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Molluscicidal activity of Furcraea selloa marginata plant (family: Agavaceae) and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel-2x) on adult Biomphalaria alexandrina after 24 hours of exposure.
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Effect of the dry leaves powder water suspension of the plant Furcraea selloa marginata, belonging to family Agavaceae and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel-2x) was evaluated against non-infected and Schistosoma mansoni-infected Biomphalaria alexandrina snails as well as their efficacy against the free larval stages of S. mansoni. The obtained...
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Seawater intrusion associated with decreasing groundwater levels and rising seawater levels may affect freshwater species and their parasites. While brackish water certainly impacts freshwater systems globally, its impact on disease transmission is largely unknown. This study examined the effect of artificial seawater on host-parasite interactions...
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... Previous works reported the in vitro assessment of the plant extracts against two life's stages of Schistosoma mansoni [18,19]. Although only a small proportion of existing natural compounds have been evaluated against the adult worms stage [20][21][22][23][24], many compounds have not yet being investigated against the larva stage of S. mansoni. ...
Schistosomiasis is a major and chronic neglected tropical disease. The existing treatment does not kill immature schistosomes and have serious adverse side effect. It is well known that some parasites are responsible for causing specific cancers in humans including bladder cancer from Schistosoma haematobium infection. So, novel drugs discovery is an urgent need. In this study, were evaluated in vitro the cytotoxic on human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) and normal cells (Chang liver), and the schistosomicidal properties of crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds (1-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methylacridone (1) described in this species from Cameroon for the first time, Scoparone (2), and Arborinine (3)) from powdered fruits of Zanthoxylum leprieurii (Rutaceae). All fractions: hexanic (FH), methylene chloride (FC), ethyl acetate (FA) and methanolic (FM) killed all the cercariae within 2 hours exposure and presents LC 50 values between 2 and 3 μg/ml; Compounds 1 and 3 also displayed a good in vitro schistosomicidal activity against cercariae with LC 50 values of 78.78 and 6.98 μg/mL, respectively. For antitumor activity compounds 1-3 and fraction FC presents good activity with IC 50 values range 18.27-74.61 μg/mL on HepG2 cells, however most of these were more toxic on Chang cells than to HepG2 cells, with only exception for compound 2. The acridone Arborinine (3) can constitute a good lead for the research of schistosomiasis alternative therapy, and the coumarin Scoparone (2) can be used in drug design as scaffold for design new potential anticancer agents.
... Screening for safe and effective microbial pathogens for the control of snail hosts was a major aspect of WHO recommendations for future research (WHO 1984). Few such studies have been performed (de Oliveira et al. 2004, Gamalat et al. 2011, Duval et al. 2015, Abd El-Ghany and Abd El-Ghany 2017. ...
Schistosomiasis is one of the major communicable diseases of public health and socioeconomic importance in the developing world. It is a waterborne disease in which Biomphalaria alexandrina snails are known to be the intermediate molluscan host for Schistosoma mansoni: the causative agent of human intestinal schistosomiasis. Therefore, snail control is one of the cornerstones of schistosomiasis control programs. Several methods have been used to eliminate snail hosts. One of these methods is chemical molluscicides, which have undesirable effect to nontarget organisms. Consequently, the search for biologically derived molluscicides to complement the use of synthetic molluscicides is a top priority. In this concern, this study is the first to evaluate the molluscicidal potency of Cyanobacterial Phycocyanin (C-PC) as a virtually untapped source. Laboratory assessment of three freshwater Cyanobacterial strains: Anabaena oryzae SOS13, Nostoc muscorum SOS14, and Spirulina platensis SOS13-derived C-Phycocyanin as a biocontrol agent against freshwater mollusks; B. alexandrina snails were performed. Also, the safety of tested C-PC on nontarget organisms (Tilapia fish) was assessed. Results reveal that C-PC extracted from all tested Cyanobacteria strains showed a promising molluscicidal activity (the mortality rate was 100% at 100 μg/mL concentration). Out of the examined strains, A. oryzae SOS13 phycocyanin was found to be the most potent strain (LC50 and LC90 were 38.492 and 49.976 μg/mL, respectively). Moreover, C-PC extracts from all tested strains have been found to be safe to Tilapia fish as the survival rate was 100% at the effective molluscicidal concentrations. We can conclude that C-PC extracts are the first promising microbial biopesticides for the control of freshwater B. alexandrina snails.
The objective of this chapter is to review the different methods for field control of host snails involved in the transmission of fasciolosis. Environmental measures such as drainage of swampy soils or cutting of vegetation in watercourses can reduce the number of snails. Synthetic molluscicides are being used less and less because of their cost, toxicity, and contamination they cause in the environment. Conversely, research on plant extracts is being developed because many of them are natural molluscicides that are less toxic and more environmentally friendly. In the nature, several groups of vertebrates and invertebrates predate lymnaeids and a control technique of Galba truncatula has been developed in central France using predation by the terrestrial snail Zonitoides nitidus. Biological control can be performed using animal species which compete with lymnaeids for food. Pathogens such as parasites and other infectious agents can also be used. Finally, an integrated liver fluke control strategy for the control of liver fluke, associating deworming of the definitive hosts and control of host snails, is analysed with a review of results provided by this type of control.
Gastropods (class Gastropoda) form the largest of the classes in the phylum Mollusca and inhabit terrestrial, fresh water and marine environments. A large number of these species are of major conservation importance and are an essential component of ecosystems. Gastropods may be deemed as pests, having a negative impact in horticulture and agriculture, whereas others may be used as a food source for human consumption and therefore are beneficial. Gastropods are susceptible to primary diseases and also act as intermediate hosts for diseases which affect other animals, including humans. The diseases described include two that are notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE): Xenohaliotis californiensis and Abalone viral ganglioneuritis caused by Haliotid herpesvirus-1 (HaHV-1). Research into the diseases of gastropods has often focused on those species that act as intermediate disease hosts, those that are used in research or those cultured for food. In this paper we review the viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic and miscellaneous conditions that have been reported in gastropods and mention some of the factors that appear to predispose them to disease. The pathogenicity of a number of these conditions has not been fully ascertained and more research is needed into specifying both the etiological agent and significance in some of the diseases reported.
This manuscript was conducted to spotlight the toxic effect of two sub-lethal concentrations of Methomyl (Copter) LC20 (0.075 g/L) and LC40 (0.180 g/L) on some biochemical parameters and histological alterations for land snail Monacha Cartusiana (Muller, 1774). Land snails belong to the class Gastropoda and Phylum Mollusca. This study cleared that both the used concentrations (of Copter) caused a significant increase for activities of three enzymes: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), and Aspartate amino transaminase (AST) after 24, 48, and 72 h from exposure starting. In contrast, a total protein (TP) activity decreased at exposure for two concentrations at all lethality periods. Both concentrations of Copter (0.0.75 g/L and 0.180 g/L) have shown histological changes for land snail tissues after 96 h of exposure; digestive gland, hermaphrodite gland, foot, and mantle. Degeneration, rupture, and vacuolization for digestive cells have been shown; furthermore, hemolytic infiltration in connective tissue will be recognized for the digestive gland. The Oocyte and sperm show degenerated with deformation in the connective tissue of the hermaphrodite gland. Likewise, deformation in the muscle fiber layer of the foot in the land snail distorts the epidermis and mucus gland suffering from necrosis. Moreover, mantle shows rapture in epidermis layer, deformed in muscle fiber layer, and vacuolization and necrosis take place in mucus gland.
