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Morphological characteristics of Stromatoneurospora phoenix (specimen BBH 42282). (a,b): stromata in the natural habitat; (c): stromatal surface and ostioles; (d): longitudinal section of stroma showing perithecia and the tissue below the perithecial layer; (e): asci with apical apparatus bluing in Melzer's reagent (black arrow); (f,g): ascospores by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); (h-k): ascospores by light microscopy. Scale is indicated by bars ((a): 2 mm. (b): 1 mm. (d): 500 µm; (e): 20 µm, (f-k): 5 µm).
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The genus Stromatoneurospora was erected in 1973 by Jong and Davis to accommodate the pyrophilic pyrenomycete Sphaeria phoenix and has traditionally been placed in the family Xylariaceae based on morphological features. However, no living culture of this genus has so far been available in the public domain. Molecular data were restricted to an inte...
Contexts in source publication
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... phoenix (Kunze ex Fr.) S.C. Jong and E.E. Davis, Mycologia 65: 459 (1973), Figure 1. ...
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... characteristics. Colonies on OA reaching the edge of a 9 cm Petri dish in 1 week, at first whitish becoming velvety to felty, azonate with entire margin, peach (4), flesh (37), or salmon (41) after 1 month incubation (Figure 1g,h). Synnemata produced after 1 month of incubation at room temperature (ca. ...
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... total, six compounds (1-6) were isolated from cultures of Stromatoneurospora phoenix, two of which constitute novel natural products (1-2) ( Figure 5). All structures were elucidated by a combination of HR-ESI-MS as well as one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (see Figures S5-S18), assisted by UV/vis-and Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) Spectroscopy (Figures S3-S4) as well as Polarimetry. ...
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... Materials: The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/3/144/s1, Figure S1: HPLC-UV/vis chromatograms at 210 nm, DAD and HR-ESI-MS(+) traces of phoenixilanes A-B; Figure S2: Stereo-(top) and Newman projections (bottom) of phoenixlane A (1) with observed ROESY correlations for two possible relative conformations. Figure S3: UV/vis spectra of phoenixilanes A-B (1-2) from 200-500 nm. Figure S4: ECD spectra of phoenixilanes A-B (1-2) from 190-500 nm. Figure S1: 1 H NMR spectrum (500 MHz, acetone-d 6 ) of phoenixilane A (1). Figure S2: 13 Table S2. ...
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... S3: UV/vis spectra of phoenixilanes A-B (1-2) from 200-500 nm. Figure S4: ECD spectra of phoenixilanes A-B (1-2) from 190-500 nm. Figure S1: 1 H NMR spectrum (500 MHz, acetone-d 6 ) of phoenixilane A (1). Figure S2: 13 Table S2. Antimicrobial activities of phoenixilanes A-B (1-2) and 8,9-dehydroxylarone (4) as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). ...
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Endophytic fungi isolated from plants under drought stress have been evidenced to confer hosts adaptive benefits to withstand drought. In this study, endophytic fungi associated with five typical desert shrubs in different tissue from extremely arid desert in Northwest China were investigated based on ITS sequence analysis. A total of 158 endophyti...
Citations
... (Sánchez e al. 2011) in the first case and aligned via MAFFT version 7 (Katoh et al. 2019) using the auto strategy and then manually optimized using MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018) in the second case. The phylogenetic sampling was based on taxonomic studies of Xylariaceae (Daranagama et al. 2015(Daranagama et al. , 2018, coprophilous Xylariaceae (Becker et al. 2020), and polyphyletic genera of Xylariaceae (Konta et al. 2020). Graphostroma platystomum CBS 270.87 and Biscogniauxia nummularia MUCL 51395 (Graphostromataceae) were chosen as the outgroup in both cases. ...
... J. Kickx f., Podosordaria Ellis & Holw., Poronia Willd, and Arthroxylaria elegans are coprophilous fungi and Stromatoneurospora phoenix is a pyrophilous one. However, the latter has recently been proven to be closely related to coprophilous xylarialean fungi by a combination of morphological, chemotaxonomic, and molecular data (Becker et al. 2020). Sarcoxylon compunctum is a rather rare tropical species, lacking detailed studies on its morphology, ecology, and phylogeny. ...
... Sarcoxylon compunctum is a rather rare tropical species, lacking detailed studies on its morphology, ecology, and phylogeny. Nevertheless, despite typically inhabiting wood, Sarcoxylon Cooke clusters together with coprophilous and pyrophilous genera of Xylariaceae according to the published data and the present study (Becker et al. 2020, Konta et al. 2020, Voglmayr & Beenken 2020, Xie et al. 2020, Pi et al. 2021. ...
The new species Wawelia amyloasca is described from the dung of Siberian roe deer in the Russian Far East. This is the first
published record of Wawelia for more than 20 years, the only record outside Europe, and the only discovery made in the field, even
though the genus was described in 1908. The new taxon is characterized by the longest stromata in the genus reaching 120 mm,
ascospores with polar pad-like appendages, and asci with a well-noticeable amyloid apical apparatus, which is unique within the
genus. Wawelia is accommodated within the family Xylariaceae together with other coprophilous genera, which was proved by
the phylogenetic analysis using four markers, ITS, LSU, BenA, and RPB2, the latter two being obtained for the first time for the
genus. A complete bibliography is given and a comparative table including all known species of Wawelia is presented.
... The fungus was also cultivated in 10 × 500 mL flasks containing a solid autoclaved rice-based medium (BRFT: brown rice 28 g with 0.1 L base liquid (yeast extract 1 g/L, sodium tartrate 0.5 g/L, KH2PO4 0.5 g/L) per flask) [55]. Each flask was inoculated with 10 mL of the seed culture, which was prepared beforehand. ...
Four unprecedented polyketides named isoprenylisobenzofuran B (2), isoprenylisobenzo-furan C1/C2 (3), diaporisoindole F1/F2 (4), and isochromophilonol A1/A2 (7) were isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of the newly described endophytic fungus Diaporthe africana. Additionally, the previously reported cyclic depsipeptide eucalactam B (1) was also identified, along with the known compounds diaporisoindole A/B (5), tenellone B (6) and beauvericin (8). The taxonomic identification of the fungus was accomplished using a polyphasic approach combining multi-gene phyloge-netic analysis and microscopic morphological characters. The structures 1−8 were determined by a detailed analysis of their spectral data, namely high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spec-trometry (HR-ESIMS), 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. In addition, chemical methods such as Marfey's analysis were also employed to determine the stereochemistry in compound 1. All the compounds obtained were evaluated for antimicrobial and in vitro cytotoxic properties. Compounds 3−8 were active against certain fungi and Gram-positive bacteria with MIC values of 8.3 to 66.6 µg/mL. In addition, 3−5 displayed cytotoxic effects (22.0 ≤ IC50 ≤ 59.2 µM) against KB3.1 and L929 cell lines, whereas compounds 6−8 inhibited the growth of seven mammalian cancer cell lines with IC50 ranging from 17.7 to 49.5 µM (6), 0.9 to 12.9 µM (7) and 1.9 to 4.3 µM (8).
... Davis has now been shown to have affinities with the coprophilous Xylariaceae, based on morphological, molecular, and chemical data ). This confirms the earlier suspicions of Rogers (2018) that S. phoenix, although an inhabitant of burnt grasses, is a relative of the coprophilous Xylariaceae and Becker et al. (2020) placed S. phoenix close to Poronia in their phylogeny. It did not, however, produce the punctaporonin metabolites present in Poronia (Anderson et al. 1988;Becker et al. 2020). ...
... This confirms the earlier suspicions of Rogers (2018) that S. phoenix, although an inhabitant of burnt grasses, is a relative of the coprophilous Xylariaceae and Becker et al. (2020) placed S. phoenix close to Poronia in their phylogeny. It did not, however, produce the punctaporonin metabolites present in Poronia (Anderson et al. 1988;Becker et al. 2020). Rogers et al. (1998) Latha and Manimohan 2012). ...
The Xylariaceae and its relatives rank as one of the best-known members of the Ascomycota. They are now well recognized for their diversity, global distribution, ecological activities and their outstanding novel metabolites with wide ranging bioactivity.
... Within the extensive scientific literature on Xylariaceae and related families in the past decades, recent studies using polyphyletic approaches have revealed that many of these families have a saprotrophic and an endophytic phase in their life cycle 68 . Becker et al. 69 have observed that coprophilous genera in Xylariaceae form an independent evolutionary lineage from their wood-inhabiting or endophytic relatives. The only non-coprophilous fungus located in this lineage is Sarcoxylon, a wood-inhabiting genus. ...
Endophytic fungi have been demonstrated to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, some of which promote plant growth. Three endophytic fungi isolated from healthy plants living in dehesas of Extremadura (Spain) were identified and evaluated for their ability to produce phytohormone-like substances, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, phosphate solubilization ability and siderophore and ammonia production. The filtrates and extracts produced by the three endophytes were applied to Lolium multiflorum seeds and seedlings under both in vitro and greenhouse conditions, to analyse their influence on plant growth traits such as germination, vigour index, chlorophyll data, number and length of leaves and roots, and dry weight. All three endophytes, which were identified as Fusarium avenaceum, Sarocladium terricola and Xylariaceae sp., increased the germination of L. multiflorum seeds by more than 70%. Shoot and root length, plant dry weight and the number of roots were positively affected by the application of fungal filtrates and/or extracts, compared with controls. The tentative HPLC-MS identification of phytohormone-like substances, such as gibberellin A2 and zeatin, or the antioxidant acetyl eugenol, may partially explain the mechanisms of L. multiflorum plant growth promotion after the application of fungal filtrates and/or extracts.
... Incubation was performed with the same conditions mentioned above until 2 days after depletion of free glucose. Mycelia and supernatant were segregated by filtration and extracted as previously described (Becker et al. 2020). ...
In this study fungal strains were investigated, which had been isolated from eggs of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, and roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum (Brassicaceae). The morphology, the interaction with nematodes and plants and the phylogenetic relationships of these strains originating from a broad geographic range covering Western Europe to Asia Minor were studied. Phylogenetic analyses using five genomic loci including ITSrDNA, LSUrDNA, SSUrDNA, rpb2 and tef1-α were carried out. The strains were found to represent a distinct phylogenetic lineage
most closely related to Equiseticola and Ophiosphaerella, and Polydomus karssenii (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) is introduced here as a new species representing a monotypic genus. The pathogenicity tests against nematode eggs
fulfilled Koch’s postulates using in vitro nematode bioassays and showed that the fungus could parasitise its original nematode host H. filipjevi as well as the sugar beet cyst nematode H. schachtii, and colonise cysts and eggs of its hosts
by forming highly melanised moniliform hyphae. Light microscopic observations on fungus-root interactions in an axenic system revealed the capacity of the same fungal strain to colonise the roots of wheat and produce melanised hyphae and microsclerotia-like structure typical for dark septate endophytes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy further demonstrated that the fungus colonised the root cells by predominant intercellular growth of hyphae, and frequent formation of appressorium-like as well as penetration peg-like structures through internal cell walls surrounded by callosic papilla-like structures. Different strains of the new fungus produced a nearly identical set of secondary metabolites with various biological activities including nematicidal effects irrespective of their origin from plants or nematodes.
... Afterwards, the supernatants were extracted with equal amount of ethyl acetate (200 mL The volume of the remaining aqueous phase was adjusted with an equal amount of distilled water and subjected to the same procedure as described for the supernatants. The small-scale cultivation of Diaporthe breyniae was also carried out on YM agar medium and rice solid medium (BRFT, brown rice 28 g as well as 0.1 L of base liquid (yeast extract 1 g/L, di-sodium tartrate di-hydrate 0.5 g/L, KH 2 PO 4 0.5 g/L) (Becker et al. 2020a). Briefly, the fungus was grown on a YM agar plate and the mycelia was extracted with 200 mL of ethyl acetate in an ultrasonic water bath at 40 °C for 30 min, filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness in vacuo at 40 °C. ...
During the course of a study on the biodiversity of endophytes from Cameroon, a fungal strain was isolated. A multigene phylogenetic inference using five DNA loci revealed that this strain represents an undescribed species of Diaporthe , which is introduced here as D. breyniae . Investigation into the chemistry of this fungus led to the isolation of two previously undescribed secondary metabolites for which the trivial names fusaristatins G ( 7 ) and H ( 8 ) are proposed, together with eleven known compounds. The structures of all of the metabolites were established by using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data in combination with High-Resolution ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HR-ESIMS) data. The absolute configuration of phomopchalasin N ( 4 ), which was reported for the first time concurrently to the present publication, was determined by analysis of its Rotating frame Overhauser Effect SpectroscopY (ROESY) spectrum and by comparison of its Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) spectrum with that of related compounds. A selection of the isolated secondary metabolites were tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and compounds 4 and 7 showed weak antifungal and antibacterial activity. On the other hand, compound 4 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against all tested cancer cell lines with IC 50 values in the range of 5.8–45.9 µM. The latter was found to be less toxic than the other isolated cytochalasins ( 1 – 3 ) and gave hints in regards to the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the studied cytochalasins. Fusaristatin H ( 8 ) also exhibited weak cytotoxicity against KB3.1 cell lines with an IC 50 value of 30.3 µM.
Graphical abstract
... These eremophilane sesquiterpenes are biogenetically derived from farnesyl diphosphate in association with a methyl migration [3] and consist of three isoprene subunits [4]. The structural diversity of eremophilane analogs is due to oxidation occurring at different sites along the isopropyl side chain and bicyclic backbone to generate alcohol [5], acid [6], ester [7][8][9], furan [10,11], and lactone functionalities, with some of the alcohols further glycosylated [12]. Since the first eremophilane-type sesquiterpene was isolated from the wood oil of Eremophila mitchellii in 1932 [13], more than 650 biologically active eremophilane derivatives have been obtained [2,14]. ...
Four new eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes, boeremialanes A–D (1–4) were obtained from solid substrate cultures of Boeremia exigua (Didymellaceae), an endophytic fungus isolated from Fritillaria hupehensis (Liliaceae). Boeremialanes A–C (1–3) are highly oxygenated eremophilanes with a benzoate unit attached at the C-13 position and are rarely found in nature. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) calculations with DP4+ analysis. Boeremialane D (4) potently inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 macrophages with an IC50 of 8.62 μM and was more potent than the positive control, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (IC50 = 23.1 μM).
... The respective colour code represents each family in three orders, Amphisphaeriales (green), Delonicicolales (orange) and Xylariales (blue). Selected stromatic characters are given modified from previous publications (Deepna Latha and Manimohan 2012;Daranagama et al. 2018;Voglmayr et al. 2019a;Becker et al. 2020;Konta et al. 2020a, b) Amphisphaeria parvispora Samarak. & K.D. Hyde, sp. ...
... Krug and Cain (1974) described 14 new species and one combination discovered on different dung types. There are 31 species, including three species with molecular data (Becker et al. 2020). ...
... Single and combined gene phylogenies show that our new collection clusters with Stromatoneurospora phoenix. There are few Hypocopra species and only Stromatoneurospora phoenix with molecular data (Becker et al. 2020). Therefore, the phylogenetic placement could be changed with the addition of new sequence data. ...
inconspicuous stromatic xylarialean taxa from China, Italy, Russia, Thailand and the United Kingdom. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and combined ITS-LSU-rpb2-tub2-tef1 phylogenies revealed 39 taxa from our collections belonging to Amphisphaeriales and Xylariales. A new family (Appendicosporaceae), five new genera (Magnostiolata, Melanostictus, Neoamphisphaeria, Nigropunctata and Paravamsapriya), 27 new species (Acrocordiella photiniicola, Allocryptovalsa sichuanensis, Amphisphaeria parvispora, Anthostomella lamiacearum, Apiospora guiyangensis, A. sichuanensis,
Biscogniauxia magna, Eutypa camelliae, Helicogermslita clypeata, Hypocopra zeae, Magnostiolata mucida, Melanostictus longiostiolatus, M. thailandicus, Nemania longipedicellata, N. delonicis, N. paraphysata, N. thailandensis, Neoamphisphaeria
hyalinospora, Neoanthostomella bambusicola, Nigropunctata bambusicola, N. nigrocircularis, N. thailandica, Occultitheca rosae, Paravamsapriya ostiolata, Peroneutypa leucaenae, Seiridium italicum and Vamsapriya mucosa) and seven new host/geographical records are introduced and reported. Divergence time estimates indicate that Delonicicolales diverged from Amphisphaeriales + Xylariales at 161 (123–197) MYA. Amphisphaeriales and Xylariales diverged 154 (117–190) MYA with a crown age of 127 (92–165) MYA and 147 (111–184) MYA, respectively. Appendicosporaceae (Amphisphaeriales) has a stem age of 89 (65–117) MYA. Ancestral character state reconstruction indicates that astromatic, clypeate ascomata with aseptate, hyaline ascospores that lack germ slits may probably be ancestral Xylariomycetidae having plant-fungal endophytic associations. The Amphisphaeriales remained mostly astromatic with common septate, hyaline ascospores. Stromatic variations may have developed mostly during the Cretaceous period. Brown ascospores are common in Xylariales, but they
first appeared in Amphisphaeriaceae, Melogrammataceae and Sporocadaceae during the early Cretaceous. The ascospore germ slits appeared only in Xylariales during the Cretaceous after the divergence of Lopadostomataceae. Hyaline, filiform and apiospores may have appeared as separate lineages, providing the basis for Xylariaceae, which may have diverged independently. The future classification of polyphyletic xylarialean taxa will not be based on stromatic variations, but the type of ring, the colour of the ascospores, and the presence or absence or the type of germ slit.
... Single and combined gene phylogenies show that our new collection clusters with Stromatoneurospora phoenix. There are few Hypocopra species and only Stromatoneurospora phoenix with molecular data (Becker et al. 2020). Therefore, the phylogenetic placement could be changed with the addition of new sequence data. ...
Xylariomycetidae ( Ascomycota ) is a highly diversified group with variable stromatic characters. Our research focused on inconspicuous stromatic xylarialean taxa from China, Italy, Russia, Thailand and the United Kingdom. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and combined ITS-LSU- rpb 2- tub 2- tef 1 phylogenies revealed 38 taxa from our collections belonging to Amphisphaeriales and Xylariales . A new family ( Appendicosporaceae ), five new genera ( Magnostiolata , Melanostictus , Neoamphisphaeria , Nigropunctata and Paravamsapriya ), 27 new species ( Acrocordiella photiniicola , Allocryptovalsa sichuanensis , Amphisphaeria parvispora , Anthostomella lamiacearum , Apiospora guiyangensis , Ap. sichuanensis , Biscogniauxia magna , Eutypa camelliae , Helicogermslita clypeata , Hypocopra zeae , Magnostiolata mucida , Melanostictus longiostiolatus , Me. thailandicus , Nemania longipedicellata , Ne. delonicis , Ne. paraphysata , Ne. thailandensis , Neoamphisphaeria hyalinospora , Neoanthostomella bambusicola , Nigropunctata bambusicola , Ni. nigrocircularis , Ni. thailandica , Occultitheca rosae , Paravamsapriya ostiolata , Peroneutypa leucaenae , Seiridium italicum and Vamsapriya mucosa ) and seven new host/geographical records are introduced and reported. Divergence time estimates indicate that Delonicicolales diverged from Amphisphaeriales + Xylariales at 161 (123–197) MYA. Amphisphaeriales and Xylariales diverged 154 (117–190) MYA with a crown age of 127 (92–165) MYA and 147 (111–184) MYA, respectively. Appendicosporaceae ( Amphisphaeriales ) has a stem age of 89 (65–117) MYA. Ancestral character state reconstruction indicates that astromatic, clypeate ascomata with aseptate, hyaline ascospores that lack germ slits may probably be ancestral Xylariomycetidae having plant-fungal endophytic associations. The Amphisphaeriales remained mostly astromatic with common septate, hyaline ascospores. Stromatic variations may have developed mostly during the Cretaceous period. Brown ascospores are common in Xylariales , but they first appeared in Amphisphaeriaceae , Melogrammataceae and Sporocadaceae during the early Cretaceous. The ascospore germ slits appeared only in Xylariales during the Cretaceous after the divergence of Lopadostomataceae . Hyaline, filiform and apiospores may have appeared as separate lineages providing the basis to Xylariaceae , which may have diverged independently. The future classification of polyphyletic xylarialean taxa will not be based on stromatic variations, but the type of ring, the colour of the ascospores, and the presence or absence of the type of germ slit.
... The fungus was grown in yeast malt extract agar (YM agar; malt extract 10 g/L, yeast extract 4 g/L, D-glucose 4 g/L, agar 20 g/L, pH 6.3 before autoclaving [33]) at 23 • C. Later, the colonies were cut into small pieces using a cork borer (1 cm × 1 cm) and 8 pieces were placed into a 200 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL of yeast malt extract broth (YM broth; malt extract 10 g/L, yeast extract 4 g/L, D-glucose 4 g/L, pH 6.3 before autoclaving) at 23 • C and under shake condition at 140 rpm. After 7 days, 6 mL of this seed culture were transferred to 40 conical flasks of 500 mL containing solid rice medium (BRFT, brown rice 28 g as well as 0.1 L of base liquid (yeast extract 1 g/L, di-sodium tartrate di-hydrate 0.5 g/L, KH 2 PO 4 0.5 g/L [34])) per flask. The rice cultures were incubated for 15 days at 23 • C. ...
The new genus Morinagamyces is introduced herein to accommodate the fungus Apiosordaria vermicularis as inferred from a phylogenetic study based on sequences of the internal transcribed
spacer region (ITS), the nuclear rDNA large subunit (LSU), and partial fragments of ribosomal polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2) and β‐tubulin (tub2) genes. Morinagamyces vermicularis was analyzed
for the production of secondary metabolites, resulting in the isolation of a new depsipeptide named morinagadepsin (1), and the already known chaetone B (3). While the planar structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR analysis and high‐resolution mass spectrometry, the absolute configuration of the building blocks Ala, Val, and Leu was determined as ‐L by Marfey’s method. The configuration of the 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyldecanyl unit was assigned as 22R,23R by Jbased configuration analysis and Mosher’s method after partial hydrolysis of the morinagadepsin to the linear derivative compound 2. Compound 1 showed cytotoxic activity against the mammalian cell lines KB3.1 and L929, but no antimicrobial activity against the fungi and bacteria tested was observed, while 2 was inactive. Compound 3 was weakly cytotoxic against the cell line L929, but did not show any antimicrobial activity.
