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-Morphology of Chlorociboria poutoensis (MFLU 18-0676) a Substrate. b Close up of the excipulum at flanks. c Filiform paraphyses. d, e Cylindrical asci. f Amyloid ascus apex. g-j Fusoid ascospores. Scale bars: b = 40 µm, c = 15 µm, d, e = 20 µm, f = 15 µm, g-j = 10 µm.
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Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders...
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... A literature search of 1 revealed that it combines structural features of ambuic acid analogues [3][4][5][6] and conduritols. [7,8] Further confirmation to the depicted structure of 1 ( Figure 1) was obtained by 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses including 1 H-1 H COSY, HMBC and ROESY ( Figure 2). The 1 H-1 H COSY spectrum revealed the first spin system between the two olefinic protons forming the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety while the second spin system extends over three oxygenated methine protons at δ H 3.39 (d, J = 8.3 Hz), 3.74 (dd, J = 8.3, 3.7 Hz) and 4.14 (dt, J = 3.7, 2.1 Hz) ascribed to H-5, H-6 and H-9 in addition to two olefinic protons at δ H 5.52 (dt, J = 10.3, Figure 1. ...
... This suggestion was further confirmed by 13 C NMR and HSQC spectral data of 2 ( Table 1) that revealed relatively shielded carbon resonances at δ C 60.0, 64.2, 63.5 and 63.1 assigned to C-4, C-5, C-6 and C-9, respectively, compared to their counterparts in 1. The obtained results and by comparison with those reported of ambuic acid analogues [3][4][5][6] and conduritols, [7,8] compound 2 was suggested to have an epoxide ring formed over C-4 and C-5 accounting for the additional degree of unsaturation. Further confirmation of the suggested structure of 2 ( Figure 1) was provided by 1 H-1 H COSY and HMBC spectra ( Figure 2). ...
Chemical prospection of an extract derived from a saprotrophic fungus Lachnum sp. IW157 resulted in the isolation and characterization of six unprecedentedly reported ambuic acid analogues named lachnuoic acids A–F (1–6). Chemical structures of 1–6 were determined based on comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses together with HR-ESI-MS spectrometry. The relative configurations of 1–3 were defined by ROESY spectroscopic analyses while their absolute configurations were unambiguously determined by Mosher’s esters method. All isolated compounds were subjected to cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antibiofilm and nematicidal activity assays where only lachnuoic acid A (1) revealed potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis at MIC values of 16.6 and 8.3 µg/mL, respectively.
... Phylogenetic analyses were performed for concatenated ITS-28S-TEF1 sequences, using methods following Kowalski et al. [48]. The dataset contained all species of the family Rhytismataceae for which three gene sequences were available in the GenBank with Bisporella discedens MFLU 18-0691 included as an outgroup following Ekanayaka et al. [55]. The best evolutionary substitution model for the combined datasets was GTR + I + G. ...
Pinus mugo plays a significant ecological role in the natural environment at high altitudes in the mountains including the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, and Balkans. In such severe conditions, it is subjected to the harmful effects of various abiotic and biotic factors. In one of the areas of its natural occurrence in Tatra Mts. (southern Poland), for the last few years, a significant intensification of needle disease has been observed. Symptoms similar to those recorded in Tatra Mts. also occur on other Pinus species in Europe and North America, where they are caused by fungi belonging to the genus Elytroderma, Lophodermella, Lophophacidium or Ploioderma (Rhytismataceae). The current paper presents the results of research which was mainly aimed at characterization of disease symptoms observed for the first time in Poland on P. mugo needles, and identification of the main causal agent with use of the morphological and molecular technique. Based on the analyses performed at different times of the year (2015–2020), it was found that dieback symptoms initially appeared only on first-year needles, a few weeks after their development. Symptoms occur on one or both needles in the bundle. The distal parts of the needles died, while the basal parts remained green. In the following year, mainly in June and July, on the previous year’s needles attached to the shoots, mature ascomata can be seen. The fungus Lophodermella sulcigena has been identified as the cause of these symptoms. So far, the related species L. conjuncta has not been found. The morphological features of the pathogen microstructure produced on P. mugo needles are presented. Attention was drawn to certain features that may make its identification difficult, especially in terms of shapes and sizes of ascospores. The phylogenetic position of the identified causal agent in relation to closely related other species was determined. The current results confirmed that L. sulcigena shows great phylogenetic similarity to L. montivaga, which is found in North America. Nine rDNA barcode sequences of L. sulcigena obtained in this work will enrich the NCBI GenBank database. The obtained results, indicating the presence of other fungi in L. sulcigena ascomata, which may limit the spread of its ascospores, were also discussed.
... The genus Gremmenia is currently not included in Phacidiaceae. In Crous et al. (2014) and Wijayawardene et al. (2022), Gremmenia was placed in the family Helotiaceae, whereas Ekanayaka et al. (2019) suggested placing Gremmenia in the family Hamatocanthoscyphaceae. However, the cultures of G. infestans used by Crous et al. (2014) were sterile and showed variation in DNA sequence data, leading the authors to suggest that they may represent more than one taxon. ...
... Phylogenetic analyses also indicated that Gremmenia (G. infestans, CBS 396.48) and Chionobium are not closely related and placed in the different families (Ekanayaka et al. 2019). However, the strain CBS 396.48 is sterile and not related to any herbarium specimen, and fresh samples should be collected and examined to settle the application of the name (Crous et al. 2014). ...
Gremmenia abietis (Dearn.) Crous (syn: Phacidium abietis) was originally described in North America to accommodate the species associated with snow blight of Abies and Pseudotsuga spp. In Japan, this species was first observed on the dead needles on Abies sachalinensis and Picea jezoensis var. jezoensis in 1969. However, the identity of Japanese species was unclear due to the lack of molecular data and the absence of anamorph description. In this study, we collected fresh specimens from various conifer species (A. sachalinensis, A. veitchii, Pic. jezoensis var. jezoensis, Pic. jezoensis var. hondoensis, Pinus koraiensis, and Pin. pumila) in Japan and revised the taxonomy based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) regions indicated that the species belongs to Phacidiaceae. Conidiomata formed in vitro produced pyriform, hyaline conidia without mucoid appendage, which distinguished the species from phylogenetically related genera. Consequently, we established Chionobium takahashii to accommodate the snow blight fungus in Japan. Further phylogenetic analyses also indicated that C. takahashii includes several distinct clades corresponding to the host genera (Abies, Picea, Pinus). Morphological differences among those clades were unclear, suggesting that C. takahashii may contain host-specific cryptic species.
... Two dataset consisting of nrITS and nrLSU Gelatinodiscaceae and in nrSSU, nrITS and nrLSU for Leotiales/ Phacidiales, were assembled on the basis of BLASTn results and of the available phylogenetic studies focused on Leotiomycetes 40,41,50,51 . Reference sequences were obtained from GenBank. ...
Microbial diversity of caves is largely understudied and its possible applications are still unknown. Autochthonous fungi, in particular, may have the potential to biomineralize metals and may be used as promising agents for bioremediation of polluted sites; thus, unearthing the fungal diversity in hypogean ecosystems is nowadays of utmost importance. To start addressing this knowledge gap, the cultivable mycobiota of two neighbouring caves—one natural and one exploited for touristic purposes—were characterised and compared by studying fungi isolated from sediments collected at increasing distances from the entrance. Overall, 250 fungal isolates ascribable to 69 taxa (mainly Ascomycota) were found, a high percentage of which was reported in caves for the first time. The sediments of the touristic cave displayed a richer and more diversified community in comparison with the natural one, possibly due to visitors carrying propagules or organic material. Considering that these environments are still poorly explored, chances to detect new fungal lineages are not negligible.
... rpb2, tef1 and act have been proved to be effective for the definition of other groups under Rhytismataceae s.l. (Reignoux et al. 2014;Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Lv et al. 2019), however, many earlier collected Rhytisma-like species lack sequences of these genes, they cannot provide enough characteristics for multi-loci phylogenetic analysis, so these genes were not used in this study. It is urgent to strengthen international cooperation to supplement these sequence data. ...
Rhytisma Fr. is the type genus of Rhytismataceae (Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, Ascomycota). Rhytisma-like species include members of Cryptomyces, Rhytisma and Vladracula. They are parasites on leaves of broadleaf trees and cause tar spot diseases. In this study, a phylogeny based on the large subunit of the ribosomal rRNA gene (nrLSU) and the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) is presented, including sequences of 39 newly collected specimens from East Asia, Europe, and temperate as well as tropical America. Based on analyses of morphology, phylogeny as well as host-specificity and diversification time estimates, the family Rhytismataceae sensu stricto is proposed, and eight genera are accepted in this narrow family, including four novel genera (Densorhytisma, Fanglania, Johnstoniella and Shiqia), the type genus Rhytisma, and the reinstated genera Lophodermina, Placuntium and Xyloma. Lophodermina clusters within the main Rhytisma clade in our analyses, but is divergent in morphological terms, not having large compound stromata. Thirty species are recognized, including seven novel species (Fanglania hubeiensis, F. parasitica, Johnstoniella yunnanensis, Rhytisma japonicum, Rh. taiwanense, Xyloma globosum, and X. shennongjiaense), fifteen new combinations (Densorhytisma anhuiense, D. huangshanense, F. concova, F. himalensis, F. ilicis-integrae, F. ilicis-latifoliae, F. ilicis-pedunculosae, J. lonicerae, Rh. annuliforme, Shiqia menziesii, S. yuexiensis, X. filamentosum, X. maximum, X. muelleri, and X. polare), one new name (J. xylostei), seven known species (Lophodermina melaleuca, Placuntium andromedae, Rhytisma acerinum, Rh. americanum, Rh. punctatum, X. salicinum, and X. umbonatum). In addition, seven immature specimens were studied but not assigned to existing species, herein referred to as Fanglania sp. 1, Johnstoniella sp. 1, Johnstoniella sp. 2, Placuntium sp. 1, Placuntium sp. 2, Rhytisma sp. 1, and Xyloma sp. 1. The systematic positions of Cryptomyces maximus, Cr. muelleri and Vladracula annuliformis are re-assigned based on phylogenetic analysis. One Rhytisma-like species from tropical America was segregated from Rhytismataceae s.str., thus a novel genus Neorhytisma was established to accommodate this species, with the one new combinations Neorhytisma panamense. The results of the molecular phylogenetic analysis indicate that Rhytisma-like species are host-specific at genus level. Apparently, Rhytisma-like species coevolved with their hosts, and Rhytisma-like species on Ericaceae seem to be in the process of host jumping. Morphological characteristics of ascomata are important for the delimitation of species and genera of Rhytisma-like species. This study provides a key to genera and species of recognized Rhytisma-like species worldwide.
... Multilocus analyses advanced our understanding of the molecular phylogeny of the Leotiomycetes (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2017;Johnston et al. , 2021Karakehian et al. 2019;Johnston and Baschien 2020;Karunarathna et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2020). However, different interpretations regarding its higher-level classification have been proposed (Ekanayaka et al. 2019;. For example, the orders Erysiphales and Cyttariales have recently been reclassified in Erysiphaceae and Cyttariaceae in the Helotiales (Haelewaters et al. 2021). ...
... However, several unresolved clades persist in this class, especially in the Medeolariales and Lahmiales (Haelewaters et al. 2021). Consequently, many taxa are considered incertae sedis, especially in Helotiales, which is the richest order in Leotiomycetes (Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Wijayawardene et al. 2022). ...
... Leotiomycetes sensu lato comprises inoperculate discomycetes (Eriksson and Winka 1997). Recently, modern phylogenetic analyses have expanded this concept to include non-apothecial taxa and their anamorphs (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2017;Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Tanney and Seifert 2020). Leotiomycetes have mainly been studied in temperate regions (Ekanayaka et al. 2019;. ...
The monotypic genus Umbellidion remains as an incertae sedis in Pezizomycotina. This saprotrophic anamorphic fungus is morphologically distinct and unique, occurring widely in Brazil on several hosts, with only one record in the Caribbean region. During the project “Microfungi from Brazil: looking for new species,” five strains of U. radulans were obtained from decaying leaves of Eucalyptus spp., in the Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade (FEENA), Rio Claro, São Paulo state, Brazil, and were studied based on their morphology and phylogeny. In this study, we conducted a multigene phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF1, and RPB2 sequences of 78 related taxa of Leotiomycetes. Phylogenetic inference showed that strains of Umbellidion form a unique, statistically supported lineage near the base of the Leotiomycetes. Accordingly, a new taxonomic order and family Umbellidiales and Umbellidiaceae were established to classify U. radulans. In addition, U. radulans is epitypified based on a new specimen collected from a Eucalyptus grandis plantation in Brazil.
... In Thailand, helotian discomycetes were recorded Ekanayaka et al., 2019;Phutthacharoen et al., 2022), however, there are no records of Rutstroemiaceae members, especially Lambertella. Following the suggestions of Chethana et al. (2021), the current paper employed polyphyletic approaches for identifying Lambertella species, which resulted in ve new species and a geographical record from Thailand. ...
During our excursions for discomycetes from 2019–2021 in forests and plantations in northern Thailand, several Lambertella-like specimens were found. Morphological observation and BLAST sequence data search confirmed that six newly collected specimens belong to Lambertella . Further phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on combined ITS and LSU sequence data and morphological examination coupled with chemical reactions, confirmed six Lambertell a species. Lambertella aurantiaca was established as a new geographical record, and the other five specimens, L. fusoidea, L. phanensis, L. sessilis, L. takensis , and L. tectonae were introduced as novel species. The highlight of the current study is to contribute a complete morphological description of Lambertella aurantiaca since its introduction in 1964, emend the morphological criteria for Lambertella sensu stricto , and provide sequence data for all the Lambertella species described in the current study, including the extant species, L. aurantiaca for the first time, which are essential for future studies.
... We note that the Tricellula isolate was more yeast-like upon initial isolation but converted to a slow-growing mycelial colony after one week on PDA. The other two yeast species appear to fall within the order Lichnodiales (Supplemental Figure S1A) based on [47], and these isolates continued to produce yeast cells on a solid PDA medium (Supplemental Figure S1B-E). Based on our phylogenetic placement, isolate DBRPA9-1 is close to Mycosymbioces; however, the LSU sequence similarity between DBRPA9-1 and M. mycenophila is only 95%. ...
... Based on our phylogenetic placement, isolate DBRPA9-1 is close to Mycosymbioces; however, the LSU sequence similarity between DBRPA9-1 and M. mycenophila is only 95%. Taxa within Lichnodiales are known to be lichenicolous [47], and M. mycenophila is a mycoparasite [48,49], suggesting that at least one or more of these species could be mycoparasites of lichens, but further research would be required to determine the ecological roles of these isolates. Yeast and yeast-like morphologies in the Leotiomycetes are infrequently reported but do exist particularly within the orders Leotiales, Phacidiales, and Thelebolales [50]. ...
Lichens are symbiotic partnerships between a filamentous fungus and a photosymbiotic “alga”. Studies show that lichens harbor endothallic fungi, but that some taxa have been difficult to isolate from the main filamentous thallus-forming fungus and other faster growing lichenicolous/endothallic fungi. Therefore, we aimed to develop and evaluate liquid yeast-enrichment strategies to (1) isolate lichen-associated yeasts in pure culture, and (2) determine the taxonomic placement and breadth of the diversity of culturable yeasts. Eighty-two lichen samples were collected and washed with distilled water, and healthy thalli were ground up and added to seven different yeast-enrichment broths. Yeast colonies were isolated in pure culture and identified using molecular techniques. Initial isolates were identified using BLASTn analysis, and a taxonomic refinement was completed using PhyML analysis. In total, 215 isolates were obtained. The most prevalently isolated ascomycetous yeasts were within the Dothideomycetes (Aureobasidium, Plowrightia, and Dothiora), while the most frequently isolated basidiomycetous yeasts belonged to the genera Curvibasidium, Sporobolomyces, and Tremella. The generic placements could not be determined for 17 isolates, and in total 25 novel species were recovered. The results of this research indicate that (1) lichen-associated yeasts are diverse, (2) employing liquid enrichment strategies is effective for isolating many of these, and (3) lichen thalli represent a valuable untapped reservoir of diverse and novel yeast species.
... established the class Leotiomycetes to accommodate the inoperculate discomycetes. Members of this class are ecologically diverse and include saprophytic fungi, endophytic fungi, plant and mammalian pathogens, aquatic and aerial fila-mentous fungi, mycorrhizal fungi, fungal parasites, root symbionts and wood-rotting fungi, of which the lattermost group mostly includes saprophytic fungi that grow on various substrates (Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Johnston et al. 2019). The order Thelebolales comprises important members of Leotiomycetes due to their diverse functions and potential applications (Hassan et al. 2017;Batista et al. 2020). ...
... The order Thelebolales comprises important members of Leotiomycetes due to their diverse functions and potential applications (Hassan et al. 2017;Batista et al. 2020). Thelebolales was established by Haeckel in 1894; however, the classification of this order remains controversial to date (Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Johnston et al. 2019;Batista et al. 2020;Quijada et al. 2022). According to Johnston et al. (2019) and Batista et al. (2020), Thelebolales comprises Pseudeurotiaceae and Thelebolaceae. ...
... According to Johnston et al. (2019) and Batista et al. (2020), Thelebolales comprises Pseudeurotiaceae and Thelebolaceae. However, Ekanayaka et al. (2019) reported that Pseudeurotiaceae was nested within Thelebolaceae; thus, the former was regarded as a synonym of the latter. Recently, the work of Quijada et al. (2022) showed that Thelebolaceae is monophyletic and valid, whereas Pseudeurotiaceae is polyphyletic and includes multiple clades and established the Holwayaceae (i.e. ...
Thelebolales are globally distributed fungi with diverse ecological characteristics. The classification of Thelebolales remains controversial to date and this study introduces two new taxa, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. The results of phylogenetic analyses indicated that the new taxa formed distinct lineages with strong support that were separated from the other members of Thelebolales. The new taxa described herein did not form sexual structures. The phylogenetic relationships of the new taxa and the morphological differences between these taxa and the other species under Thelebolales are also discussed.
... Perić & Baral (2014) introduced Erioscyphella curvispora, and synonymized Peziza abnormis, Cenangium brasiliense, Lachnum lunatum and Belonidium sclerotii under Erioscyphella abnormis, E. brasiliensis, E. lunata and E. sclerotii based on morphological similarities and the neighbor-joining analysis of ITS, respectively. Since the first phylogenetic study of Erioscyphella (Perić & Baral 2014), four combinations and ten species were proposed successively based on morphology and multi-gene phylogeny (Guatimosim et al. 2016, Ekanayaka et al. 2019, Li et al. 2022, Tochihara & Hosoya 2022. Up to now, 20 species have been accepted in Erioscyphella. ...
... The members of Erioscyphella have different host preferences, which is a key characteristic for distinguishing its species (Tochihara & Hosoya 2022). Erioscyphella abnormis, E. alba, E. aseptata, E. brasiliensis, E. fusiforme, E. insulae, E. latispora and E. sclerotii are found on the wood of hardwood trees (Miyoshi et al. 2007, Hosoya et al. 2010, Zhao & Zhuang 2011, Zhao et al. 2012, Han et al. 2014, Ekanayaka et al. 2019, Li et al. 2022, Tochihara & Hosoya 2022); E. boninensis, E. hainanensis and E. sinensis are from the fallen leaves of broad-leaved trees (Yu & Zhuang 2002, Hosoya et al. 2013, Tochihara & Hosoya 2022); E. curvispora and E. lunata are on the damp, dead needles of pine trees (Perić & Baral 2014, Tello & Baral 2016; E. euterpes on the palm leaves (Cantrell & Hanlin 1997); E. bambusina and E. paralushanensis on the bamboo culm (Dennis 1954, Tochihara & Hosoya 2022); E. sasibrevispora on the fallen bamboo sheaths (Tochihara & Hosoya 2022); E. otanii and E. papillaris on the fallen bamboo leaves (Tochihara & Hosoya 2022); E. lushanensis on the dead leaf sheath at stem base of grass (Zhuang & Wang 1998, Guatimosim et al. 2016. ...
