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Monochaetia junipericola (CBS 143391). A. Conidiomata on PDA. B, C. Conidiophores giving rise to conidia. D. Conidia. E. Beta conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm.
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This study introduces two new families, one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records. Cylindriaceae (based on Cylindrium elongatum) is introduced as new family, with three new combinations. Xyladictyochaetaceae (based on Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica) is introduced to acc...
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... Currently, there are approximately 68 species of Microdochium listed in the Index Fungorum (2024), with 45 species being accepted. Microdochium has a diverse range of hosts that are widely distributed worldwide (Zhang et al. 2017;Crous et al. 2018Crous et al. , 2019Crous et al. , 2021Marin-Felix et al. 2019;Huang et al. 2020). However, only a few species of Microdochium have the capability to cause diseases, primarily impacting grasses and cereals. ...
Species of the family Microdochiaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) have been reported from worldwide, and collected from different plant hosts. The proposed new genus and two new species, viz. , Macroidriella gen. nov. , M. bambusae sp. nov. and Microdochium australe sp. nov. , are based on multi-locus phylogenies from a combined dataset of ITS rDNA, LSU, RPB2 and TUB2 with morphological characteristics. Microdochium sinense has been collected from diseased leaves of Phragmites australis and this is the first report of the fungus on this host plant. Simultaneously, we annotated 10,372 to 11,863 genes, identified 4,909 single-copy orthologous genes, and conducted phylogenomic analysis based on genomic data. A gene family analysis was performed and it will expand the understanding of the evolutionary history and biodiversity of the Microdochiaceae. The detailed descriptions and illustrations of species are provided.
... Five species are reported as mycoparasites of rust fungi: Sphaerellopsis anomala, S. filum, S. hakeae, S. macroconidialis, and S. paraphysata (Crous et al. 2016;Nag Raj 1993;Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014); and two are considered saprobic: S. artemisiae and S. isthmospora (Doilom et al. 2021;Phookamsak et al. 2019). Although S. hakeae and S. paraphysata were reported to be associated with rust sori and plant tissue (Crous et al. 2016(Crous et al. , 2018, it is unclear if the association with the host plant is parasitic or saprobic. Furthermore, it has not been proven that all Sphaerellopsis species associated with rust fungi are mycoparasites. ...
... In addition, the rust disease severity of the rust was 13% when S. paraphysata was present compared to the control of 86% (Anandakumar et al. 2019). However, because the species was also found in plant tissue (Crous et al. 2018), further studies are needed to discard a plant pathogenic strategy for S. paraphysata which would likely negate its application as a potential BCA for rust fungi. ...
... We used the GPS coordinates of each of these specimens when present. Otherwise, we generated approximated coordinates according to the Crous et al. (2018) locality description following a geocoding Python Script in the GitHub repository (Lynn 2017). We plotted the geographic data of each specimen on a map and colored each point by the clades formed in the multi-locus phylogenetic tree using the package Geopandas in Python (Jordahl 2014). ...
Sphaerellopsis species are putative hyperparasites of rust fungi and may be promising biological control agents (BCA) of rust diseases. However, few detailed studies limit potential BCA development in Sphaerellopsis . Here, we explored the biogeography, host-specificity, and species diversity of Sphaerellopsis and examined the early infection stage of one species, S. macroconidialis, to infer its trophic status. We randomly screened 5,621 rust specimens spanning 99 genera at the Arthur Fungarium for the presence of Sphaerellopsis . We identified 199 rust specimens infected with Sphaerellopsis species on which we conducted morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. Five Sphaerellopsis species were recovered, infecting a total of 122 rust species in 18 genera from 34 countries. Sphaerellopsis melampsorinearum sp. nov. is described as a new species based on molecular phylogenetic data and morphological features of the sexual and asexual morphs. Sphaerellopsis paraphysata was the most commonly encountered species, found on 77 rust specimens, followed by Sphaerellopsis macroconidialis on 56 and S. melampsorinearum on 55 examined specimens. The type species, Sphaerellopsis filum , was found on 12 rust specimens and Sphaerellopsis hakeae on a single specimen. We also recovered and documented for the first time, the sexual morph of S. macroconidialis , from a specimen collected in Brazil. Our data indicate that Sphaerellopsis species are not host specific and furthermore that most species are cosmopolitan in distribution. However, S. paraphysata is more abundant in the tropics, and S. hakeae may be restricted to Australia. Finally, we confirm the mycoparasitic strategy of S. macroconidialis through in-vitro interaction tests with the urediniospores of Puccinia polysora . Shortly after germination, hyphae of S. macroconidialis began growing along the germ tubes of P. polysora and coiling around them. After 12 days of co-cultivation, turgor loss was evident in the germ tubes of P. polysora , and appressorium-like structures had formed on urediniospores. The interaction studies indicate that Sphaerellopsis species may be more effective as a BCA during the initial stages of rust establishment.
... (Von Arx, 1973;Asgari & Zare, 2010;Crous et al., 2018;Lücking et al., 2020). Recently, the Index of Fungorum (2020) has listed 98 species of Preussia. ...
A novel undiscovered fungal species was obtained from brackish environments located in Al-Faw city, situated in the southern region of Basrah, Iraq, through phylogenetic assessments of the ITS and TEF1α genomic regions. Sediment sample was collected from the seacoast of Al- Faw region and cultured on Potato carrot agar (PCA) and Potato dextrose agar (PDA), then incubated at 25 °C for 14 days. It was ascertained that this species clustered within the genus Preussia. Subsequent in-depth examinations of its morphological and anatomical features corroborated its distinctiveness. This previously unknown species is introduced here as P. aseelix. One of its notable characteristics is the absence of a true fruiting body, which is replaced by an asexual state represented by pycnidia.
... The material described from fossil leaves of Cinnamomum is comparable with modern Zygosporium species with vesicular cells arising directly from the mycelia. Of the 22 species accepted to date, just eight fall in this condition ( (Whitton et al. 2012, Crous et al. 2018. Zygosporium gibbum and Z. mycophilum differ in having hyaline conidia, spherical, 4-8 µm diam., in the first, and ovoid, minutely verruculose, 6-11 × 4-7 µm, in the second. ...
Well-preserved remains of a mitosporic fungus were found on leaf cuticles of Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae) recovered from the lower Siwalik (Chunabati Formation; Middle Miocene) sedimentary stratum of Darjeeling foothills of eastern Himalaya. Based on the characteristic features (solitary vesicular conidiophores arising directly from a superficial mycelium and strongly curved, darkly pigmented, ovoid to pyriform vesicles with 1–3 celled stalk cells), it is here proposed as a new fossil species, Zygosporium palaeogibbum sp. nov. The in situ evidence of Z. palaeogibbum in appreciable numbers on the host leaf cuticles suggests the probable existence of a host-specific saprophytic relationship in the Darjeeling sub-Himalaya’s ancient warm humid tropical climate during the time of deposition. This conclusion on past climate is in agreement with published qualitative, quantitative, and palaeomycological climatic data obtained from the study of megafossil plant remains from the same fossil locality.
... Therefore, Hernández-Restrepo et al. [8] introduced the new family Microdochiaceae to accommodate this clade. The hosts of Microdochium are diverse and widely distributed [8,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. In recent years, Microdochium has included important plant pathogens; for example, Kwasna et al. [19] gave an up-to-date description of Microdochium triticicola, which was split from the roots of Triticum aestivum L. in the UK. ...
... accessed on 30 October 2023) contains 1693 georeferenced records of Microdochium species reported around the world. America, Asia, Europe and Oceania were the main distribution locations for this species; the United States has an especially great distribution, followed by Poland [2,8,[13][14][15]19,20,41]. Since the 21st century, 12 species of this genus have been reported from five provinces (Fujian, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan and Yunnan) and Beijing in China (including the present study), viz, Microdochium bambusae [2,13,17,20,21,39,42]. ...
Species of the genus Microdochium (Microdochiaceae, Xylariales) have been reported from the whole world and separated from multiple plant hosts. The primary aim of the present study is to describe and illustrate three new species isolated from the leaf spot of Bambusaceae sp. and saprophytic leaves in Hainan and Yunnan provinces, China. The proposed three species, viz., Microdochium bambusae, M. nannuoshanense and M. phyllosaprophyticum, are based on multi-locus phylogenies from a combined dataset of ITS rDNA, LSU, RPB2 and TUB2 in conjunction with morphological characteristics. Descriptions and illustrations of three new species in the genus are provided.
... Conidiogenous cells are polyblastic, integrated, cylindrical and solitary with obovoidal or fusiform, smooth or finely verrucose-walled conidia (Arzanlou et al. 2007). Members of Myrmecridium are widely distributed on decaying plant branches in freshwater and soil habitats (Arzanlou et al. 2007, Jie et al. 2013, Peintner et al. 2016, Réblová et al. 2016, Tibpromma et al. 2017, Crous et al. 2018a, 2018b, 2020, 2021, 2022, Serrano et al. 2020. So far, 24 species are accepted in Myrmecridium (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp ...
... Germany Crous et al. 2018aCrous et al. , 2018b however, the former can be distinguished from the latter by the presence of mucilaginous sheath on the conidia. On the other hand, species with similar conidial morphology could be phylogenetically distantly related, for example, Neomyrmecridium asiaticum resembles N. septatum based on its conidial morphology, but these two species are phylogenetically distinct. ...
This study aims to investigate the species diversity of lignicolous freshwater fungi in the Tibetan Plateau, China. Four hyphomycetous taxa were identified and subjected to molecular analysis utilizing combined ITS and LSU sequence data. The phylogenetic analysis identified two novel species in Neomyrmecridium, namely N. gaoligongense and N. luguense, as well as two new records in Myrmecridium, namely M. iridis and M. schulzeri. These species are characterized by possessing cylindrical, septate, unbranched conidiophores, integrated, terminal, polyblastic conidiogenous cells, and subhyaline, obovoid conidia. The four taxa are comprehensively described with colour photographs and phylogenetic analyses.
... Later, sequence data for additional species such as Z. chartarum Camposano, Z. masonii, and Z. mycophilum became available in GenBank for strains deposited in CBS (Vu & al. 2019). Two novel species, Z. pseudomasonii Crous and Z. pseudogibbum Crous, were also described using DNA sequence data (Crous 2019, Crous & al. 2018, 2019 together with a new genus Vesiculozygosporium Crous based on Z. echinosporum Bunting & E.W. Mason (Crous & al. 2020). On the other hand, the holomorphic genus Ascotricha Berk. ...
The phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic placement of the anamorph Flosculomyces floridaensis are explored for the first time based on a strain isolated from a culturable air sample collected indoors in Texas, USA. Unpublished sequences obtained online from six well-characterized strains isolated in Japan were also included. Phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequence data from two different nuclear ribosomal loci (ITS, LSU) suggest that the fungus is a member of Xylariales ( Sordariomycetes ) and forms a distinct monophyletic lineage within Zygosporiaceae. The genus is recognized as a phylogenetically well-circumscribed taxon in agreement with its peculiar and unique morphology. The monophyletic Zygosporiaceae is recovered as five distinct and well delimited lineages based on the disparate morphologies of their anamorphs whereas Zygosporium was resolved as paraphyletic within the family. Flosculomyces floridaensis has not previously been reported in the continental USA outside its type locality in Florida and is recorded here for the first time from Texas.
... Microdochium is a genus in Microdochiaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) [1,2]. Researchers have studied species in this genus in various countries [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Currently, 42 Microdochium species are listed in Species Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/, ...
Microdochium species are frequently reported as phytopathogens on various plants and also as saprobic and soil-inhabiting organisms. As a pathogen, they mainly affect grasses and cereals, causing severe disease in economically valuable crops, resulting in reduced yield and, thus, economic loss. Numerous asexual Microdochium species have been described and reported as hyphomycetous. However, the sexual morph is not often found. The main purpose of this study was to describe and illustrate two new species and a new record of Microdochium based on morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. Surveys of both asexual and sexual morph specimens were conducted from March to June 2021 in Yunnan Province, China. Here, we introduce Microdochium graminearum and M. shilinense, from dead herbaceous stems of grasses and report M. bolleyi as an endophyte of Setaria parviflora leaves. This study improves the understanding of Microdochium species on monocotyledonous flowering plants in East Asia. A summary of the morphological characteristics of the genus and detailed references are provided for use in future research.
... Zygosporium is characterised by a single, darkly pigmented, incurved, and swollen vesicles that may be stalked or sessile, borne from the side of a setiform conidiophore, or may arise directly from the mycelium (vesicular conidiophores). Ampulliform conidiogenous cells produce aseptate, usually ellipsoid or globose, smooth or variously ornamented conidia (Mason 1941;Hughes 1951;Whitton et al. 2003Whitton et al. , 2012Li et al. 2017 (Hughes 1951;Ellis 1971Ellis , 1976Pirozynski 1972;Thakur and Udipi 1976;Subramanian and Bhat 1987;Whitton et al. 2003Whitton et al. , 2012Manoharachary et al. 2006;McKenzie et al. 2007;Dubey 2014;Lucena and Fernández-Valencia 2017;Crous et al. 2018Crous et al. , 2019Khalkho et al. 2020). Among the listed taxa only Zygosporium deightonii has setae and vesicular conidiophores that arise directly from the mycelium (Ellis 1976). ...
Remains of a fungus with unique morphological characters were found on the leaf cuticle of a fossil leaf preserved in Oligocene deposits from Csolnok, Hungary. Vesicular conidiophores with characteristic, darkly pigmented, incurved vesicles were compared with those of the modern representatives of the anamorphic genus Zygosporium . Based on the fossil find, a new fossil-species, Zygosporium oligocenicum G. Worobiec sp. nov., having vesicular conidiophores that arise directly from the mycelium, was described. The fossil Zygosporium oligocenicum presumably preferred warm climate and, similarly to most modern members of the genus, was a saprophyte on fallen, decaying leaves.
... These studies also revealed a higher species diversity in Caliciopsis that had not been evident based on morphological characteristics. Some examples include the descriptions of Caliciopsis moriondi (Migliorini et al. 2020), long confused with the severe canker pathogen Caliciopsis pinea, and the resurrection of the genus Hypsotheca to accommodate three former Caliciopsis species, namely, H. nigra (= Caliciopsis nigra), H. maxima (= Caliciopsis maxima), and H. pleomorpha (= Caliciopsis pleomorpha) (Fitzpatrick 1942b;Crous et al. 2018;Pascoe et al. 2018;Crous et al. 2019a). ...
The Coryneliaceae is a relatively small family of mainly pathogenic fungi occurring on a diversity of hosts with a wide global distribution. Members of the family are recognized by their black, upright and elongated ascomata. Historically, the taxonomy of this group was mainly based on morphological characters, but in more recent years, DNA sequence data have resulted in new revisions. The genus Pewenomyces was recently described based on P. kutranfy, a canker pathogen on Araucaria araucana in Chile. Morphologically, this fungus resembles species in Caliciopsis and Hypsotheca. During the study in which Pewenomyces was described, three putative species were identified from the same host, two of which were observed only from cultures obtained by isolating from plant tissues. At the time of describing P. kutranfy, there was uncertainty regarding its novelty because two species of Caliciopsis (C. brevipes and C. cochlearis), a closely related genus in the Coryneliaceae, had previously also been described from the same host and location, but for which DNA sequence data were not available. In this study, phylogenetic analyses that were carried out for the three putative Pewenomyces species using sequences for seven gene regions confirmed that they were distinct species. Herbarium specimens for the two Caliciopsis species were obtained for morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. Although the holotypes for the two Caliciopsis species did not yield adequate DNA for a phylogenetic analysis, a detailed morphological study established that these species were clearly different from any of the Pewenomyces taxa. The three putative species are consequently described here as Pewenomyces lalenivora sp. nov., P. tapulicola sp. nov., and P. kalosus sp. nov.
