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Morpho-cultural characteristics of Cylindrosporium padi (Lib.) P. Karst. Ex Sacc. a) 25 days old fungal colony, b)Young and hyaline mycelium, c) Acervuli formation in culture,d) Conidiophore, e) Microconidia f) Macroconidia.
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Cone rusts Thekopsora areolata and Chrysomyxa pirolata are widely distributed in northern hemisphere. In Fennoscandia, these rusts cause severe damage and great economical losses especially in seed orchards specialized to produce high quality seeds. The aim of this study was to investigate sporulation of cone rusts and factors affecting epidemics to develop new control practices against these rusts. Natural sporulation of T. areolata was investigated in Finnish Norway spruce seed orchards on Prunus padus and the effect of environmental variables on rust sporulation in 2018–19. A sample of Prunus leaves was collected from which the coverage and number of T. areolata pustules were estimated. The frequency of cones with cone rusts, T. areolata, Chrysomyxa pirolata and C. ledi, was also estimated in Picea abies cones and the sporulation of C. pirolata on Pyrola sp. leaves in the seed orchards. The T. areolata incidence on Prunus was modelled with temperature sum, rainfall, seed orchard and time of estimation.
The T. areolata disease incidence was low (<30%) in seed orchards in 2018, but it exceeded 100% in 2019. T. areolata pustules covered less than 10% of the leaves in 2018 and 10–40% in 2019. An ascomycete, Phloeosporella padi, was common in all Prunus leaves in 2018–19. Low rainfall in May-June explained the low disease rate on Prunus in 2018, while high rainfall explained the high disease rate in May-June in 2019. Cumulative rainfall, temperature sum, time and their interactions were all significant variables in a disease model explaining the disease incidence, while seed orchard was a non-significant variable. Cone rust frequency was low in P. abies cones in the seed orchards in 2019. Telia with basidia of C. pirolata were rare in May-June on Pyrola due to low rainfall in 2018, but frequent due to high rainfall in 2019. Rust control of T. areolata is recommended to concentrate on Prunus to reduce the number of overwintering diseased leaves in the seed orchards. Old infected cones should be removed from seed orchards to reduce aeciospore dissemination to Prunus in May-June. Control of C. pirolata is recommended to concentrate on Pyrola in early May.
Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades. Leotiomycetes include 53 families (Ascodichaenaceae, Amicodiscaceae fam. nov., Amorphothecaceae, Arachnopezizaceae, Ascocorticiaceae, Calloriaceae, Cenangiaceae, Chaetomellaceae, Chlorociboriaceae, Chlorospleniaceae fam. nov., Bryoglossaceae fam. nov., Cochlearomycetaceae, Cordieritidaceae, Cyttariaceae, Deltopyxidaceae fam. nov., Dermateaceae, Discinellaceae fam. nov., Drepanopezizaceae, Erysiphaceae, Gelatinodiscaceae, Godroniaceae, Hamatocanthoscyphaceae fam. nov., Helicogoniaceae, Helotiaceae, Hemiphacidiaceae, Heterosphaeriaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae, Hydrocinaceae fam. nov., Hyphodiscaceae fam. nov., Lachnaceae, Lahmiaceae, Lauriomycetaceae, Leotiaceae, Leptodontidiaceae, Lichinodiaceae, Loramycetaceae, Marthamycetaceae, Medeolariaceae, Mitrulaceae, Mollisiaceae, Neocrinulaceae, Neolauriomycetaceae, Pezizellaceae, Phacidiaceae, Ploettnerulaceae, Rhytismataceae, Rutstroemiaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Solenopeziaceae fam. nov., Thelebolaceae, Triblidiaceae, Tympanidaceae and Vibrisseaceae) and 14 family-level clades (Alatospora-Miniancora clade, Aquapoterium-Unguicularia clade, Bulgariella clade, Coleophoma-Parafabraea clade, Colipila clade, Corticifraga-Calloriopsis clade, Epicladonia-Epithamnolia clade, Flagellospora clade, Gelatinomyces clade, Micraspis clade, Patellariopsis clade, Phialocephala urceolata clade, Peltigeromyces clade and Trizodia clade). We briefly discuss the phylogenetic placements of these families and family-level clades. We provide an outline of the genera and the families of Leotiomycetes and a table summarising sexual morph characters of all the families/family-level clades of Leotiomycetes. Nine new families are introduced and we provide descriptions and illustrations of 50 Leotiomycetes taxa including six new genera and 22 new species, from collections made in China, Italy, Thailand, Russia, UK and Uzbekistan. Small scale phylogenetic analyses using concatenated datasets of five loci (rDNA, TEF and RBP2) are provided, where the backbone tree is insufficient to confirm the phylogenetic placement of our collections. This paper contributes to a more comprehensive update and improved identification of Leotiomycetes based on available literature and our collections.
