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– Morchella fluvialis at different developmental stages. A-C. PhC165 holotype; D. PhC168; E-F. ALV3114; G. PhC127 found under Eucalyptus camaldulensis; H. PhC112; I. ALV3286; J. PhC165 holotype.
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The authors propose to name a new morel species, sister to M. esculenta and already identified by
previous phylogenetic studies as “Mes-18”. The number of collections and geographical distribution
of Morchella fluvialis sp. nov. suggest that this species is widespread along rivers of Spain, associated
to riparian forests composed of Fraxinus angust...
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Context 1
... the oxidative yellow- orange staining observed in most collections may turn this originally dark morel with pale crests (resembling M. americana, M. esculenta or M. vulgaris) into a pale morel with yellow-brown crests. Local conditions and associated trees might also influence such variations. An outstanding collection under Eucalyptus (PhC127, Fig. 1g) molecularly matching the present M. fluvialis concept, exhibited a globose pileus, probably misshaped due to unusual habitat or climatic conditions. ...
Context 2
... most of our findings were collected beside small streams, sometimes even at water level (Figs. 1b, 1e), we propose the name Morchella fluvialis for this apparently new species. Nevertheless it is not excluded that this lineage could be found in other habitats, as is suggested by the original finding by TAŞKIN & al. (2012) under Pinus nigra near Feke (Adana, Turkey) where no river is present (TAŞKIN pers. comm.). Another possibility is ...
Context 3
... does not depict accurately the color range of M. fluvialis. KROMBHOLZ's (1834, pl.17 fig. 3-4) illustration of M. esculenta var. fulva is less convincing than Boudier's, as it depicts a fungus with globose pileus and rather regular pits. A more similar fungus to M. fluvialis is illustrated under the name M. conica var. rigida Krombh. (pl. 17 fig. 1-2), raised to species rank by Boudier. Morchella rigida (Krombh.) Boud. is a critical species: all specimens named as such by CLOWEZ (2012) revealed to be conspecific with Morchella americana Clowez & C. Matherly (RICHARD & al., in press) on the basis of molecular analyses. Morchella americana (including M. esculenta ss. KELLNER & al., ...
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... esculentoides M. Kuo et al.) and M. fluvialis Clowez et al., can also resemble M. dunensis: The first is not or only weakly rufescent with age, contrary to the second, which is strongly rufescent; both species, however, display mostly elongate pilei with partially longitudinally arranged pits and smooth ridges, and have a typically hygrophilic ecology, in riparian forests or poplar plantations (Clowez 2012, Kuo et al. 2012). Microscopically, both M. americana and M. fluvialis appear to have shorter hairs on the stipe [30–70 × (–9) 12–14 (–30) μm and 30–75 × 10–15 μm, respectively, Clowez 2012], whereas M. fluvialis has asci with croziers (Clowez et al. 2014), a feature not seen in any of the M. dunensis collections studied by us (although irregular outgrowths arising from the basal hyphae have been occasionally observed, seeFig. 11e). ...
A detailed account of the genus Morchella in the island of Cyprus is presented, based on integrative phylogenetic, morphoanatomical, ecological, and chorological analyses. Eleven species are molecularly confirmed, nine of them previously unreported from the island. Notably, four species are recognized as new to science, including one species in Sect. Morchella and three in Sect. Distantes. Two of these are here newly described, as Morchella arbutiphila and Morchella disparilis, respectively, whilst the other two are provisionally assigned the phylogenetic codes Mes-28 and Mel-38. Following careful re-examination of the Morchella vulgaris clade, two closely related sister species are revealed, and the taxon Morchella dunensis is revived to accommodate Mes-17. A description for the widespread, yet poorly known Mediterranean species Morchella dunalii is further provided, and a detailed polythetic approach is introduced in systematics, to overcome the inherent difficulties associated with the morphological recognition of phylogenetically confirmed species. The presence on the island of five species of transcontinental distribution, accounting for nearly half of the total number of species recorded, sheds new light on the genus biogeography, questioning the hypothesis of recent anthropogenic dispersals of morel species. Overall, our results place Cyprus as a worldwide hotspot of Morchella diversity, establishing the island as a place of special interest in future studies aiming to decipher the evolutionary history and ecological trends within this iconic genus.
... Much like in M. rufobrunnea, however, this character is not consistent and can be altogether absent or only evident at certain stages of growth, with temperature, moisture , sunlight, and other environmental factors perhaps playing a role. It should be noted that a similar rufescence can be seen on several Morchella species, such as M. esculenta, M. guatemalensis, the recently described M. fluvialis (Clowez et al. 2014), and most likely M. anatolica; therefore, this character should not be treated as exclusive to M. rufobrunnea and M. tridentina. In Cyprus, M. rufobrunnea is typically found in urban and suburban coastal areas, mainly under old scattered olive trees, but occasionally also in treeless environments, such as gardens , fields, path edges, trash heaps, or disturbed soil. ...
A taxonomic, morphological, ecological, and molecular study of three interesting Morchella species, Morchella tridentina, M. rufobrunnea, and M. kakiicolor, is presented, based on observations and analyses of collections from Cyprus and Spain. The nomenclatural and taxonomic problems associated with the name M. tridentina and its synonyms, M. elatoides and M. frustrata, are discussed. A neotype is designated for M. quercus-ilicis to replace the lost holotype, and its synonymy with M. tridentina is proposed. The holotype of M. quercus-ilicis f. kakiicolor is confirmed as genetically distinct from the neotype of M. quercus-ilicis, and a new combination, M. kakiicolor (Clowez & L. Romero) comb. nov. is introduced. The presence of M. rufobrunnea in Europe is confirmed with molecular data for the first time. Updated descriptions of all three species, including new morphological and ecological data, as well as detailed illustrations are provided.
Spores are important as dispersal and survival propagules in fungi. In this study we investigated the variation in number, shape, size and germination mode of ascospores in Morchella galilaea , the only species of the genus Morchella known to fruit in the autumn. Based on the observation of five samples, we first discovered significant variation in the shape and size of ascospores in Morchella . One to sixteen ascospores were found in the asci. Ascospore size correlated negatively with ascospore number, but positively with ascus size, and ascus size was positively correlated with ascospore number. We noted that ascospores, both from fresh collections and dried specimens, germinated terminally or laterally either by extended germ tubes, or via the production of conidia that were formed directly from ascospores at one, two or multiple sites. The direct formation of conidia from ascospores takes place within asci or after ascospores are discharged. Using laser confocal microscopy, we recorded the number of nuclei in ascospores and in conidia produced from ascospores. In most ascospores of M. galilaea , several nuclei were observed, as is typical of species of Morchella . However, nuclear number varied from zero to around 20 in this species, and larger ascospores harbored more nuclei. One to six nuclei were present in the conidia. Nuclear migration from ascospores to conidia was observed. Conidia forming directly from ascospores has been observed in few species of Pezizomycetes; this is the first report of the phenomenon in Morchella species. Morphological and molecular data show that conidial formation from ascospores is not found in all the specimens of this species and, hence, is not an informative taxonomic character in M. galilaea . Our data suggest that conidia produced from ascospores and successive mitosis within the ascus may contribute to asci with more than eight spores. The absence of mitosis and/or nuclear degeneration, as well as cytokinesis defect, likely results in asci with fewer than eight ascospores. This study provides new insights into the poorly understood life cycle of Morchella species and more broadly improves knowledge of conidia formation and reproductive strategies in Pezizomycetes.
A previously unknown morel species apparently endemic to Japan is here described. Morchella nipponensis is proposed for this species. This new taxon displays archaic features recalling section Rufobrunnea (pileus lanceolate, few primary alveoli), and a yellow pileus similar to subsection Sceptriformis of section Morchella. The phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA, as well as RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1 genes from up to four collections suggests that this morel species represents a basal branch of section Morchella (yellow morels), for which the new subsection Japonicae is proposed.
China is a mainland country rich in natural morel recourses, having records of half of the worldwide 61 morel phylospecies. In this study, 31 collections of ascocarps from the north Qinling Mountains, 4 collections of commercial cultivars from the south Qinling Mountains, and 3 Morchella mycelium clones from commercial cultivars were investigated using the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) method. Maximum-likelihood was employed for the construction of phylogenetic trees. A total of five phylogenetic species were found among the 38 collections, namely Morchella sp. Mes-8, Mes-9, Mes-13, and Mes-25, and Morchella chensiensis (IF556780), in addition to the false morel (Verpa bohemica). The identification of cultivated Morchella sp. Mel-2, Mel-6, Mel-10, and Mel-12 coincided with that of the commercial farms. A total of 80% (4/5) of yellow morels were new records for the Qinling region, except Mes-19; moreover, a novel monophyletic lineage, Morchella chensiensis, was found to be distinct from the previously reported phylospecies by single gene and combined genes analysis, thus being herein proposed as a new phylospecies. All collections from this study showed continental endemism, and all Qinling Mountains collections were grouped together in rDNA phylogenetic trees. The study provided insights on biodiversities in this key region of China.
Mushrooms are important in human nutrition with high protein, minerals, vitamins, low fat content, and low energy levels. They provide an alternative source of protein to people who cannot consume animal foods for different reasons. They are also considered to be a good dietary product with low fat content and energy levels. Mushrooms are consumed for medical purposes as well as for their use as food. There are many mushroom species used in the world for all these purposes. Some of these mushroom species can be cultured, some cannot, and non-cultivable species can only be used by collecting from nature. This chapter provides information on the nutritional value, medical significance, consumption, and extending shelf life of some mushroom species: Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm, Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst, Morels (Morchella), some edible species of Tricholoma, Boletus edulis Bull: Fr, and Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler.
True morels, among the most glamorous and highly valued edible fungi, have been in the midst of taxonomical controversies for over a century. The use of molecular phylogenetic techniques and integrative taxonomical approaches have in recent years revolutionised our understanding of morels, resolving many of the old debates, but also giving rise to new ones. This review summarises the advances made and challenges met, with regards to this fascinating genus.
True morels, among the most glamorous and highly valued edible fungi, have been in the midst of taxonomical controversies for over a century. The use of molecular phylogenetics and integrative taxonomical approaches in recent years, have revolutionised our understanding of morels resolving many of the old debates, but also giving rise to new ones. An overview of the advances and open questions concerning this fascinating genus are outlined in this presentation.
Morchella spp. known as “kuzu göbeği” in our country is one of the consumed mushrooms in the
whole world. It is collected from different regions of Turkey and then exported to different countries
as fresh and dry due to its high commercial value. Turkey has a rich ecological diversity on account
of its geographical location and home to many civilizations for the earliest years. Mushrooms have a
very important place in this ecological diversity. The protection of our genetic resources should be the
priority research topic in Turkey and to achieve this goal, it is necessary to define our diversity. In this
study, the species description of Morchella samples collected from different region of Turkey during
2007-2010 years was performed. They were photographed in their locations and then GPS
coordinates for each sample were recorded. After morphologic and microscopic analyses, Morchella
samples were dried and analyzed using DNA sequences. Five new Morchella records for Turkey were
presented in this study: Morchella fluvialis Clowez, P. Alvarado, M. Becerra, Bilbao & P.A. Moreau,
Morchella americana Clowez & C. Matherly, Morchella dunalii Boud., Morchella importuna M.
Kuo, O'Donnell & T.J. Volk, Morchella tridentina Bres. While M. fluvialis and M. americana nested
in Esculenta (Yellow) clade, M. dunalii, M. importuna and an M. tridentina nested in Elata (Black)
clade.
The authors describe, on the basis of two Spanish collections, a new morel species belonging to sect. Morchella, namely Morchella palazonii in honour or the late Iberian mycologist Fernando Palazón (1941-2009). A phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences places this new species in the vicinity of the Mediterranean M. galilaea and of Mes-14, a so far unnamed South-American taxon. Several migratory scenarii are discussed for this clade, in relation with formerly established biogeographical patterns in this genus. Finally, a key for the identification of the 8 European species reported to date in this section is proposed.
