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Morphology of Curvularia alcornii (holotype). a Colonies on a dried husk of Zea mays ; b Thickened hypae produced on PDA; c–f Conidia attached to conidiophores; h–j conidia; bars: a 5 cm, b 1 cm, c 35 μm, d, e, j 20 μm, f 15 μm, g, h, i 10 μm.
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A multi-locus phylogeny based on combined sequences of rDNA ITS, EF1-a, GPDH
and LSU revealed two new saprobic Curvularia species from grasses and dead wood in
northern Thailand. The novel species, Curvularia alcornii and C. asianensis are introduced,
fully described, illustrated, and compared to similar taxa in the genus.
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Context 1
... were aligned with Clustal X (Thompson et al. 1997) and optimized by the online sequence alignment tool MAFFT (Katoh et al. 2009). Parsimony analyses were performed in PAUP v4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) to obtain phylogenetic trees. Trees were inferred using the heuristic search option with 1000 random sequence additions. Descriptive tree statistics for parsimony (Tree Length [TL], Consistency Index [CI], Retention Index [RI], Related Consistency Index [RC] and Homoplasy Index [HI]) were calculated. Trees were fig ured in Treeview (Page 1996). We analyzed the newly generated sequences with all available type-derived sequences listed in Manamgoda et al. (2011, 2012); a sub-set of taxa was selected to infer the combined phylogenetic tree presented here ( Fig 1). Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, GPDH, LSU and EF1- The combined data matrix contains 24 taxa including the outgroup. The statistics for the parsimony analysis revealed that from the 2674 characters, 2390 characters are constant (135 characters are excluded), 149 characters are parsimony–informative, while 135 variable characters are parsimony- uninformative. The best tree resulting from the parsimony analysis of the combined dataset is presented here (Fig. 1) (TL = 507, CI = 0.651, RI = 0.607, RC = 0.395, HI = 0.332). Two distinct species were resolved based on phylogeny coupled with morphological characters and are described below. Curvularia alcornii Manamgoda, L. Cai & K. D., Hyde, sp. nov. – Fig. 2 MycoBank: MB 800665 H o l o t y p e . – MFLU 12-0397. D e s c r i p t i o n . – Colonies on PDA. Conidiophores (25)30–300(305) μm long, simple or branched, septate, sometimes geniculate at the apex, rust (39) to chestnut (40) coloured, with integrated conidiogenous cells, 2–3 μm wide at the base and widening to 5–7 μm at the apex. Conidia usually straight, rarely slightly curved, inequilateral, ellipsoidal or clavate, (19)21–26 (26.7) × (8.2)9–11(12) μm (n = 32), 3–4-distoseptate, third cell from the base usually larger than the other cells, rust (39) to chestnut (40) coloured when mature, apical and basal cells hyaline or slightly brown, with a distinctly protuberant basal hilum. Colonies slightly convex, velvety, whitish and becoming pale olivaceous grey (120) when mature, growing slowly, reaching 4–5 cm diam. within 10 days at 25 oC in the dark. After 3–4 weeks colonies form black thickened hypae (Fig. 2 b) up to 2–3 cm long. Mycelium on host superficial, hyphae hyaline, septate, smooth-walled and 2–3 μm wide. E t y m o l o g y. – A tribute to J. L. Alcorn for his work on the generic complex. H a b i t a t a n d h o s t . – Found as a saprobe on Zea mays and ...
Context 2
... were aligned with Clustal X (Thompson et al. 1997) and optimized by the online sequence alignment tool MAFFT (Katoh et al. 2009). Parsimony analyses were performed in PAUP v4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) to obtain phylogenetic trees. Trees were inferred using the heuristic search option with 1000 random sequence additions. Descriptive tree statistics for parsimony (Tree Length [TL], Consistency Index [CI], Retention Index [RI], Related Consistency Index [RC] and Homoplasy Index [HI]) were calculated. Trees were fig ured in Treeview (Page 1996). We analyzed the newly generated sequences with all available type-derived sequences listed in Manamgoda et al. (2011, 2012); a sub-set of taxa was selected to infer the combined phylogenetic tree presented here ( Fig 1). Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, GPDH, LSU and EF1- The combined data matrix contains 24 taxa including the outgroup. The statistics for the parsimony analysis revealed that from the 2674 characters, 2390 characters are constant (135 characters are excluded), 149 characters are parsimony–informative, while 135 variable characters are parsimony- uninformative. The best tree resulting from the parsimony analysis of the combined dataset is presented here (Fig. 1) (TL = 507, CI = 0.651, RI = 0.607, RC = 0.395, HI = 0.332). Two distinct species were resolved based on phylogeny coupled with morphological characters and are described below. Curvularia alcornii Manamgoda, L. Cai & K. D., Hyde, sp. nov. – Fig. 2 MycoBank: MB 800665 H o l o t y p e . – MFLU 12-0397. D e s c r i p t i o n . – Colonies on PDA. Conidiophores (25)30–300(305) μm long, simple or branched, septate, sometimes geniculate at the apex, rust (39) to chestnut (40) coloured, with integrated conidiogenous cells, 2–3 μm wide at the base and widening to 5–7 μm at the apex. Conidia usually straight, rarely slightly curved, inequilateral, ellipsoidal or clavate, (19)21–26 (26.7) × (8.2)9–11(12) μm (n = 32), 3–4-distoseptate, third cell from the base usually larger than the other cells, rust (39) to chestnut (40) coloured when mature, apical and basal cells hyaline or slightly brown, with a distinctly protuberant basal hilum. Colonies slightly convex, velvety, whitish and becoming pale olivaceous grey (120) when mature, growing slowly, reaching 4–5 cm diam. within 10 days at 25 oC in the dark. After 3–4 weeks colonies form black thickened hypae (Fig. 2 b) up to 2–3 cm long. Mycelium on host superficial, hyphae hyaline, septate, smooth-walled and 2–3 μm wide. E t y m o l o g y. – A tribute to J. L. Alcorn for his work on the generic complex. H a b i t a t a n d h o s t . – Found as a saprobe on Zea mays and ...
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We collected an amphisphaeria-like species from dead branches of Acer campestre L. from Italy and pure cultures were obtained. LSU and ITS sequence data showed that, this Amphisphaeria species is distinct from other Amphisphaeria species. Hence we introduce this as a new species, Amphisphaeria acericola with the description and illustration. Morpho...
Citations
... The shape and size of the conidia are the key characteristics used to differentiate these two genera morphologically. In fact, the conidia of Curvularia typically have two or three dark central cells of which one is inordinately enlarged, giving the conidium its characteristic curvature; while in Bipolaris, conidia are usually longer and the curvature, when present, involves a slight change in shape throughout the length of the conidium (Shoemaker 1959, Sivanesan 1987, Manamgoda et al. 2012b, Marin-Felix et al. 2017a. However, such a distinction is not always obvious since some taxa within Curvularia, such as C. australiensis, C. hawaiiensis, and C. spicifera, have atypical, short, and straight conidia resembling those of Bipolaris. ...
... Curvularia is a species-rich genus with approximately 180 known species, including plant pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, saprophytes, endophytes and epiphytes (Diaz & Oyama 2007, Manamgoda et al. 2012b, Tadych et al. 2012, Akter et al. 2013, Gautam et al. 2013, Jena & Tayung 2013, Scott & Carter 2014. Many of them have been reported from corn worldwide, including C. aeria, C. affinis, C. alcornii, C. aurantia, C. australiensis, C. borreriae, C. chiangmaiensis, C. clavata, C. coicis, C. cymbopogonis, C. dactyloctenii, C.ellisii, C. eragrostidis, C. falsilunata, C. geniculata, C. gudauskasii, C. hawaiiensis, C. inaequalis, C. intermedia, C. lunata, C. oryzae, C. pallescens, C. papendorfii, C. perotidis, C. plantarum, C. protuberate, C. pseudobrachyspora, C. senegalensis, C. siddiquii, C. spicifera, C. sporobolicola, C. trifolii, C. tuberculata, and C. verruculosa (Mabadeje 1969, Mandokhot & Basu Chaudhary 1972Kaur et al. 1973;Alcorn 1983;de Luna et al. 2002;Manamgoda et al. 2011;Manamgoda et al. 2012a, b, 2015, Marin-Felix et al. 2017b, Manzar et al. 2021, Singh et al. 2021, Ferdinandez et al. 2023). ...
In this study, we investigated fungi associated with leaf spots of corn in northern Algeria. Fungal isolates were recovered
from sampled leaves and were subjected to morphological and molecular identification. Morphology and multi-locus
phylogeny, including the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 with 5.8S (ITS) along with partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) genes, supported the proposal of two new species,
Curvularia algeriensis and Curvularia boudouaouensis, as well as a new record for Curvularia spicifera. These two new
species are closely related and clustered sisters to Curvularia sporobolicola in the phylogenetic analysis. Morphologically,
they can be distinguished by the shape and size of their conidia and conidiophores. The conidia of C. algeriensis are
asymmetrically ellipsoidal, with the basal side larger than the apical side. In contrast, those of C. boudouaouensis are
ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, and in C. sporobolicola, they are hemi-ellipsoidal. Additionally, the conidia of C. algeriensis
are distinctly longer and larger than those of C. boudouaouensis and tend to be slightly longer and narrower than those of
C. sporobolicola. C. algeriensis can also be distinguished by its longer conidiophores compared to its closest relatives.
Inoculation of corn seedlings supported the pathogenicity of the two new species, as well as the new record.
Key words: 1 new record, 2 new species, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporaceae, Taxonomy, Zea mays
... 5′-ATACACTGCCACCCAGAAGG-3′ and gpd2: 5′-TCGATGCGAACAGTCAAGTC-3′) as described by Manamgoda et al. (2012) and PCR was run with the following conditions: initial denaturation at 96°C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 96°C for 1 min, annealing at 52°C for 1 min, extension at 72°C for 45 s, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The amplified PCR product of ITS and GAPDH was visualized on 1.2 percent (w/v) agarose gel, and the expected band was purified from the gel using a Wizard ® SV gel and PCR clean-up system (Promega, United Kingdom) and sent for sequencing by Sanger dideoxy sequencing method (Barcode Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru). ...
Wheat, a staple food crop for 35% of the global population, faces a threat from Helminthosporium leaf blight (HLB), a complex of spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana) and tan spot (Pyrenophora-tritici-repentis) diseases under warm and humid conditions. However, in Indian conditions, the knowledge of existing pathogen populations associated with the HLB complex is limited and largely dominated by only B. sorokiniana (spot blotch). To address this, diseased samples were collected from all six wheat growing zones during 2020–2022. The pathogenic species were identified through in-depth morphological characterization, supplemented with ITS-rDNA and GAPDH sequence analysis, a diagnostic SCAR marker, and pathogenicity studies on two wheat varieties: Sonalika and HD2733. The 32 isolates collected from 10 different states consist of B. spicifera (12.5% of all isolates), Exserohilum rostratum (9.3%), Bipolaris oryzae (3.1%), and B. sorokiniana (75%). B. sorokiniana exhibited the highest disease severity on both varieties. Other lesser-known pathogenic species also produced comparable disease severity as B. sorokiniana isolates and, therefore are economically important. Unraveling pathogen composition and biology aids in disease control and resistance breeding. Our study highlights economically impactful and lesser-known pathogenic species causing wheat leaf blight/spot blotch in India, guiding both current management and future resistance breeding strategies in plant pathology.
... Buitenz, 3 Sér. 13(1): 123 (1933) This is a species-rich genus which comprised of numerous pathogenic, saprobic and epiphytic fungi (Manamgoda et al. 2012a(Manamgoda et al. , b, 2015Jayawardena et al. 2019a). Phytopathogenic species have been recorded mostly on poaceous hosts as well as non-poaceous hosts. ...
... and Zea mays (Manamgoda et al. 2012a, b;Khemmuk et al. 2016) Distribution: Australia and Thailand (Farr and Rossman 2022) GenBank numbers: MZ948821 (ITS), MZ971267 (gadph), MZ971253 (tef1) Notes: According to the phylogenetic result, isolate USJCC-0088 is identified as Curvularia alcornii. This taxon was originally described in Manamgoda et al. (2012a), as a saprobe on a leaf sample of Zea mays collected in Thailand (holotype MFLU 12-0397). In this study, the fresh isolate was identified as a saprobe on a dead leaf of Panicum virgatum (Fig. 38). ...
The description of a new Mediterranean species, Coltricia insularis, is provided, on the basis of material collected in Corsica, Sardinia, Cyprus and Spain
... Buitenz, 3 Sér. 13(1): 123 (1933) This is a species-rich genus which comprised of numerous pathogenic, saprobic and epiphytic fungi (Manamgoda et al. 2012a(Manamgoda et al. , b, 2015Jayawardena et al. 2019a). Phytopathogenic species have been recorded mostly on poaceous hosts as well as non-poaceous hosts. ...
... and Zea mays (Manamgoda et al. 2012a, b;Khemmuk et al. 2016) Distribution: Australia and Thailand (Farr and Rossman 2022) GenBank numbers: MZ948821 (ITS), MZ971267 (gadph), MZ971253 (tef1) Notes: According to the phylogenetic result, isolate USJCC-0088 is identified as Curvularia alcornii. This taxon was originally described in Manamgoda et al. (2012a), as a saprobe on a leaf sample of Zea mays collected in Thailand (holotype MFLU 12-0397). In this study, the fresh isolate was identified as a saprobe on a dead leaf of Panicum virgatum (Fig. 38). ...
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
... The genus Curvularia, which belongs to the Pleosporaceae family, is characterized by widespread phytopathogenic species, additionally, opportunistic pathogens on animals and humans [48]. Obviously, Curvularia species are important phytopathogens reported worldwide as endophytes or pathogens [49][50][51]. Species of the Curvularia genus consist of major destructive plant pathogens isolated from soil and living or dead parts of plants [34,[38][39][40]. A study by Manamgoda et al. [48] reassessed the phylogenetic relationships of species of the genus Curvularia using Multilocus DNA sequence analysis with three loci, ITS, GPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and TEF (Translation Elongation Factor). ...
Canker symptoms were observed on almond trees in the Fez-Meknes region, Morocco. Isolations were conducted from the infected branch and trunk showing internal and external brown lesions. Four representative fungal isolates were screened, and their identities were confirmed by cultural traits and sequence analysis of DNA using two genes, the ITS region (internal transcribed spacer) and calmodulin (cmdA). The identified fungi were Curvularia hawaiiensis, Fusarium ambrosium, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Chondrestereum purpureum. The pathogenicity test on almond twigs revealed that these species were pathogenic to their host with different degrees of virulence, with Lasiodiplodia theobromae as the most virulent causing the longest necrotic lesion (285.17 mm) and the death of twigs. Physiological traits analysis of the above-mentioned fungi showed that the optimum mycelium growth response at different temperatures varies from 10 to 35 °C, while the pH ranges between 3.0 and 8.0. This study confirms the presence of canker pathogens on almond trees, which will contribute valuable information to improve the understanding of the contemporary status of almond trees, thus helping the improvement of the management of almond orchards. To our knowledge, all these fungi represent new records in Morocco and some of them are confirmed on the almond trees for the first time in the world.
... Notes -Curvularia millisiae is phylogenetically related to C. asiatica, C. geniculata, C. senegalensis, C. soli and C. xishuangbannaensis. All species share similar morphological characters with 3 -5 distoseptate conidia that fall within the range 15 -48 × 8 -20 μm (Sivanesan 1987, Manamgoda et al. 2012, Marin-Felix et al. 2017, Tibpromma et al. 2018. ...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Argentina , Colletotrichum araujiae on leaves, stems and fruits of Araujia hortorum . Australia , Agaricus pateritonsus on soil, Curvularia fraserae on dying leaf of Bothriochloa insculpta , Curvularia millisiae from yellowing leaf tips of Cyperus aromaticus , Marasmius brunneolorobustus on well-rotted wood, Nigrospora cooperae from necrotic leaf of Heteropogon contortus , Penicillium tealii from the body of a dead spider, Pseudocercospora robertsiorum from leaf spots of Senna tora , Talaromyces atkinsoniae from gills of Marasmius crinis-equi and Zasmidium pearceae from leaf spots of Smilax glyciphylla . Brazil , Preussia bezerrensis from air. Chile , Paraconiothyrium kelleni from the rhizosphere of Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis f. chiloensis . Finland , Inocybe udicola on soil in mixed forest with Betula pendula , Populus tremula , Picea abies and Alnus incana . France , Myrmecridium normannianum on dead culm of unidentified Poaceae . Germany , Vexillomyces fraxinicola from symptomless stem wood of Fraxinus excelsior . India , Diaporthe limoniae on infected fruit of Limonia acidissima , Didymella naikii on leaves of Cajanus cajan , and Fulvifomes mangroviensis on basal trunk of Aegiceras corniculatum . Indonesia , Penicillium ezekielii from Zea mays kernels. Namibia , Neocamarosporium calicoremae and Neocladosporium calicoremae on stems of Calicorema capitata , and Pleiochaeta adenolobi on symptomatic leaves of Adenolobus pechuelii . Netherlands , Chalara pteridii on stems of Pteridium aquilinum , Neomackenziella juncicola (incl. Neomackenziella gen. nov.) and Sporidesmiella junci from dead culms of Juncus effusus . Pakistan , Inocybe longistipitata on soil in a Quercus forest. Poland , Phytophthora viadrina from rhizosphere soil of Quercus robur , and Septoria krystynae on leaf spots of Viscum album . Portugal (Azores) , Acrogenospora stellata on dead wood or bark. South Africa , Phyllactinia greyiae on leaves of Greyia sutherlandii and Punctelia anae on bark of Vachellia karroo . Spain , Anteaglonium lusitanicum on decaying wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. lusitanica , Hawksworthiomyces riparius from fluvial sediments, Lophiostoma carabassense endophytic in roots of Limbarda crithmoides , and Tuber mohedanoi from calcareus soils. Spain (Canary Islands) , Mycena laurisilvae on stumps and woody debris. Sweden , Elaphomyces geminus from soil under Quercus robur . Thailand , Lactifluus chiangraiensis on soil under Pinus merkusii , Lactifluus nakhonphanomensis and Xerocomus sisongkhramensis on soil under Dipterocarpus trees. Ukraine , Valsonectria robiniae on dead twigs of Robinia hispida . USA , Spiralomyces americanus (incl. Spiralomyces gen. nov.) from office air. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
... In addition, conidia are usually longer in Bipolaris than those in Curvularia [28]. Based on the morphology of ascospores, Curvularia forms loosely packed ascospores in the ascus, while Bipolaris produces supercoiled ascospores [29]. ...
... The ITS, LSU regions, and GAPDH gene phylogeny provided a better resolution for taxa at the terminal clades, which has also been reported for other Dothideomycetes [39][40][41]. Based on these loci, phylogenetic studies have allowed Cochliobolus (sexual morph) species to be reallocated to either Bipolaris or Curvularia [29]. ...
... The agar disc (7 mm) containing the mycelia from the 3-day-old colonies was placed on the center of a Petri plate with fresh PDA and then incubated at 28 ± 2 °C. The pure cultures were obtained through single-spore isolation [29] and maintained on agar slants with regular subculturing. ...
Bipolaris species are known to be important plant pathogens that commonly cause leaf spot, root rot, and seedling blight in a wide range of hosts worldwide. In 2017, complex symptomatic cases of maydis leaf blight (caused by Bipolaris maydis) and maize leaf spot (caused by Cur-vularia lunata) have become increasingly significant in the main maize-growing regions of India. A total of 186 samples of maydis leaf blight and 129 maize leaf spot samples were collected, in 2017, from 20 sampling sites in the main maize-growing regions of India to explore the diversity and identity of this pathogenic causal agent. A total of 77 Bipolaris maydis isolates and 74 Curvularia lunata isolates were screened based on morphological and molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on ribosomal markers-nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, 28S nuclear ribosomal large subunit rRNA gene (LSU), D1/D2 domain of large-subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and protein-coding gene-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Due to a dearth of molecular data from ex-type cultures, the use of few gene regions for species resolution, and overlapping morphological features, species recognition in Bipolaris has proven difficult. The present study used the multi-gene phylogenetic approach for proper identification and diversity of geographically distributed B. maydis and C. lunata isolates in Indian settings and provides useful insight into and explanation of its quantitative findings .
... Conidia were slightly curved, wider in the middle, and dark brown at third cell from the base, conidial sizes ranged from 19-25 µm long and 7-11 µm wide. Based on colony character and morphological features, the fungus resembled Curvularia alcornii (Manamgoda et al., 2014). ...
In March 2021 an outbreak of post‐harvest rot of tomatoes was observed in fruit collected from the research field of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya university campus, West Bengal, India. Approximately 5% of the fruits, cv. Rupali, showed symptoms. Initially, 0.2‐0.5 cm round, water‐soaked, light brown lesions were observed which gradually increased in radius up to 1‐1.5 cm. From the lesions a dark brown to black fungal mass erupted extending up to 2‐3mm from the surface of the fruit.
... It has been successfully applied to legumeassociated Ascochyta and Phoma species (Kim and Chen 2019). The use of biological species recognition is problematic in asexual genera such as Alternaria, Bipolaris, Embellisia, as they do not produce sexual spores in nature or culture but, it can be assessed molecularly by checking for past recombination events (Ware 2006;Cai et al. 2011;Manamgoda et al. 2012b;Stewart et al. 2013;Bhunjun et al. 2021). Biological criteria can be considered and in cases where mycelium compatibility tests are not available, the biological species criteria can be indirectly assessed through molecular markers. ...
The species is one of the basic units of biological classification. Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research. In the first part of this review, we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes. In the second part of the paper, we review four commonly used species concepts, focusing on morphological, ecological, biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes. The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta, Cercospora and Neofusicoccum. Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.
... Furthermore, Curvularia species exhibit the ability to switch from a saprobic life cycle to pathogenic or mild pathogenic to aggressive (Manamgoda et al. 2011). For example, Curvularia alcornii, first reported as saprobic on Zea mays (Manamgoda et al. 2012a), had recently been isolated as a foliar pathogen on rice (Khemmuk et al. 2016). ...
Scientific names are crucial for communicating knowledge concerning fungi and fungus-like organisms. In plant pathology, they link information regarding biology, host range, distribution and potential risk to agriculture and food security. In the past, delimitation among pathogenic taxa was primarily based on morphological characteristics. Due to distinct species sharing overlapping characteristics, the morphological identification of species is often neither straightforward nor reliable. Hence, the phylogenetic species concept based on molecular phylogenetic reconstructions gained importance. The present opinion discusses what a fungal species is and how identification of species in plant pathology has changed over the past decades. In this context, host-specialization and species complexes are discussed. Furthermore, species concepts in plant pathology are examined using case studies from Bipolaris, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Diplodia, Meliola, Plasmopara, rust fungi and Trichoderma. Each entry contains a brief introduction to the genus, concepts used in species identification so far and the problems in describing a species followed by recommendations. The importance of correctly naming and identifying a species is addressed in the context of recent introductions, and we also discuss whether the introduction of new species in pathogenic genera has been overestimated. We also provide guidelines to be considered when introducing a new species in a plant pathogenic genus.
