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Morphology of Circinella muscae CNUFC-TF3-1. (A) Colony in synthetic mucor agar after 5 days at 25 C; (B-D, G) Sporangia and columellae borne on circinate sporangiophores; (E, F) Young and mature multispored sporangia; (H) Sporangiospores. (B-D: observed under light microscope; E-H: observed by scanning electron microscopy) (scale bars: B-F, G ¼ 20 lm, H ¼ 10 lm).
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While surveying undiscovered fungal taxa in Korea, three rare zygomycetous fungal strains, CNUFC-PTF2-1, CNUFC-TF3-1, and CNUFC-ESAF3-1, were isolated from soil, leaf, and freshwater samples, respectively. The strains were analyzed morphologically as well as phylogenetically based on the internal transcribed spacer region and 28S rDNA sequences. Se...
Citations
... Cultural characteristics such as colony color, colony reverse pigmentation, texture, and shape were observed and documented. All isolates were also examined under a light microscope for microscopic details (Optika, Italy) [62]. ...
Owing to the growing need for natural materials in different fields, studying melanin production from biological sources is imperative. In the current study, the extracellular melanin pigment was produced by the fungus Curvularia soli AS21 ON076460. The factors that affect the production of melanin were optimized by the Plackett-Burman design (P-BD). The effect of gamma irradiation on melanin productivity was investigated. The maximum melanin yield (3.376 mg/L) was elicited by a stimulus of gamma irradiation at 1.0 kGy. The results evoked that, Curvularia soli AS21 ON076460 melanin exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria and fungi. Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and P. digitatum were mostly affected by melanin registering the inhibition zone diameters of 37.51 ± 0.012 and 44.25 ± 0.214 mm, respectively. Moreover, Curvularia soli AS21 ON076460 melanin indicated a significant antiviral efficacy (77% inhibition) of Herpes simplex virus (HSV1). The melanin pigment showed antioxidant activities with IC50 of 42 ± 0.021 and 17 ± 0.02 µg/mL against DPPH and NO, respectively. Melanin had cytotoxic action against human breast cancer and skin cancer cell lines (Mcf7and A431) as well as exerting a low percentage of cell death against normal skin cell lines (Hfb4). Melanin was effective in wound management of human skin cells by 63.04 ± 1.83% compared with control (68.67 ± 1.10%). The novelty in the study is attributed to the possibility of using gamma rays as a safe method in small economic doses to stimulate melanin production from the fungi that have been isolated. In summary, melanin produced from fungi has significant biological activities that encourage its usage as a supportive medical route.
... The colony characteristics (colony color, colony shape, and edge characteristics) were observed and photographed with a camera. The morphology of hyphae and spores of the biocontrol fungus were observed using a microscope, and morphological identification was completed with reference to Nguyen et al. (2018). The DNA of biocontrol fungi was extracted from mycelium using a Fungal DNA Mini Kit (Soleibao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China). ...
Fusarium oxysporum is the primary pathogen of blueberry root rot; furthermore, we found that Fusarium commune can also cause root rot in blueberries. Trichoderma spp. is widely used to control plant diseases. We isolated Trichoderma asperellum (TM11) from blueberry rhizosphere soil to explore its control effect and mechanism on F. oxysporum and F. commune . We found that the inhibitory effects of TM11 volatiles and broth metabolites on F. oxysporum were significant, but only F. commune volatile metabolites had a significant inhibitory effect on its growth. Twelve known antimicrobial metabolites were detected from the methanol extract of TM11 fermentation broth by HPLC-MS. TM11 lysed and coiled around the hyphae of F. oxysporum and F. commune . The pot experiment showed that TM11 had significant control effects against F. oxysporum and F. commune , and inoculation of TM11 prior to that of F. oxysporum and F. commune was more effective. The TM11, TM11 and F. oxysporum , or F. commune and distilled water treatments had different effects on the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, and the enzyme activity levels exhibited the following order: TM11 > TM11 and F. oxysporum or F. commune > distilled water. The results showed that TM11 provided effective control of blueberry root rot.
... The genus Backusella was established by Ellis and Hesseltine in 1969 and typified with B. circina J.J. Ellis and Hesselt. Members of this genus can be found on various substrates, including excrement, invertebrates, leaf litter, soil, toads, and wood (Benny & Benjamin 1975;Walther et al. 2013;Lima et al. 2016;Nguyen & Lee 2018;Nguyen et al. 2021;Urquhart et al. 2021). Backusella belongs to Backusellaceae K. Voigt & P. M. Kirk, however it was previously associated with Mucoraceae Dumort. ...
Abstract During a survey of mucoralean fungi in soil from an upland forest area located in Pernambuco, Brazil, a strain of Backusella (URM 8637) was isolated. Based on morphological, physiological, and molecular data [internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA regions], it was recognized that this Backusella differed from all other species in the genus. Morphologically, the new species is characterized as forming varied-shaped columellae, including elongated, basally constricted, unisporate (rare) and multisporate sporangiola, and ellipsoidal sporangiospores. The maximum temperature growth of URM 8637 on malt extract agar and potato dextrose agar was 36 °C. In the phylogram, it was closely related to B. constricta. Based on the evidence from the analyzed datasets, a new species of Backusella is proposed. An updated identification key for Backusella from the Americas is provided.
... After 7 days of culturing the fungal isolate on PDA, culture characteristics including color of colony, reverse pigments, texture, and appearance were observed and documented. The isolates were also subjected to microscopic examination using a light microscope (Optika, Italy) [26,27]. ...
... Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments were measured following the method of Vernon and Seely [27]. Free proline was established by the method of Bates et al. [35]. ...
Crop loss brought on by phytopathogens is a significant issue that affects the entire world. Synthetic pesticides have been used for years to prevent economic losses caused by phytopathogens, raising severe worries about the environment and public health. Therefore, today, there is growing interest in using helpful microorganisms to control plant pathogens. In this way, Aspergillus chevalieri AGH-1 OP593083 and Aspergillus egyptiacus AGH-4 OP593080 isolated from wheat rhizosphere have been applied as plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) for combating early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani ( A. solani ) and inducing the defense system and growth promotional strategies in Vicia faba . Two milligrams per milliliter ethyl acetate crude extracts of A. chevalieri and A. egyptiacus demonstrated effective antifungal efficacy against A. solani with an inhibition zone of 18 and 16 mm respectively compared with 20 mm attained by fluconazole as a positive control. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were (0.25 and 0.5 mg/ml) for A. chevalieri and A. egyptiacus extracts respectively. Data showed that A. chevalieri was the best isolate producing indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores (+ + +) followed by A. egyptiacus (+ +). Also, the best isolates capable of phosphate solubilization in the soil was A. egyptiacus (+ + +), followed by A. chevalieri (+ +). It is interesting that the PGPF isolates used, whether single or mixed, showed a significant improvement in all growth and yield as well as photosynthetic pigments in Vicia faba . Moreover, A. chevalieri and A. egyptiacus played an important role in improving plant immunity by increasing phenol, proline, and antioxidant enzymes (POD and PPO) activities, as well as reducing oxidative stress by reducing MDA and H 2 O 2 . We can conclude that A. chevalieri and A. egyptiacus are considered eco-friendly safe strong inducers of Vicia faba plant immunity alternatives to chemical pesticides against A. solani early blight to preserve plant, soil, and human health.
... In addition, fungal isolate was cultured on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) to investigate whether fungus produces acid or base [18]. The fungal isolate was grown on PDA for 7 days before a piece of mycelium was stained with 0.1% lactophenol blue and subjected to microscopic examination using a light microscope (Optika, Italy) for observation of sporangiophores, sporangia, and sporangiospores [19][20][21]. For further characterization, a scanning electron microscope was used to examine the fine details of the fungal isolate. ...
Fungi are potential biocontrol agents and rich sources for secondary metabolites with demonstrated biological activities. This study aimed to isolate and identify fungi from surface-sterilized honeybees (Apis mellifera), as well as to evaluate their biological activities. One fungal isolate was obtained and identified morphologically and genetically as Mucor bainieri MK-Bee-2. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of fungus crude extract, showed the existence of six major metabolites representing 92.48% of the total peak area. The crude extract of Mucor bainieri MK-Bee-2 was tested for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. It demonstrated wide antimicrobial activities against human pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, as well as Candida albicans, with MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 250 µg/ml. The results revealed that the extract exhibited considerable antioxidant activities indicated by strong inhibition of both DPPH and ABTS free radicals. Additionally, the extract exhibited a high anticancer action against adenocarcinomic human non-small cell lung cancer (A549) lung cancer cells with IC50 values of 6.45 μg/ml, and immortal cell line hepatoma G2 (HepG2) human liver cancer cells with IC50 values of 27.48 μg/ml. Furthermore, as compared to cancer cell lines, the extract has shown less inhibition on normal cell lines with high IC50 values of 106.99 and 132.57μg/ml against human lung fibroblast Wistar-38 (Wi-38) and oral epithelial cells (OEC) cells, respectively. Taken together, the new extract is a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of lung cancer. It also sensitizes the A549 cancer cells to the ionizing radiation through the pro-apoptotic pathway indicated by the annexin V flow cytometry analysis which showed that the extract reduced the apoptosis of lung cancer cells.
... Backusella usually comprises soil saprobes, but has representatives that were isolated from leaf litter, dung and insects (Lima et al. 2016;Nguyen & Lee 2018;Nguyen et al. 2021;Urquhart et al. 2021). It consists of mucor-like species that produce simple or branched sporangiophores transitorily curved when young and erect when mature, while uni-or multispored, pedicellate sporangiola, which have persistent walls, may be laterally formed. ...
Backusella is morphologically and phylogenetically related to Mucor. Previously, due to various morphological similarities, distinction between these two genera was difficult and various Backusella species were classified within Mucor. However, in the last decade, with the advent of molecular phylogeny, the phylogenetic placement of the genus and its representative taxa was stabilized. In this study, a Backusella strain was isolated from soil samples in Thailand. A combination of morphology, phylogeny and physiology was used to characterize it. Phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed
spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (28S) genetic markers showed that the isolate is sister to Backusella gigacellularis. The new isolate is characterised by the production of simple or sympodially branched sporangiophores bearing a terminal sporangium. Columellae of sporangia are ellipsoidal, oblong to cylindrical, pyriform, and conical, often constricted in the centre. Sporangiola are globose to subglobose, often produced in short sympodially branched sporophores containing 4–8 sporangiospores each. The isolate grows on a relatively narrow temperature range of 15 °C–28 °C. The results of the three approaches indicated the novelty of the species. This is the first record of Backusella in Thailand.
... The sequences were evaluated according to the fungal sequences in the GenBank databases by NCBI BLAST. The fungal strain was identified as Backusella circina with the Sequence ID of JQ979466.1 which is a member of Zygomycota presenting in soil, leaf, and plant debris (Nguyen and Lee 2018). After performing DNA barcoding researches to evaluate biodiversity, morphological and molecular characterization of the undescribed Mucor sp., transitory curved sporangiophores have a key parameter to identify the genus named as 'Backusella' (Nguyen and Lee 2018;Nguyen et al. 2021). ...
... The fungal strain was identified as Backusella circina with the Sequence ID of JQ979466.1 which is a member of Zygomycota presenting in soil, leaf, and plant debris (Nguyen and Lee 2018). After performing DNA barcoding researches to evaluate biodiversity, morphological and molecular characterization of the undescribed Mucor sp., transitory curved sporangiophores have a key parameter to identify the genus named as 'Backusella' (Nguyen and Lee 2018;Nguyen et al. 2021). ...
... Biomass-based technologies have been commonly applicable and it is believed that it has a complementary role in processes that are optimized in a multidisciplinary way. To the best of knowledge from related literature, the phylogenetic analysis on B. circina is of great concern in the recent publications (Nguyen and Lee 2018;Nguyen et al. 2021) and Pb(II) biosorption performance of B. circina has not been reported in advance. In conclusion, B. circina is considered as a forthcoming biosorbent and detoxification agent for Pb(II) in terms of any requirement of modification, ease preparation and low cost obtainability. ...
In this study, the Pb(II) biosorption performance of newly isolated fungal strain, used as a biosorbent, was analyzed. Fungal strain was identified as Backusella circina according to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Following Pb(II) biosorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to compare pristine and Pb(II) biosorped biomass. The effects of pH, fungal biomass amount, temperature, interfering metal ions, initial concentration of Pb(II) and contact time on biosorption performance of B. circina were examined to optimize the biosorption conditions from aqueous solutions. It was observed that optimum Pb(II) biosorption was performed at pH 6.0. Maximum Pb(II) biosorption capacity was found to be 30.69 at 50 mg/L initial concentration of Pb(II) and equilibrium was established after 60 min. It was indicated that the equilibrium data were better fitted to Langmuir isotherm model and it is better to interpret the kinetic data by the pseudo-second-order model. The competitive Pb(II) biosorption capacity was found to be increased in the presence of co-existing metal ions. To the best of knowledge from related literature, Pb(II) biosorption performance of B. circina has not been reported in advance. In conclusion, Pb(II) biosorption performance of B. circina was revealed as an efficient biosorbent in terms of no requirement of modification, ease of preparation and low cost obtainability.
... Like B. chlamydospora, B. circina and B. constricta also produce subglobose sporangiospores, but pyriform columellae have not been observed in either of these species. In addition, B. chlamydospora produces a higher number of spores per multi-spored sporangiola than B. constricta (2-8) and B. circina (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) [1,6]. Backusella koreana is a sister taxon to B. chlamydospora. ...
Three novel fungal species, Backusella chlamydospora sp. nov., B. koreana sp. nov., and B. thermophila sp. nov., as well as two new records, B. oblongielliptica and B. oblongispora, were found in Cheongyang, Korea, during an investigation of fungal species from invertebrates and toads. All species are described here using morphological characters and sequence data from internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA and large subunit of the ribosomal DNA. Backusella chlamydospora is different from other Backusella species by producing chlamydospores. Backusella koreana can be distinguished from other Backusella species by producing abundant yeast-like cells. Backusella thermophila is characterized by a variable (subglobose to oblong, applanate to oval, conical and ellipsoidal to pyriform) columellae and grows well at 37 °C. Multigene phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS and LSU rDNA sequences data generated from maximum likelihood and MrBayes analyses indicate that B. chlamydospora, B. koreana, and B. thermophila form distinct lineages in the family Backusellaceae. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, phylogenetic tree, and taxonomic key to the Backusella species present in Korea are provided.
... Mucor belongs to the order Mucorales, which is among one of the most studied groups of early diverging lineages of fungi. The genus has the largest number of species within the order and half of the sequences submitted to GenBank for Mucorales are of Mucor (Hoffmann et al. 2013;Spatafora et al. 2016;Hyde et al. 2014;Nguyen and Lee 2018). ...
This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
... Mucor ardhlaengiktus and M. gigasporus were identified from amphibian feces and soil samples in Korea [23]. Furthermore, the zygomycetous fungal strain named M. ramosissimus was also isolated from freshwater samples in Busan, Korea [29]. A fruit soft rot due to M. piriformis occurred on sweet persimmon storages in Gyeongnam Province, Korea [30]. ...
In the screening of fungal diversity, two strains were collected from the soil of Yeongcheon and dissected guts from the bodies of Chinese rice grasshopper (Oxya chinensis), Chinese grasshopper (Acrida cinerea), and Far eastern devil grasshopper (Oedaleus infernalis) from Daejeon in Korea. They were identified as Umbelopsis vinacea (KNU-YC-1801B) and Mucor hiemalis f. corticola (KNU-20F7, KNU-20F8, KNU-20F9). Multigene phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, and large subunit (LSU) sequence data confirmed two unreported taxa along with their morphology. The results of molecular phylogeny firmly supported the detailed description and illustration for each taxon. As far as we know, both Umbelopsis vinacea and Mucor hiemalis f. corticola are the first reported taxa in Korea.
