C. lunata was first described as Acrothecium lunatum from decaying leaves of sugarcane in Java (Wakker 1898). Boedijin (1933) transferred this species to his newly erected genus Curvularia and chose it as the ...
Citations
... The genus Bipolaris includes many important plant pathogens with a wide host range and worldwide distribution (Manamgoda et al. 2014;Manamgoda et al. 2012;Manamgoda et al. 2011). These species mainly affect high value field crops in the Poaceae family, causing different typical symptoms such as leaf spot, leaf blight, seedling blight and root rot (Manamgoda et al. 2011;Ellis et al. 1971;Berbee et al. 1999). ...
... These sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. Total genomic DNA (gDNA) extraction of the three specimens collected by us was performed using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method (Manamgoda et al. 2012). To ensure that each DNA sample was of adequate quality for PCR, UV spectrophotometry (Nanodrop 2000, Thermo, Wilmington, DE) was used to determine DNA concentration and purity. ...
... The genus Bipolaris is a diverse group that is a widely distributed taxa of fungi (Manamgoda et al. 2014;Manamgoda et al. 2012;Manamgoda et al. 2011). Bipolaris pathogens were mainly harmful to food crops such as maize, rice and wheat, causing serious disasters for human society (Manamgoda et al. 2014). ...
In the present study, three mitogenomes from the Bipolaris genus ( Bipolaris maydis , B. zeicola , and B. oryzae ) were assembled and compared with the other two reported Bipolaris mitogenomes ( B. oryzae and B. sorokiniana ). The five mitogenomes were all circular DNA molecules, with lengths ranging from 106,403 bp to 135,790 bp. The mitogenomes of the five Bipolaris species mainly comprised the same set of 13 core protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNAs, and a certain number of tRNAs and unidentified open reading frames (ORFs). The PCG length, AT skew and GC skew showed large variability among the 13 PCGs in the five mitogenomes. Across the 13 core PCGs tested, nad6 had the least genetic distance among the 16 Pleosporales species we investigated, indicating that this gene was highly conserved. In addition, the Ka/Ks values for all 12 core PCGs (excluding rps3 ) were < 1, suggesting that these genes were subject to purifying selection. Comparative mitogenomic analyses indicate that introns were the main factor contributing to the size variation of Bipolaris mitogenomes. The introns of the cox1 gene experienced frequent gain/loss events in Pleosporales species. The gene arrangement and collinearity in the mitogenomes of the five Bipolaris species were almost highly conserved within the genus. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined mitochondrial gene datasets showed that the five Bipolaris species formed well-supported topologies. This study is the first report on the mitogenomes of B. maydis and B. zeicola , as well as the first comparison of mitogenomes among Bipolaris species. The findings of this study will further advance investigations into the population genetics, evolution, and genomics of Bipolaris species.
... The Curvularia genus shares many morphological traits with the Bipolaris genus, and both genera have teleomorphic states in Cochliobolus (Sivanesan 1987, Berbee et al. 1999, Manamgoda et al. 2012a. The shape and size of the conidia are the key characteristics used to differentiate these two genera morphologically. ...
... However, such a distinction is not always obvious since some taxa within Curvularia, such as C. australiensis, C. hawaiiensis, and C. spicifera, have atypical, short, and straight conidia resembling those of Bipolaris. Due to this confusion, these species were initially classified under Bipolaris until they were reassigned to Curvularia following phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data (Manamgoda et al. 2012a). Species delineation within each genus based on morphology is even more complicated because of high degree of similarity between species and inconsistency within the same species, dependent on isolates, culture conditions, and host and life modes (Manamgoda et al. 2015). ...
... Curvularia is a species-rich genus with approximately 180 known species, including plant pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, saprophytes, endophytes and epiphytes (Diaz & Oyama 2007, Manamgoda et al. 2012b, Tadych et al. 2012, Akter et al. 2013, Gautam et al. 2013, Jena & Tayung 2013, Scott & Carter 2014. Many of them have been reported from corn worldwide, including C. aeria, C. affinis, C. alcornii, C. aurantia, C. australiensis, C. borreriae, C. chiangmaiensis, C. clavata, C. coicis, C. cymbopogonis, C. dactyloctenii, C.ellisii, C. eragrostidis, C. falsilunata, C. geniculata, C. gudauskasii, C. hawaiiensis, C. inaequalis, C. intermedia, C. lunata, C. oryzae, C. pallescens, C. papendorfii, C. perotidis, C. plantarum, C. protuberate, C. pseudobrachyspora, C. senegalensis, C. siddiquii, C. spicifera, C. sporobolicola, C. trifolii, C. tuberculata, and C. verruculosa (Mabadeje 1969, Mandokhot & Basu Chaudhary 1972Kaur et al. 1973;Alcorn 1983;de Luna et al. 2002;Manamgoda et al. 2011;Manamgoda et al. 2012a, b, 2015, Marin-Felix et al. 2017b, Manzar et al. 2021, Singh et al. 2021, Ferdinandez et al. 2023). Among these, C. lunata is known to cause Curvularia leaf spot of corn, which can pose serious threat to this crop in tropical and subtropical climates (Brandt & Warnock 2003, Manzar et al. 2021. ...
In this study, we investigated fungi associated with leaf spots of corn in northern Algeria. Fungal isolates were recovered
from sampled leaves and were subjected to morphological and molecular identification. Morphology and multi-locus
phylogeny, including the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 with 5.8S (ITS) along with partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) genes, supported the proposal of two new species,
Curvularia algeriensis and Curvularia boudouaouensis, as well as a new record for Curvularia spicifera. These two new
species are closely related and clustered sisters to Curvularia sporobolicola in the phylogenetic analysis. Morphologically,
they can be distinguished by the shape and size of their conidia and conidiophores. The conidia of C. algeriensis are
asymmetrically ellipsoidal, with the basal side larger than the apical side. In contrast, those of C. boudouaouensis are
ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, and in C. sporobolicola, they are hemi-ellipsoidal. Additionally, the conidia of C. algeriensis
are distinctly longer and larger than those of C. boudouaouensis and tend to be slightly longer and narrower than those of
C. sporobolicola. C. algeriensis can also be distinguished by its longer conidiophores compared to its closest relatives.
Inoculation of corn seedlings supported the pathogenicity of the two new species, as well as the new record.
Key words: 1 new record, 2 new species, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporaceae, Taxonomy, Zea mays
... After extraction and quantification, the DNA remained stored at − 18 °C until use. The PCR of the ITS (internal transcribed spacers) and GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) regions was amplified using primer and conditions established by Manamgoda et al. (2012). The ITS primers were used in the amplification reactions for ITS: ITS1 (5′-T C C G T A G G T G A A C C T G C G G-3′) and ITS4 (5′-T C C T C C G C T T A T T G A T A T G C-3′) (Glass and Donaldson 1995). ...
... The molecular characterization of the isolates is available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/. See Table 1 for the accession number. of hyphae, conidia, and conidiophores was darker brown in E. rostratum, a characteristic that has also been reported in other studies (Manamgoda et al. 2012;Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2018). ...
The control of corn diseases, such as leaf blights caused by fungi of the genus Exserohilum, has been the object of much research. Studies on the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of isolates are essential for developing more effective control strategies. This study aimed to identify and characterize Exserohilum isolates associated with leaf blight in corn fields in different regions of Brazil and evaluate the pathogenicity of these isolates. Symptomatic corn leaves were collected from different regions of Brazil. The fungi were isolated in the PDA medium, and the colonies were morphologically characterized. The DNA of the isolates was extracted and used to sequence the ITS and GAPDH regions. The obtained sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis from sequences of 27 other isolates already sequenced and registered in a molecular database. The pathogenicity of isolates representing each region was tested in the popcorn line susceptible to leaf blight (L55). Nine Exserohilum isolates were collected in three regions of Brazil. The phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of two Exserohilum species: eight E. turcicum and one E. rostratum i. The lesions caused by E. rostratum were shorter in length and had a lighter colour compared to those caused by E. turcicum on the leaves. The five tested isolates showed high pathogenicity when inoculated into the susceptible popcorn line.
... The Helminthosporium complex [1] includes the phytopathogen graminicolous fungi species and the most important genera are Drechslera, Bipolaris, and Exserohilum [2]. The Bipolaris Shoemaker genera [3] and their Cochliobolus Drechsler [4] sexual morph [5] are opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms with a worldwide distribution, which are present in air, soil, and plants [6]. The Bipolaris species generally have pale, multiseptate, straight or curved conidia, without the presence of bulges in their cells. ...
... In addition, the conidia and the conidiophores are highly variable within species [22]. In an attempt to solve the conflict in the nomenclature for these two genera, much research has focused on molecular phylogenetics to relocate many species on the genera Bipolaris in Curvularia [5,6,23,24], which is helpful for establishing the correct location of new fungal isolates within the Bipolaris and Curvularia group [25,26]. In Mexico, different Bipolaris species have been registered as foliar pathogens of crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.), wheat, rice, barley (Hordeum vulgare), and maize [10,13,[27][28][29]. ...
... Subsequently, the strains were morphologically identified at the macroscopic level, and the PDA medium was used to create the descriptions of microscopic structures. The strain identification was based on the comparisons with other Bipolaris strains [1,5,11,33] and complemented with new observations. Fifty measurements for each trait observed in each isolated species were made to calculate the length and width of the following structures: ascomata, conidiophores, conidia, and the number of dictyosepts per conidia. ...
Agave genera include slow-growing plants with cultural and economic roots dating back to pre-Columbian times in Mexico. Several species have a widespread presence in the country and are cultivated and/or used directly from the field to obtain various derived products. Agave salmiana is widely used in the region of the High Valleys of Apan, Hidalgo, Mexico. However, fungal diseases are causing considerable losses to Agave crops. For this reason, fungi strains from maguey plants from Apan, Hidalgo, with “Negrilla” disease symptoms were isolated and identified morphologically and molecularly. The results provide information on a new disease disseminated in A. salmiana plants, which causes symptoms such as black spots on the leaves due to pathogenic fungi of the genera Bipolaris. The morphological and molecular characterization located the phytopathogenic fungus as new isolates of Bipolaris zeae. Finally, the re-isolation of the causal agent of the disease was achieved in all pathogenicity tests, verifying that the symptoms observed in the maguey plants were caused by B. zeae, thus corroborating Koch’s postulates, and constituting the first report of this fungus as a pathogen of A. salmiana in Mexico.
... Colonies of the pure cultures had a furry texture and a distinctive greyish-black hue with a somewhat shiny appearance. The underside of the culture medium targeted both the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1/ITS4 primers) and part of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) region (gpd1/gpd2 primers) (Berbee et al., 1999;Manamgoda et al., 2012). The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS: Accession No. LC790305; GAPDH: LC790322). ...
... C. lunata se caracteriza por desarrollar hifas septadas, ramificadas subhialinas a pardas, lisas a asperuladas, las cuales presentan un tamaño que oscila de 1,5 a 5 μm de ancho aproximadamente (Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural y Senasica, 2020a). Sus conidióforos son simples con conidios septados, el tamaño de los conidióforos es de 39 a 430 μm de largo, 4 a 9 μm de ancho en la base y 2,5 a 6 μm de ancho hacia el centro; presentan células conidiógenas, cuyo tamaño varía de 4 a 20 × 3 a 13 μm y están provistas de poros, además de ser terminales e intercalares, politréticas, subcilíndricas y subglobosas; sus conidios son fragmoconidios lisos o asperulados, geniculados y septados transversalmente, tienen una célula intermedia abultada de forma asimétrica, esta suele ser de color marrón a marrón oscuro (figura 33), mientras que las células terminales son subhialinas a marrón claro (Hoog et al., 2000;Manamgoda et al., 2012; Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural y Senasica, 2020a). ...
Este manual ilustrado explora parte del universo de los hongos que impactan las semillas de cultivos semestrales. Con un enfoque centrado en la calidad sanitaria de las semillas, el libro se adentra en el reconocimiento de los hongos contaminantes, destacando su influencia durante la etapa de poscosecha en la producción de semillas de arroz, maíz, soya y sorgo. Una lectura esencial para agricultores y profesionales del sector que buscan comprender y manejar eficazmente las infecciones fúngicas en las semillas de cultivos semestrales.
... The genus Curvularia, typified by C. lunata, is a speciesrich genus in the family Pleosporaceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) (Manamgoda et al. 2012b(Manamgoda et al. , 2015. It is known that pathogenic species of Curvularia can cause plant diseases such as black kernels, grain molds, leaf blights, seedling blights, leaf spots, and opportunistic human infections (Sivanesan 1987, Manamgoda et al. 2012b, 2015. ...
... The genus Curvularia, typified by C. lunata, is a speciesrich genus in the family Pleosporaceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) (Manamgoda et al. 2012b(Manamgoda et al. , 2015. It is known that pathogenic species of Curvularia can cause plant diseases such as black kernels, grain molds, leaf blights, seedling blights, leaf spots, and opportunistic human infections (Sivanesan 1987, Manamgoda et al. 2012b, 2015. The development of sympodial conidiophores with tretic, terminal, and intercalary conidiogenous cells as well as transversely septate, often curved conidia characterise species of Curvularia morphologically. ...
... Genomic DNA was extracted from all the isolates following the method described in Ferdinandez et al. (2021). The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 with 5.8S nrDNA region (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) loci were amplified according to the protocols described in Manamgoda et al. (2012b). The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) locus was amplified using the PCR conditions mentioned in Ferdinandez et al. (2021). ...
Despite being a small island, Sri Lanka is rich in fungal diversity. Most of the fungi from Sri Lanka have been identified as pathogens of vegetables, fruits, and plantation crops to date. The pleosporalean genus Curvularia ( Dothideomycetes ) includes phytopathogenic, saprobic, endophytic, and human/animal opportunistic pathogenic fungal species. The majority of the plant-associated Curvularia species are known from poaceous hosts. During the current study, 22 geographical locations of the country were explored and collections were made from 10 different poaceous hosts. Morphology and molecular phylogeny based on three loci, including nuclear internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 with 5.8S nrDNA (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( gapdh ), and translation elongation factor 1-α ( tef1 ) supported the description of two new species of fungi described herein as C. aurantia sp. nov. and C. vidyodayana sp. nov. Moreover, novel host-fungal association records for C. chiangmaiensis , C. falsilunata , C. lonarensis , C. plantarum , and C. pseudobrachyspora are updated herein. In addition, five species within the genus Curvularia , viz ., C. asiatica , C. geniculata , C. lunata , C. muehlenbeckiae , and C. verruculosa represent new records of fungi from Sri Lanka.
... Por otra parte, con respecto al género Bipolaris se dio prioridad a su nomenclatura sobre Cochliobolus debido a su importancia económica como causante de enfermedades en plantas (Rossman et al., 2013;Manamgoda et al., 2014). Es importante mencionar, dentro de este género, el caso de la especie en estudio B. oryzae cuyo basónimo, es decir, el nombre científico bajo el cual fue originalmente catalogado es Helminthosporium oryzae, y sus sinónimos obligados son Drechslera oryzae y Luttrellia oryzae (Shoemaker, 1959;Manamgoda et al., 2012). ...
El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar a nivel taxonómico especies de hongos fitopatógenos asociados a cuatro cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) en tres zonas arroceras de Panamá: Barú, Alanje y Guánico Abajo. Se evaluaron tres cultivares codificados ubicados en la provincia de Chiriquí: 1) rendimiento 1, parcela 12, localidad Berbá, Barú; 2) rendimiento 1, parcela 20, localidad Berbá, Barú; 3) rendimiento 1, parcela 2, localidad Canta Gallo; y una variedad ubicada en la provincia de Los Santos: 4) cultivar Estrella 71, localidad Guánico Abajo, Agrícola DELI. Se colectaron alrededor de 40 muestras a lo largo de las épocas seca y lluviosa de los años 2016, 2018 y 2019, durante la fase vegetativa y fase de maduración y llenado del grano. Se realizaron aislamientos en cámaras húmedas e incubación en medios de cultivo PDA, CLA y Agar Agua, para obtener cultivos puros y posteriormente caracterizar estructuras macroscópicas y microscópicas. La identificación de especies de hongos se llevó a cabo utilizando las claves taxonómicas propuestas por Ou (1985), Sivanesan (1992) y Seifert (1996). En la provincia de Chiriquí se identificó la mayor cantidad de especies, incluyendo Curvularia cf. lunata, Curvularia cf. geniculata, Bipolaris cf. oryzae, Nigrospora cf. oryzae y Fusarium sp en la región de Berbá Barú, y en la región de Canta Gallo, Alanje, las especies Nigrospora cf. oryzae y Bipolaris sorokiniana. Finalmente, en la provincia de Los Santos, en la localidad de Guánico Abajo, se pudo identificar la especie Curvularia cf. verruculosa. De los hongos fitopatógenos previamente mencionados, los géneros Curvularia y Fusarium fueron aislados de muestras de granos, mientras que el género Nigrospora y Bipolaris se aisló tanto de tejido foliar como de grano
... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the ITS and GPDH regions was performed using primers and conditions previously established for Bipolaris spp. (Manamgoda et al. 2012). The primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCT GCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATA TGC-3′) were adopted for the ITS region. ...
... Molecular tools, specifically the sequencing of the ITS and GPDH regions, were efficient in correctly identifying species. The ITS region, known for its high polymorphism in fungi, has been a target of studies for species identification among isolates (Manamgoda et al. 2012;Shen et al. 2021). GPDH is a more generalist region and is responsible for coding enzymes with a role in glucose metabolism in different organisms (including fungi, bacteria, insects, and mammals). ...
The aim of the current study was to investigate the pathogenicity of Bipolaris species associated with southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) in Brazil. Fungi were isolated from leaves presenting SCLB symptoms. Morphological features were described when the cultures were grown in Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The ITS and GAPDH regions were used for phylogenetic analyses. The pathogenicity of B. maydis isolates was assessed in four popcorn lines under controlled conditions. Two Bipolaris species among the collected isolates were capable of infecting corn, namely, B. maydis and B. gossypina. Previous studies reporting the infection of corn by B. gossypina were not found; therefore, the present study appears to be the first to report it. Pathological differences between isolates were observed, and there was a significant isolate x line interaction. Line L692 was susceptible in all tests, while Line L623 was resistant to three B. maydis isolates. The isolate CF/UENF 482 of B. gossypina did not generate symptoms in the tested popcorn lines. The B. maydis isolates CF/UENF 477 and CF/UENF 501 were the most virulent.
... Fungi are usually described through morphological identification [9], however, morphological identification of the species is generally difficult due to the significant resemblance among them especially when it involves the same genera due to their morphological complex [10], and molecular test [11,12] which need to undergo several cautious, hassle procedure and time-consuming process like shown in Fig. 1. ...
Fungi are one of the major causes that contributed to plant diseases. There are lots of fungi species but it is estimated that only 10% have been described. There are two major approaches to identifying fungi species, morphological identification, and molecular test which need cautious clarification to make good interpretations and are time-consuming. In this paper, we propose a Machine Learning approach that involves the use of the K-Means clustering technique, and Decision Tree to highlight the observed fungi spore images taken under the microscopic view and discard background pixels to produce digital images database which later can be used for Deep Learning.
