Morphological characters of Asterinales and Asterotexiales in face view. (A-J) Development. Initiation of ascomata in Asterinales and Asterotexiales usually involves intercalary septation of a superficial generator hypha but is sometimes (D) uninterpretable, (E, F) from spores, or (G) from stomata. (H-J) The highly septate generator hypha usually persists above the scutellum throughout development (white arrowhead). (A-D, H-J) The generator hypha gives rise to the scutellum through (i) the formation of new, lateral hyphal tips that branch with isotomous dichotomies, occasionally (D, I, inset) with one tip that overlaps the other (o). (H, J) The appressed scutellum margin shows lightly pigmented tips and is usually crenulate at maturity (black arrowhead). (K) Hyphae of the appressed marginal of scutella Prillieuxina baccharidincola instead anastomose with surrounding mycelium (white arrowhead). (I, K, L-O) Dehiscence. (I, K, L-M) Asterinales and Asterotexiales ascomata usually dehisce with irregular slits. (K) Mature scutellum with irregular radial slits, black arrowheads. (L-M) Irregular slits follow the longitudinal walls of scutellum cells (white arrowheads). (N-O) Ostiolate openings are less common. (N) Ostiole in young scutellum. (O) Asexual or spermatial stage, with evenly pigmented cells lining ostiole. (P-S) Lateral appressoria showing its characteristic melanized ring at lower focal plane (insets, representing area in the dashed gray boxes). Scale bars: (A-D, H-I) 10 µm; (E-G) 20 µm; (J-K) 50 µm; (L-S) 5 µm. (A, I, J, P, Q) Asterina melastomatis VIC 52822, 1, 4, 6, 2. and 2 focal planes (f.p.), respectively; (B) Asterina chrysophylli VIC 42823, 4 f.p.; (C, O) Asterotexiaceae sp. CBS 143813, 2 f.p. each; (D) Hemigrapha atlantica BR 14014, 1 f.p.; (E, F) Asterotexis cucurbitacearum VIC 42814, 1 f.p. each; (G, L) Rhagadolobiopsis thelypteridis EG156; (H, R) Batistinula gallesiae VIC 42514, 10 and 2 focal planes (f.p.) respectively; (K, N), Prillieuxina baccharidincola VIC 42817; (M) Asterotexiaceae sp. UBC F33036, 11 f.p.; (S) Asterina sp. (VUL. 341b), 2 f.p.

Contexts in source publication

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... the most recent common ancestor of Asterotexiales and Aulographaceae ( Figs. 1 and 2; Appendix S5e). A convergent transition from ostioles to irregular slits appeared along a branch nested in Capnodiales that leads to Asterinales. Developmentally, the irregular slits result from cracking between the adjacent hyphae that make up the scutellum (Fig. 2L, M). The precise location of the opening remains unclear until dehiscence. Slit-forming genera sometimes produce ostioles in their asexual or spermatial states (Fig. 2O). In Aulographaceae, and possibly also in species of Lembosia, the slit appears early in development as a line of lightly pigmented cells (Fig. 3), but the crack follows ...

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... along a branch nested in Capnodiales that leads to Asterinales. Developmentally, the irregular slits result from cracking between the adjacent hyphae that make up the scutellum (Fig. 2L, M). The precise location of the opening remains unclear until dehiscence. Slit-forming genera sometimes produce ostioles in their asexual or spermatial states (Fig. 2O). In Aulographaceae, and possibly also in species of Lembosia, the slit appears early in development as a line of lightly pigmented cells (Fig. 3), but the crack follows longitudinal walls and propagates beyond the less-pigmented area. Regular slits that follow a pre-determined pattern without further propagation are uncommon among ...

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... with surrounding mycelium app = lateral appressoria; no, absent; yes, present ini = initiation of sporocarp, position and number of generator hyphae: int, single, intercalary; ter, single, terminal; mult, multiple, intercalary -= equivocal ancestral state reconstruction additional septa delimit the two arms of the "Y" as separate cells (Figs. 2A, 2B, 2H, and 5B). In some cases, one of the two branches overlaps the other, growing downward and disappearing below its neighbors (Figs. 2D, 2I, and 5C). Septa are sometimes aligned around part of the circumference of the scutellum, resulting in partial concentric rings of septa (cf. fig. 3.8 "d" of Hofmann, 2009). Pigmentation in older parts ...

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... generator hyphae: int, single, intercalary; ter, single, terminal; mult, multiple, intercalary -= equivocal ancestral state reconstruction additional septa delimit the two arms of the "Y" as separate cells (Figs. 2A, 2B, 2H, and 5B). In some cases, one of the two branches overlaps the other, growing downward and disappearing below its neighbors (Figs. 2D, 2I, and 5C). Septa are sometimes aligned around part of the circumference of the scutellum, resulting in partial concentric rings of septa (cf. fig. 3.8 "d" of Hofmann, 2009). Pigmentation in older parts of the scutellum contrasts with more translucent tips at the margin of scutellum hyphae (Fig. 2H, J, and K). Scutella with ...

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... downward and disappearing below its neighbors (Figs. 2D, 2I, and 5C). Septa are sometimes aligned around part of the circumference of the scutellum, resulting in partial concentric rings of septa (cf. fig. 3.8 "d" of Hofmann, 2009). Pigmentation in older parts of the scutellum contrasts with more translucent tips at the margin of scutellum hyphae (Fig. 2H, J, and K). Scutella with pseudomonopodial branching are restricted to Aulographaceae. The common ancestor of Aulographaceae is reconstructed with pseudomonopodial branching with 99% proportional likelihood and 28% posterior probability (Table 3; Appendices S3, S4, and S5h). In this growth form, the tips of dominant hyphae grow at the ...

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... of sporocarps lack a direct homolog to the scutellum margin because their outer walls curve up from the substrate. In Asterotexiales, Asterinales, Aulographaceae, in species of Stomiopeltis, and in Muyocopronales, the scutellum margins often look crenulate or finely scalloped because the dome-shaped hyphal tips bulge out around the circumference (Figs. 2H, 2J, 3C, and 3D; Appendix S5i). In some Stomiopeltis-like species (Fig. 3A), tips of hyphae are free, which we interpret as a variant of a crenulate margin (Table 2). In other species, for example in Prillieuxina baccharidincola (Fig. 2K), the scutellum hyphae anastomose with other superficial hyphae on the leaf surface, so that the margin of ...

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... look crenulate or finely scalloped because the dome-shaped hyphal tips bulge out around the circumference (Figs. 2H, 2J, 3C, and 3D; Appendix S5i). In some Stomiopeltis-like species (Fig. 3A), tips of hyphae are free, which we interpret as a variant of a crenulate margin (Table 2). In other species, for example in Prillieuxina baccharidincola (Fig. 2K), the scutellum hyphae anastomose with other superficial hyphae on the leaf surface, so that the margin of the scutellum is poorly defined and continuous with the surface mycelium. In Microthyriales and Zeloasperisporiales, scutellum margins are often entire, the scutellum hyphae ending in truncate tips aligned around the circumference ...

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... Fringe hyphae appear to be more tightly appressed to the host surface than central portions of scutella. Lateral appressoria-Appressoria are widely distributed across thyriothecium-forming Dothideomycetes and vary in their morphology and position. Conspicuous, pigmented, lateral appressoria are only produced by Asterinales and Asterotexiales ( Fig. 2P-S; Appendices S1d and S5j). The appressoria are usually unicellular ( Fig. 2P and R), but in some species they may be two-celled ( Fig. 2Q and S; cf. figs. 3.8, 3.14, 3.21, 3.24, 3.31, 3.56 of Hofmann, 2009). Lateral appressoria may be swollen, lobed or minimally differentiated, and they form as unicellular lateral outgrowths from ...

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... central portions of scutella. Lateral appressoria-Appressoria are widely distributed across thyriothecium-forming Dothideomycetes and vary in their morphology and position. Conspicuous, pigmented, lateral appressoria are only produced by Asterinales and Asterotexiales ( Fig. 2P-S; Appendices S1d and S5j). The appressoria are usually unicellular ( Fig. 2P and R), but in some species they may be two-celled ( Fig. 2Q and S; cf. figs. 3.8, 3.14, 3.21, 3.24, 3.31, 3.56 of Hofmann, 2009). Lateral appressoria may be swollen, lobed or minimally differentiated, and they form as unicellular lateral outgrowths from surface hyphae. We coded thyriothecial taxa of Asterinales and Asterotexiales that lack ...

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... published illustrations (Appendix S1d). Otherwise, data on development is scarce, and ancestral state reconstructions are equivocal where data are missing (Appendices S1d, S4 and S5k). In Asterinales and Asterotexiales a single "generator hypha" (Hofmann, 2009) initiates the thyriothecium by forming multiple, closely spaced intercalary septa ( Figs. 2A-2C, 2H-2J, and 5C). Each of the delimited cells then gives rise to transverse, adjacent, dichotomizing hyphal tips that together form the scutellum. The generator hypha remains above the dorsal surface of the mature scutellum and is visible even in mature thyriothecia (Figs. 2I, 2J, and 5C). Ascomata in one species of Asterotexiales, ...

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... thyriothecium by forming multiple, closely spaced intercalary septa ( Figs. 2A-2C, 2H-2J, and 5C). Each of the delimited cells then gives rise to transverse, adjacent, dichotomizing hyphal tips that together form the scutellum. The generator hypha remains above the dorsal surface of the mature scutellum and is visible even in mature thyriothecia (Figs. 2I, 2J, and 5C). Ascomata in one species of Asterotexiales, Rhagadolobiopsis thelypteridis, are initiated directly over host stomata, as shown by Guatimosim et al. (2014) and in Fig. 2G here; in Asterotexis cucurbitacearum, they are initiated directly from ascospores ( Fig. 2E and F) (shown previously by Guerrero et al., 2011Guerrero et al., ...

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... tips that together form the scutellum. The generator hypha remains above the dorsal surface of the mature scutellum and is visible even in mature thyriothecia (Figs. 2I, 2J, and 5C). Ascomata in one species of Asterotexiales, Rhagadolobiopsis thelypteridis, are initiated directly over host stomata, as shown by Guatimosim et al. (2014) and in Fig. 2G here; in Asterotexis cucurbitacearum, they are initiated directly from ascospores ( Fig. 2E and F) (shown previously by Guerrero et al., 2011Guerrero et al., , ...

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... of the mature scutellum and is visible even in mature thyriothecia (Figs. 2I, 2J, and 5C). Ascomata in one species of Asterotexiales, Rhagadolobiopsis thelypteridis, are initiated directly over host stomata, as shown by Guatimosim et al. (2014) and in Fig. 2G here; in Asterotexis cucurbitacearum, they are initiated directly from ascospores ( Fig. 2E and F) (shown previously by Guerrero et al., 2011Guerrero et al., , ...