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Morphological characteristics of Talaromyces trachyspermus KNU14-24-1 grown for 7 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA), oatmeal agar (OA), czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), yeast extract sucrose agar (YES), and malt extract agar (MEA) at 25 o C. A~J, Obverse colony from left to right (A~E) and reverse colony from left to right (F~J) grown on PDA, OA, CYA, YES, and MEA. K, Conidia produced on PDA; L, Conidiophores; M, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of conidiophore; N, SEM of conidia (scale bars: K~N = 10 μm).
Source publication
Two new fungal species of the genus Talaromyces, Talaromyces purpurogenus and Talaromyces trachyspermus from the Trichocomaceae family, were recovered during an investigation of fungal communities in soil collected from the Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do provinces of Korea. These two species have not been previously officially reported from Korea. In...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of morphological structures of the isolate are shown in Fig. 2. On PDA, colonies grew moderately, attaining a diameter of 24~26 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The front and the reverse sides of the colony were white in color ( Fig. 2A and 2F). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderately dense to dense, and conidia were numerous. On OA, colonies grew slowly, reaching a diameter of 25~27 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The front side of the colony was white and reverse side was light brown ...
Context 2
... of morphological structures of the isolate are shown in Fig. 2. On PDA, colonies grew moderately, attaining a diameter of 24~26 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The front and the reverse sides of the colony were white in color ( Fig. 2A and 2F). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderately dense to dense, and conidia were numerous. On OA, colonies grew slowly, reaching a diameter of 25~27 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The front side of the colony was white and reverse side was light brown ...
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... color (Fig. 2B and 2G). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderate, and conidia were numerous. On YES, colonies grew slowly, attaining a diameter of 23~25 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The frontside of the colony was snow- white in color while the backside was yellow in color ( Fig. 2C and 2H). Texture was floccose, with moderate to dense sporulation. Conidia were numerous. On CYA, colonies grew slowly, reaching a diameter of 25~30 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. Texture was floccose. The front and reverse sides of the colony were white in color (Fig. 2D and 2I). Sporulation was moderate and conidia were numerous. On MEA, colonies grew fast compared to the other media reaching a diameter of 44~47 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The front-and back-sides of the colony were light green in color ( Fig. 2E and 2J). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderate to dense, and conidia were numerous. Micromorphology: The conidiophores were monoverticillate, around 6~28 μm in length, and subterminal branches were absent. The stipes was smooth-walled. Phialides were lanceolate, 2~6 in a verticil and 11~18 × 2~2.3 μm in size. Metulae in small verticils of 2~3 range 12~14 × 1.4~2.1 μm in size. Conidia were ellipsoidal to ovoidal and 5.90~ 7.87 μm in diameter and ...
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... color (Fig. 2B and 2G). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderate, and conidia were numerous. On YES, colonies grew slowly, attaining a diameter of 23~25 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The frontside of the colony was snow- white in color while the backside was yellow in color ( Fig. 2C and 2H). Texture was floccose, with moderate to dense sporulation. Conidia were numerous. On CYA, colonies grew slowly, reaching a diameter of 25~30 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. Texture was floccose. The front and reverse sides of the colony were white in color (Fig. 2D and 2I). Sporulation was moderate and conidia were numerous. On MEA, colonies grew fast compared to the other media reaching a diameter of 44~47 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The front-and back-sides of the colony were light green in color ( Fig. 2E and 2J). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderate to dense, and conidia were numerous. Micromorphology: The conidiophores were monoverticillate, around 6~28 μm in length, and subterminal branches were absent. The stipes was smooth-walled. Phialides were lanceolate, 2~6 in a verticil and 11~18 × 2~2.3 μm in size. Metulae in small verticils of 2~3 range 12~14 × 1.4~2.1 μm in size. Conidia were ellipsoidal to ovoidal and 5.90~ 7.87 μm in diameter and ...
Context 5
... color (Fig. 2B and 2G). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderate, and conidia were numerous. On YES, colonies grew slowly, attaining a diameter of 23~25 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The frontside of the colony was snow- white in color while the backside was yellow in color ( Fig. 2C and 2H). Texture was floccose, with moderate to dense sporulation. Conidia were numerous. On CYA, colonies grew slowly, reaching a diameter of 25~30 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. Texture was floccose. The front and reverse sides of the colony were white in color (Fig. 2D and 2I). Sporulation was moderate and conidia were numerous. On MEA, colonies grew fast compared to the other media reaching a diameter of 44~47 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The front-and back-sides of the colony were light green in color ( Fig. 2E and 2J). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderate to dense, and conidia were numerous. Micromorphology: The conidiophores were monoverticillate, around 6~28 μm in length, and subterminal branches were absent. The stipes was smooth-walled. Phialides were lanceolate, 2~6 in a verticil and 11~18 × 2~2.3 μm in size. Metulae in small verticils of 2~3 range 12~14 × 1.4~2.1 μm in size. Conidia were ellipsoidal to ovoidal and 5.90~ 7.87 μm in diameter and ...
Context 6
... color (Fig. 2B and 2G). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderate, and conidia were numerous. On YES, colonies grew slowly, attaining a diameter of 23~25 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The frontside of the colony was snow- white in color while the backside was yellow in color ( Fig. 2C and 2H). Texture was floccose, with moderate to dense sporulation. Conidia were numerous. On CYA, colonies grew slowly, reaching a diameter of 25~30 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. Texture was floccose. The front and reverse sides of the colony were white in color (Fig. 2D and 2I). Sporulation was moderate and conidia were numerous. On MEA, colonies grew fast compared to the other media reaching a diameter of 44~47 mm after 7 days at 25 o C. The front-and back-sides of the colony were light green in color ( Fig. 2E and 2J). Texture was floccose, sporulation was moderate to dense, and conidia were numerous. Micromorphology: The conidiophores were monoverticillate, around 6~28 μm in length, and subterminal branches were absent. The stipes was smooth-walled. Phialides were lanceolate, 2~6 in a verticil and 11~18 × 2~2.3 μm in size. Metulae in small verticils of 2~3 range 12~14 × 1.4~2.1 μm in size. Conidia were ellipsoidal to ovoidal and 5.90~ 7.87 μm in diameter and ...
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Citations
... Only six new Talaromyces [24][25][26]. Only 11 Talaromyces species belonging to section Talaromyces have been well described in Korea [24,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. In a survey of the genus Talaromyces in different environments in Korea, we discovered numerous species. ...
Talaromyces is a genus within the phylum Ascomycota (class Eurotiomycetes, order Eurotiales, family Trichocomaceae). Many species in this genus are known to produce diverse secondary metabolites with great potential for agricultural, medical, and pharmaceutical applications. During a survey on fungal diversity in the genus Talaromyces in Korea, six strains were isolated from soil, indoor air, and freshwater environments. Based on morphological, physiological, and multi-locus (ITS, BenA, CaM, and RPB2) phylogenetic analyses, we identified five previously unrecorded species in Korea (T. brevis, T. fusiformis, T. muroii, T. ruber, and T. soli) and a new species (T. echinulatus sp. nov.) belonging to section Talaromyces. Herein, detailed descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic tree are provided.
... All six acidophilic fungi were clustered in the branch of the genus Talaromyces. We summarized all the references on isolation and identification of Talaromyces since 2015 and found that no acidic culture conditions were involved in the isolation and culture process (including 34 new species of Talaromyces) (Adhikari et al., 2015;Visagie et al., 2015;Chen et al., 2016;Luo et al., 2016;Yilmaz et al., 2016a,b;Barbosa et al., 2018;Jiang et al., 2018;Rajeshkumar et al., 2019). However, in our experiments, all six acidophilic fungi isolates belonged to the genus Talaromyces. ...
Despite being potentially useful extremophile resources, there have been few reports on acid-tolerant fungi and their bioactive metabolites. Acidophilic/aciduric fungi ( n = 237) were isolated from Thai mangrove sediments in an acidic medium. Using fungal identification technology (including morphologic observation, chemical screening, and sequence comparisons) all the isolates were identified and 41 representative isolates were selected for analysis of the phylogenetic relationships (ITS rDNA, β-tubulin, calmodulin, and actin gene sequences). There were seven genera identified – Penicillium ; Aspergillus ; Talaromyces ; Cladosporium ; Allophoma ; Alternaria ; and Trichoderma – in four taxonomic orders of the phylum Ascomycota, and Penicillium , Aspergillus , and Talaromyces were the dominant genera. Acidity tolerance was evaluated and 95% of the isolates could grow under extremely acidic conditions (pH 2). Six strains were classed as acidophilic fungi that cannot survive under pH 7, all of which had an extraordinarily close genetic relationship and belonged to the genus Talaromyces . This is the first report on the acidophilic characteristics of this genus. The antimicrobial, anti-tumor, and antiviral activities of the fermentation extracts were evaluated. Nearly three-quarters of the extracts showed cytotoxic activity, while less than a quarter showed antimicrobial or anti-H1N1 activity. The typical aciduric fungus Penicillium oxalicum OUCMDZ-5207 showed similar growth but completely different chemical diversity at pH 3 and 7. The metabolites of OUCMDZ-5207 that were obtained only at pH 3 were identified as tetrahydroauroglaucin ( 1 ), flavoglaucin ( 2 ), and auroglaucin ( 3 ), among which auroglaucin showed strong selective inhibition of A549 cells with an IC 50 value of 5.67 μM. These results suggest that acid stress can activate silent gene clusters to expand the diversity of secondary metabolites, and the bioprospecting of aciduric/acidophilic microorganism resources in Thai mangrove sediments may lead to the discovery of compounds with potential medicinal applications.
... More than 150 Talaromyces species have been described worldwide [28]. In Korea, only nine species of Talaromyces, belonging to sections Talaromyces and Trachyspermi, have been well described [29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
Six interesting fungal strains were isolated during a survey of fungal diversity associated with freshwater; these strains were designated as CNUFC YJW2-22, CNUFC MSW11-6-2, CNUFC HRS5-3, CNUFC MSW242-6, CNUFC DMW2-2, and CNUFC CPWS-1. Based on a polyphasic approach including phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed space (ITS), large subunit (LSU), beta-tubulin (BenA), and calmodulin (CaM) gene sequences, morphological analyses, the six strains were found to be identical to Acremonium guillematii, Cadophora novi-eboraci, Lectera nordwiniana, Mycoarthris corallina, Talaromyces siamensis, and Tetracladium globosum, respectively. To our knowledge, these are the first records of the rare Lectera, Mycoarthris, and Tetracladium genera in Korea, and the first reports of A. guillematii, C. novi-eboraci, L. nordwiniana, M. corallina, T. siamensis, and Te. globosum in a freshwater environment.
... Researchers have evaluated the occurrence and distribution of aflatoxigenic species as well as the production of aflatoxins during cocoa processing in Bahia (BR), and verified that, despite the high occurrence of aflatoxigenic fungi (A. flavus and A. parasiticus), the levels of aflatoxins found in the samples are low, mainly in the fermentation stage, suggesting that compounds with antitoxigenic properties may be present in cocoa (Adhikari et al. 2015). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity of filamentous fungi and the hydrolytic potential of their enzymes for a future understanding of the influence of these factors on the sensory characteristics of the cocoa beans used to obtain chocolate.
Methods
Filamentous fungi were isolated from the natural cocoa fermentation boxes in the municipality of Tucuman, Pará, Brazil, and evaluated for the potential production of amylases, cellulases, pectinases, and xylanases. The fermentation was monitored by analyzing the pH and temperature. The strains were identified by sequencing the ITS1/ITS4 section of the 5.8S rDNA and partially sequencing the 18S and 28S regions, and the molecular identification was confirmed by phylogenetic reconstruction.
Result
The fungi isolated were comprised of three classes from the Ascomycota phylum and one class from the Basidiomycota phylum. There were found 19 different species, of this amount 16 had never been previously reported in cocoa fermentation. This fact characterizes the fermentation occurring in this municipality as having wide fungal diversity. Most of the strains isolated had the ability to secrete enzymes of interest. Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fomitopsis subtropical, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium pimiteouiense, Phanerochaete australis, Neonothopanus nambi, and Aspergillus parasiticus were the strains that excelled in the secretion of the following enzymes: amylase, pectinase, cellulase, and xylanase.
Conclusion
The presence of 16 species not yet reported in cocoa seed fermentations and their potential hydrolytic activities show a diversity of filamentous fungi in this microbial biome that needs to be better understood.
... Samson et al. (2011) described Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium and the genus Talaromyces as a taxonomically unified group, and transferred all accepted species of Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium to the genus Talaromyces in accordance with the concept of unified nomenclatural system of fungi. Talaromyces species have been isolated from diversified resources like soil samples (Fang and Shi 2016;Adhikari et al. 2015), food samples (Tranquillini et al. 2017), marine sponges of coral reefs (Dethoup et al. 2015), coastal plant roots (Kim et al. 2014) and as plant endophytes (Qadri et al. 2013;Romão-Dumaresq et al. 2016). Endophytism, the unique associations of plant and its internally residing symptomless microbes can result in positive effects with respect to plant growth and tissue differentiation, as well as the biotic and abiotic stresses to which the host plants are subjected to (Saikkonen et al. 1998;Schulz and Boyle 2005). ...
The medicinal plant, Withania somnifera is attributed by valuable medicinal properties and is widely cultivated. It is a need to take care of this plant from synthetic agrochemicals that may be hazardous for health and environment. The aim of the present study was to isolate and screen the endophytic fungi of W. somnifera that have potential of plant growth promotion and antagonism against plant pathogens. In this study, 22 potential fungal endophytes comprising of species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Colletotrichum and Talaromyces identified at National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Pune were isolated. The potential isolate, Talaromyces trachyspermus was confirmed by BLAST and phylogenetic analysis of sequences of rDNA ITS, LSU (D1 D2) and β-tubulin genes. Among all the isolates, T. trachyspermus exhibited comparatively higher activity for hydrolytic enzymes, protease, chitinase, amylase, cellulase and pectinase that are required for antagonistic property. It was observed to be a promising biocontrol agent against plant pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This strain is also characterized with high level of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore synthesis, and phosphate solubilization activities that are important for plant growth promotion. This is the first report on endophyte, T. trachyspermus from W. somnifera having potential plant growth promoting traits and biocontrol, which can be further exploited to enhance the medicinal value of the plant.
... To our knowledge, the genus Talaromyces has been frequently isolated from soil and root aquatic in Korea [50,51]. Figs trees are rarely found in Korea. ...
During fungal diversity surveys of the order Eurotiales in Korea, two fungal strains, EML-DG33-1 and EML-NCP50, were isolated from samples of rat dung and fig tree leaf collected at a garden located in Gwangju in 2014. To complete the National Species List of Korea, it is a prerequisite to verify whether many questionable species, which were previously recorded but not confirmed, indeed present in Korea. Herein, the isolates were confirmed as undescribed species, Paecilomyces variotii and Talaromyces amestolkiae based on the combination of morphological and phylogenetic analyses of multigenes including the rDNA internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and RNA polymerase II subunit 2.
