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Morphological and molecular identification of isolate Neurospora intermedia (AUMC 14359) (I) shows 10 day old bright yellow colony on Czapek`syeast extract agar (CYA) medium, (II) shows the strain microscopic features Branched chains of irregularly shaped conidia stained with lactophenol cotton blue (X400). (III) Branched chains of irregularly shaped conidia stained with lactophenolcotton blue (X1000). (IV) Phylogenetic tree constructed using the ITS sequences of the rDNA of the fungal strain isolated in this work (Neurospora intermedia AUMC 14359) and closely similar sequences obtained from the GenBank
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In this study, novel cellulolytic fungal strains were isolated, purified, and identified. The ability of these isolates to biodegrade cellulosic materials was examined. The potential of the isolates to produce cellulolytic enzymes and optimize the cellulose degradation process was also investigated. The nylon net bag technique was used to separate...
Citations
... Enzyme activities measured included cellulase, amylase, urease, laccase, and protease. Soil cellulase activity was determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry [39], amylase activity was measured by dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry [40], urease was determined by indophenol blue colorimetry [41], laccase activity was determined by ABTS oxidation method and UV spectrophotometry [42], and protease was determined by ninhydrin colorimetry [43]. The enzyme activities were expressed as the amount of enzyme activity per gram of soil. ...
Soybean are one of the main oil crops in the world. The study demonstrated that co-inoculation with Trichoderma asperellum (Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae) and Irpex laceratus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) isolated from Kosteletzkya virginica can promote the growth of soybean seedlings. The two fungi were found to produce various enzymes, including cellulase, amylase, laccase, protease, and urease. Upon inoculation, T. asperellum mainly colonized within the phloem of the roots in soybean seedlings, while I. laceratus mainly in the xylem and phloem of the roots. Physiological parameters, such as plant height, root length, and fresh weight, were significantly increased in soybean seedlings co-inoculated with T. asperellum and I. laceratus. Moreover, the expression of key genes related to N and P absorption and metabolism was also increased, leading to improved N and P utilization efficiency in soybean seedlings. These results indicate that the two fungi may have complementary roles in promoting plant growth, co-inoculation with T. asperellum and I. laceratus can enhance the growth and nutrient uptake of soybean. These findings suggest that T. asperellum and I. laceratus have the potential to be used as bio-fertilizers to improve soybean growth and yield.
... The enzymatic activity responsible for degrading the cell wall of plants by the pathogen was assessed using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method [26], specifically measuring the activities of cellulase (CX), β-glucosidase (βG), pectin methylgalactuionase (PMG), polygalacturonase (PG), and xylanase. ...
Cut chrysanthemum, known as a highly favored floral choice globally, experiences a significant decline in production due to continuous cropping. The adverse physiological effects on cut chrysanthemums result from the degradation of a soil’s physical and chemical properties, coupled with the proliferation of pathogens. The “Guangyu” cultivar in Xinxiang, Henan Province, China, has been specifically influenced by these effects. First, the precise pathogen accountable for wilt disease was effectively identified and validated in this study. An analysis was then conducted to examine the invasion pattern of the pathogen and the physiological response of chrysanthemum. Finally, the PacBio platform was employed to investigate the dynamic alterations in the microbial community within the soil rhizosphere by comparing the effects of 7 years of monocropping with the first year. Findings indicated that Fusarium solani was the primary causative agent responsible for wilt disease, because it possesses the ability to invade and establish colonies in plant roots, leading to alterations in various physiological parameters of plants. Continuous cropping significantly disturbed the microbial community composition, potentially acting as an additional influential factor in the advancement of wilt.
... The enzymatic activity responsible for degrading the cell wall of plants by the pathogen was assessed using the 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method [23], specifically measuring the activities of cellulase (CX), β-glucosidase (βG), pectin methylgalactuionase (PMG), polygalacturonase (PG), and xylanase. ...
Cut chrysanthemum, renowned as a highly favored floral choice globally, experiences a significant decline in production due to the practice of continuous cropping. The adverse physiological effects on cut chrysanthemums have been observed as a result of the degradation of soil physical and chemical properties, coupled with the proliferation of pathogens. It is noteworthy that the 'Guangyu' cultivar in Xinxiang, Henan province, China, has been specifically impacted by these effects. This study effectively identified and validated the precise pathogen accountable for wilt disease initially. Subsequently, an analysis was conducted to examine the invasion pattern of the pathogen and the physiological response of the chrysanthemum. Finally, PacBio platform was employed to investigate the dynamic alterations in the microbial community within the soil rhizosphere, comparing the effects of seven years of monocropping with the first year. The findings indicated that Fusarium solani was the primary causative agent responsible for wilt disease, as it possessed the ability to invade and establish colonies in plant roots, leading to alterations in various physiological parameters of the plants. Furthermore, the practice of continuous cropping had been observed to significantly disturb the microbial community composition, potentially acting as an additional influential factor in the advancement of wilt.
... The cellulose component of plant cell walls and vegetable stalks, for example, can be completely degraded by fungi. A cellulase enzyme isolated and purified from Rhizopus oryzae has been reported to be useful for the enzymatic digestion, dissolution, and hydrolysis of cellulose materials [144]. Bacteria from the phyla Actinobacteria [145,146], Proteobacteria [147], and Bacillota also produce many cellulases [148]. ...
... The cellulose component of plant cell walls and vegetable stalks, for example, can be completely degraded by fungi. A cellulase enzyme isolated and purified from Rhizopus oryzae has been reported to be useful for the enzymatic digestion, dissolution, and hydrolysis of cellulose materials [144]. Bacteria from the phyla Actinobacteria [145,146], Proteobacteria [147], and Bacillota also produce many cellulases [148]. ...
The next milestone of synthetic biology research relies on the development of customized microbes for specific industrial purposes. Metabolic pathways of an organism, for example, depict its chemical repertoire and its genetic makeup. If genes controlling such pathways can be identified, scientists can decide to enhance or rewrite them for different purposes depending on the organism and the desired metabolites. The lignocellulosic biorefinery has achieved good progress over the past few years with potential impact on global bioeconomy. This principle aims to produce different bio-based products like biochemical(s) or biofuel(s) from plant biomass under microbial actions. Meanwhile, yeasts have proven very useful for different biotechnological applications. Hence, their potentials in genetic/metabolic engineering can be fully explored for lignocellulosic biorefineries. For instance, the secretion of enzymes above the natural limit (aided by genetic engineering) would speed-up the down-line processes in lignocellulosic biorefineries and the cost. Thus, the next milestone would greatly require the development of synthetic yeasts with much more efficient metabolic capacities to achieve basic requirements for particular biorefinery. This review gave comprehensive overview of lignocellulosic biomaterials and their importance in bioeconomy. Many researchers have demonstrated the engineering of several ligninolytic enzymes in heterologous yeast hosts. However, there are still many factors needing to be well understood like the secretion time, titter value, thermal stability, pH tolerance, and reactivity of the recombinant enzymes. Here, we give a detailed account of the potentials of engineered yeasts being discussed, as well as the constraints associated with their development and applications.
... Cellulases can be produced by a diversity of cellulolytic microbes, including fungus, bacteria, and actinomycetes. However, fungi are considered as most suitable candidate for cellulase production for different industrial, environmental, and agricultural applications [20][21][22]. Thus, the current work focused on isolation fungi that produce cellulases for application in the synthesis of nanocellulose from some cellulosic materials. ...
Microbial nanotechnology is currently helping to address human needs in many areas of life. One of these fields is the production of cellulose nanomaterials, which are used in many medical, agricultural, environmental and industrial applications. In this study, the novel strain Aspergillus nidulans optical density 1 (OD1) was isolated as cellulolytic fungus that has the ability to convert cellulose into nanocellulose through partial degradation under optimized conditions. The optimization conditions include incubation of fungal pellets with the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) for 4 h at pH 6 with addition of 1 mM of Zn and 2 mM of Mn ions. Furthermore, feedback inhibition for exocellulase and B-glucosidase activity was performed to the concentrated cellulases of A. nidulans in order to prevent the complete degradation of cellulose, hence increasing nanocellulose yield. The better results of enzyme feedback inhibition were obtained due to addition of 1% of cellobiose and 2% glucose for the enzyme/MCC mixture for 4 h. The concentrated A. nidulans cellulases were applied to produce nanocellulose from cotton fibers as well as rice straw as common agricultural cellulosic materials and wastes. According to Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and particle size distribution, the average particle sizes of nanocellulose were (9–20) nm and (2–17) nm for cotton fibers and rice straw wastes, respectively. The obtained results revealed that nanocellulose can be biosynthesized using fungal cellulases produced under optimized conditions using cellulosic materials available as agricultural wastes. Further investigation of the produced cellulose nanomaterials can be conducted to demonstrate its compatibility with various medical, environmental, and industrial applications.
... Endophytes were analysed for their antimicrobial activity by the plate method. Later, se v er al exoenzymes pr oduced by the endophytes, such as amylase (Alema et al. 2020 , Elamary andSalem 2020 ), pr otease (Kalahr oudi et al. 2020 , Gong and Qi 2020 ), cellulase (Khosravi et al. 2022, Helal et al. 2022, and chitinase (Saima et al. 2013, Aliabadi et al. 2016 ) wer e anal ysed by both quantitative and qualitative methods. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of C.P-8 ( P. azotoformans ) against B. subtilis and S. aureus was very significant. ...
The roots of the medicinal plant Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf (C. pilosula) possess most medicinal supplements. In Current research on C. pilosula root endophytes were isolated, identified, and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Endophytes C.P- 8 and C.P-20 exhibited very significant antimicrobial activity, the secondary metabolite of C.P-8 registered at retention time 24.075 by HPLC analysis. Significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C.P-8 was exhibited at 250 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and 500 µg/ml against Bacillus subtilis. Qualitative, quantitative analyses and partial purification of enzymes and purity was analysed by molecular weight determined by SDS‒PAGE of enzymes produced by C.P-20, amylase-64 kDa, protease-64 kDa, chitinase-30 kDa and cellulase-54 kDa. Optimum pH and temperature of the partially purified enzymes, was carried out. The partially purified enzymes from C.P-20 displayed maximum activity at pH 6-7 and temperatures of 40-45 °C. Moreover, the above endophytes will be useful tools for producing active enzymes and active bio-antimicrobial agents against human pathogens.
... The tested isolate was previously isolated using nylon net bag techniques, selected from 37 isolates for testing on cellulase enzyme production, identified at the AUMC in Assiut, Egypt, and sequenced. The recovered sequences were then deposited in Gen Bank with the accession number MZ724159 as in prior work performed by Helal, Khalil [34]. This isolate was identified as Neurospora intermedia (AUMC 14,359). ...
Green synthesized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was prepared using Neurospora intermedia, characterized, and used to remove Strontium ions (Sr²⁺) from an aqueous solution with high efficiency. The characterization of CNCs was performed using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential (ZP), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) mapping, EDX elemental analysis and BET surface analyzer. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was successfully applied for the first time to optimize the dynamic adsorption conditions for the maximum removal of Sr²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions using CNCs as adsorbent. The effects of parameters, such as initial concentration of Sr²⁺ (50–500 ppm), adsorbent dosage (0.05–0.2 g/50ml), and contact time (15–120 min.) on removal efficiency were investigated. A mathematical model was studied to predict the removal performance. The significance and adequacy of the model were surveyed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the second-order polynomial model is suitable for the prediction removal of Sr²⁺ with regression coefficient (R² = 97.41%). The highest sorption capacity value of Sr²⁺ was obtained (281.89 mg/g) at the adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g/50 ml, contact time of 120 min., and the pollutant (Sr²⁺) concentration of 275 ppm.
... The capacities of T. harzarium and R. oryzae for degraded these materials has been reported previously; for example, the lignin degradation by Trichoderma spp was associated with the generation of phenolic compounds (low molecular weight) and other aromatic compounds (Bohacz and Kornillowicz-Kowalska, 2020). Otherwise, the degradation of cellulose (celullases) and hemicellulose (xylanase) and the increase of simple sugar (xylose and arabinose) was reported by other studies (Legodi et al., 2019;Almeida et al.,2021;Helal et al., 2021;Selo et al., 2021;Karmakar et al., 2022). In addition, the total sugar concentration by anthrone method (complementary information) showed an increase in sugar concentration at the same time of phenolic content increase; thus, the increment an bioactive property in SSF could lies in the liberation of phenolic compounds thought the degradation of wall matrix and their components. ...
The residual leaves from essential oil extraction from Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) have a potential as a source of bioactive molecules (e.x. flavonoids) that could be extracted by solid state fermentation (SSF) process. In this study, the residual leaves were subjected to a SSF (120 h) by two microorganism Trichoderma harzianum and Rhizopus oryzae evaluating the phenolic compounds (Total polyphenols and flavonoids), the antioxidant activity (DPPH● / FRAP), the bioactivities (α-amylase inhibition and antimicrobial against Escherichia coli), the cytotoxic effect (erythrocytes) and a characterization (HPLC-MS). The results showed that the total polyphenols for T.harzarium did not show statistical differences (first 48 h), and R. oryzae fermentation obtained a higher contet (48 h). Also, the higher flavonoid release was present at 48 and 96 h (T. harzianum and R. oryzae). The antioxidant activity decreased in the last fermentation hours, the a-amylase reported a higher inhibition value (29.97 ± 1.97%) and antimicrobial capacities; R. oryzae (96 h) did not register a cytotoxic effect. The characterization determined the presence of valuable molecules as ferulic acid 4-O-glucoside, phloridzin and luteolin. The fermentation allowed the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds that could be an alternative for the revalorization of oregano waste.
This study hypothesized that the deposition and decomposition of the litter from the legume tree Mimosa caesalpiniifolia
Benth. could improve and accelerate nutrient cycling in a tropical pasture (Urochloa decumbens Stapf.) under a silvopastoral system. The objective of this study was to evaluate litter deposition, chemical composition, and decomposition of
the legume tree M. caesalpiniifolia. Treatments included a silvopastoral system with signalgrass (U. decumbens) combined
with the legume tree M. caesalpiniifolia, and monocropping systems of both species, in a randomized complete block
design with three replications. It was evaluated litter deposition from legume trees over two years. A decomposition assay
evaluated leaf decay of the legume and grass (0 to 512 days), incubated under different cropping systems (silvopastoral
and monoculture), and at different distances away from the legume trees (0 and 2 m). Greater litterfall was recorded in
the legume tree monoculture system (534 kg ha−1
) and during the dry season (541 kg ha−1
) (p<0.05). The silvopasture
system induced N release from the grass litter under decay. After 512 days, incubated grass leaves still had 30% of decaying material, while the legume had about 39%. The remaining N in the litter increased, and the C and C/N ratio decreased
over the incubation period. Legume trees have the potential to diversify nutrient cycling in tropical pastures, due to high
N and lignin content, and low C/N ratio compared to grass. The presence of legume trees can create zones with different
nutrient return rates along the pasture.
